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Fragrances
Terms modified by Fragrances Selected AbstractsPalladium-Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidation of Naturally Occurring Allylbenzenes as a Route to Valuable Fragrance and Pharmaceutical CompoundsADVANCED SYNTHESIS & CATALYSIS (PREVIOUSLY: JOURNAL FUER PRAKTISCHE CHEMIE), Issue 9 2010Luciana Abstract A palladium-catalyzed, aerobic oxidation of naturally occurring allylbenzenes, i.e., eugenol, methyleugenol, safrole, and estragole, in dimethylacetamide/water solutions under mild conditions has been developed, in which palladium(II) chloride is used in the absence of co-catalysts or special stabilizing ligands as the sole and recyclable catalyst. Methyl ketones that are important for the flavour and pharmaceutical industries have been obtained in good to excellent yields with low catalyst loadings (1,2,mol%) and high average turnover frequencies. This simple catalytic method represents an ecologically benign and economically attractive route to industrially valuable compounds starting from renewable substrates easily available from essential oils. [source] Fragrance of Things PastPACING AND CLINICAL ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY, Issue 11 2000BLAIR P. GRUBB M.D No abstract is available for this article. [source] Autoxidation of linalyl acetate, the main component of lavender oil, creates potent contact allergensCONTACT DERMATITIS, Issue 1 2008Maria Sköld Background:, Fragrances are among the most common causes of allergic contact dermatitis. We have in previous studies shown that linalool, present in lavender oil, autoxidizes on air exposure, forming allergenic oxidation products. Oxidized linalool was found to be a frequent cause of contact allergy in a patch test study on consecutive dermatitis patients. Linalyl acetate, the main component of lavender oil is commonly used as a fragrance chemical in scented products. Because of structural similarities, linalyl acetate should also be susceptible to oxidation on air exposure, forming similar oxidation products as linalool. Objective:, The aim of the present study was to investigate the autoxidation of linalyl acetate and the influence of oxidation on its sensitizing potency. Methods:, Analyses were performed using gas chromatography, nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry and mass spectrometry. Sensitizing potencies of compounds were determined using the local lymph node assay (LLNA) in mice. Results:, Analyses showed that the content of linalyl acetate decreased over time on air exposure and other compounds were formed. Hydroperoxides, an epoxide and an alcohol were identified as oxidation products from linalyl acetate. In the LLNA, linalyl acetate of high purity showed a weak sensitizing potency (EC3 25%). Autoxidation increased the sensitizing potency of linalyl acetate, and a 10 weeks oxidized sample gave an EC3 value of 3.6%. As for linalool, the hydroperoxides were shown to be the oxidation products with the highest sensitizing potency. Conclusion:, It is concluded that autoxidation of the weakly allergenic linalyl acetate leads to formation of allergenic oxidation products. [source] Current awareness in flavour and fragranceFLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 6 2009Article first published online: 14 OCT 200 In order to keep subscribers up-to-date with the latest developments in their field, John Wiley & Sons are providing a current awareness service in each issue of the journal. The bibliography contains newly published material in the field of flavour and fragrance. Each bibliography is divided into 7 sections: 1 Flavour of food; 2 Fragrances; 3 Essential oils; 4 Food constituents; 5 Taints & off-flavours; 6 Sensory evaluation & psychophysics; 7 Apparatus & methodology. Within each section, articles are listed in alphabetical order with respect to author. If, in the preceding period, no publications are located relevant to any one of these headings, that section will be omitted (10 weeks journals. Search ended 9th. Sept. 2009) [source] Fragrances: are they safe?FLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 6 2002Peter A. Cadby In recent years it has become fashionable to criticize the use of fragrances in our society, suggesting that this use is associated with a variety of negative effects. We review the key areas of criticism, which have suggested adverse safety and environmental effects, with an emphasis on the science, rather than speculation, regarding these issues. In conclusion, an adequate review and testing mechanism exists to assure the safety of fragrance materials, and their combination in mixtures, for the consumers of fragranced products. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Current awareness in flavour and fragranceFLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 4 2002Article first published online: 27 MAY 200 In order to keep subscribers up-to-date with the latest developments in their field, John Wiley & Sons are providing a current awareness service in each issue of the journal. The bibliography contains newly published material in the field of flavour and fragrance. Each bibliography is divided into 7 sections: 1 Flavour of food; 2 Fragrances; 3 Essential oils; 4 Food constituents; 5 Taints & off-flavours; 6 Sensory evaluation & psychophysics; 7 Apparatus & methodology. Within each section, articles are listed in alphabetical order with respect to author. If, in the preceding period, no publications are located relevant to any one of these headings, that section will be omitted (10 weeks journals. Search ended 17th. Apr. 2002) [source] Current awareness in flavour and fragranceFLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 3 2002Article first published online: 4 APR 200 In order to keep subscribers up-to-date with the latest developments in their field, John Wiley & Sons are providing a current awareness service in each issue of the journal. The bibliography contains newly published material in the field of flavour and fragrance. Each bibliography is divided into 7 sections: 1 Flavour of food; 2 Fragrances; 3 Essential oils; 4 Food constituents; 5 Taints & off-flavours; 6 Sensory evaluation & psychophysics; 7 Apparatus & methodology. Within each section, articles are listed in alphabetical order with respect to author. If, in the preceding period, no publications are located relevant to any one of these headings, that section will be omitted (7 weeks journals. Search ended 6th. Feb. 2002) [source] Aroma, touch and well-being: following the mind to wellnessINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COSMETIC SCIENCE, Issue 3 2004J. C. Brahms Fragrances have been used since ancient times to deliver a variety of benefits. The term aromatherapy was first coined in the 1920s by a French chemist named Rene-Maurice Gattefossé, referring specifically to the use of natural fragrance essential oils to treat injury and disease. More recently, the discovery that touch is an important part of healthy human development has led to a greater understanding of its role as an essential part of maintaining wellness. With the growing mainstream acceptance of holistic health care, herbal remedies and nutraceuticals, aromatherapy has become much more broadly defined to include benefits which are strictly cosmetic in nature. Today, a variety of products ranging from candles to dish-washing liquids are marketed with ,aromatherapy' benefits. Although there is no legal definition of aromatherapy in the U.S.A., specific claims can affect whether a product is considered a cosmetic or a pharmaceutical. Outside of the U.S.A., the term aromatherapy itself has very specific connotations which can affect the regulatory status of potential product introductions. In recent years, a number of new tools such as psychophysical measures and brain imaging techniques have greatly enhanced our knowledge of how touch and aromas are interpreted by the mind and body. This symposium will review the current state of our understanding in this area with the objective of providing a clearer understanding of the sometimes subtle differences of the role of fragrance and touch in maintaining well-being and enhancing personal attractiveness vs. those which are pharmacological in nature. [source] Heterogeneous Palladium Catalysts for a New One-Pot Chemical Route in the Synthesis of Fragrances Based on the Heck ReactionADVANCED SYNTHESIS & CATALYