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Frequent Detection (frequent + detection)
Selected AbstractsFrequent detection of cell-associated HIV-1 RNA in patients with plasma viral load <50 copies/mlJOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY, Issue 10 2007Bernd Kupfer Abstract Despite prolonged undetectable plasma viral load some HIV-1 infected patients have been reported to develop resistance-associated mutations leading to treatment failure. The mechanisms for this phenomenon and the point of origin for residual viral evolution are still not elucidated. In order to quantify cell-associated HIV-1 RNA in patients with different levels of plasma viremia paired cell-associated HIV-1 RNA loads and plasma viral loads were determined. Weak inverse correlation between these parameters and the amounts of CD4+ T cells was observed, whereas there was no correlation between viral loads and CD8+ T cells or CD14+ monocytes, respectively. In a subset of patients, cell-associated and plasma HIV-1 env V3 sequences were analyzed. Plasma viral load and the amount of cell-associated HIV-RNA correlated strongly. However, in 62.3% of patients with undetectable plasma viral load cell-associated HIV-RNA could be detected. Analyses of HIV-RNA in plasma and blood cells showed identical sequences in 4/19 patients, whereas the majority of patients had differing HIV-1 RNA sequences in plasma and cells, respectively. In summary, this study shows that residual viral replication in peripheral blood still occurs in the majority of patients with undetectable plasma viral load. Since these replication events could lead to ongoing viral evolution it should be considered to optimize antiretroviral therapy in order to minimize the development of drug resistance. J. Med. Virol. 79:1440,1445, 2007. © Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Ultrastructural characteristics and lectin-binding properties of M cells in the follicle-associated epithelium of chicken caecal tonsilsJOURNAL OF ANATOMY, Issue 4 2000HIROSHI KITAGAWA To clarify the nature of M cells, the detailed ultrastructural characteristics and lectin-binding properties of M cells were investigated in follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) of chicken caecal tonsils. M cells presented various outlines from columnar to dome shaped. Their polymorphism was dependent on the number of harboured intraepithelial migrating cells. The lighter and larger nuclei of M cells were situated at more apical levels in the epithelial lining compared with those of neighbouring microvillous epithelial cells. The microvilli, which were significantly shorter and thicker than those of adjacent microvillous epithelial cells, were sparsely distributed or completely absent on the apical surfaces of M cells. In general, the apical cytoplasm of M cells without microvilli protruded slightly into the intestinal lumen. Numerous small vesicles were often contained in the apical cytoplasm. The numerous small invaginations of the apical and lateral cell surfaces suggested active transportation of luminal substances. No canaliculi existed in the apical cytoplasm of M cells whereas they were often detected in the neighbouring microvillous epithelial cells. A noteworthy finding was the frequent detection of multivesicular bodies in the apical cytoplasm of M cells. These multivesicular bodies suggest some degradation of ingested luminal substances during transcytoplasmic transportation. WGA and 4 other lectins strongly reacted with all epithelial cells except for M cells, this negativity suggesting a means of detecting M cells in chicken caecal tonsils. Three lectins, DSL, ConA and Jacalin, reacted weakly with the glycocalyx on M cells. The positive reactivity might allow chicken M cells to be utilised for specific antigen delivery into the mucosal immune system in some parenteral vaccinations. [source] Viral respiratory infections in hospitalized and community control children in Alaska,,JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY, Issue 7 2010Rosalyn J. Singleton Abstract Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in Alaska Native children from the Yukon Kuskokwim (YK) Delta is associated with a hospitalization rate five times higher than that reported for the general US child population. The role of other viral respiratory pathogens has not been studied in this population. YK Delta children <3 years of age hospitalized with respiratory infections and same aged community control children were prospectively enrolled between October 2005 and September 2007. Polymerase chain reaction detection of viruses was performed on nasopharyngeal samples. Characteristics of hospitalized and asymptomatic control children were analyzed. From October 2005 to September 2007, 440 hospitalized and 425 control children were analyzed. Respiratory viruses were detected in 90% (395) of hospitalized children: 194 (44%) rhinovirus, 131 (30%) adenovirus, 102 (23%) RSV, 77 (18%) para influenza viruses (PIV), 66 (15%) human metapneumovirus (hMPV), 23 (5%) influenza, and 25 (6%) coronavirus. Fifty-two percent (221) of control children had a virus detected, most commonly rhinovirus (33%), and adenovirus (16%). RSV, PIV, hMPV, and influenza were significantly more common in hospitalized cases than control children, but rhinovirus, adenovirus, and coronavirus were not. RSV and hMPV were associated with higher severity of illness. In this study, RSV remains the most important virus associated with respiratory hospitalization, although hMPV and PIV were also common. RSV and hMPV were associated with more severe illness. Rhinovirus and adenovirus were detected in two-thirds of hospitalized children, but their frequent detection in control children made their role in respiratory hospitalization uncertain. J. Med. Virol. 82:1282,1290, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Integrated modeling environment for statewide assessment of groundwater vulnerability from pesticide use in agriculture,PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE (FORMERLY: PESTICIDE SCIENCE), Issue 8 2004Audra Eason Abstract Atrazine, a herbicide widely used for corn production in the Midwest, has been detected in groundwater of several states, and has been identified as a possible human carcinogen. With the widespread use of pesticides in crop production, and the frequent detection of these chemicals in groundwater, large-scale risk assessments would help water resource managers to identify areas that are more susceptible to contamination and implement practices to ameliorate the problem. This paper presents an integrated, visual and interactive system for predicting potential environmental risks associated with pesticide contamination at spatial scales ranging from fields to landscapes and regions. The interactive system extends the predictive ability of the Pesticide Root Zone Model Release 2.0 (PRZM-2) to a landscape and statewide scale through integration with a geographic information system (GIS), graphical user interface and environmental databases. Predictions of statewide (Iowa) vulnerability of groundwater from atrazine leaching below the unsaturated zone were made to demonstrate the utility of the system, and the results were used in risk assessment. In the example application, atrazine fate and transport were evaluated using long-term climatic data (1980,1989) in combination with several environmental databases (eg STATSGO soils database) and exposure risks were expressed in terms of the probability of the predicted pesticide concentrations exceeding the maximum contaminant level (MCL) for drinking water. The results indicate that the predicted pesticide concentrations were significantly lower than the EPA-established MCL. In addition to providing an interactive environment for landscape-level assessment of potential risks from pesticide leaching, the system significantly reduces the time and resources needed to organize and manipulate data for use with PRZM-2, and provides an analytical framework for evaluating groundwater-leaching impacts of pesticide management practices. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Testicular-sparing microsurgery for suspected testicular massesBJU INTERNATIONAL, Issue 1 2005Giovanni Maria Colpi OBJECTIVE To describe a microsurgical technique for removing suspected testicular masses with sparing of the testicular parenchyma, and to describe case studies. PATIENTS AND METHODS Six men were referred with testicular lesions (3,6 mm) detected on ultrasonography (US); in one, the lesion was palpable. US showed hypoechoic lesions and in two cases were mixed hypoechoic and anechoic. In these men, the testicular lesion was identified by US before surgery, giving three-dimensional coordinates to facilitate intraoperative recognition. A traditional inguinal incision was used and the funiculus clamped subinguinally without opening the canal. The testicle was isolated after sectioning the gubernaculum testis. In a separate operative field, an equatorial incision of the albuginea was made in a plane orthogonal to the major axis of the testicle, sparing the subtunical vasa. The parenchymal lobuli were dislodged and the seminiferous tubules dissociated, the nodule identified and completely removed, together with ,,1 mm of surrounding healthy tissue. This technique can also be used for microsurgical testicular sperm extraction (MicroTESE), to retrieve sperm in infertile men. RESULTS In two infertile men MicroTESE was also performed. Histology revealed one case each of seminoma, Leydig-cell tumour, Leydig cell hyperplasia, atrophy, normality in the incidental forms, and complicated cysts of the albuginea. In the follow-up for infertility reasons, no scarring was observable on the tunica albuginea in the men who had conservative therapy. One year later the patient with seminoma was free of disease. CONCLUSIONS The increasingly frequent detection of benign testicular lesions, particularly in infertile men, calls for a surgical approach that must be as conservative as possible for the testicular parenchyma. We think that microsurgery should be the first-line technique in small suspected testicular lesions in infertile men. [source] | ||||||||||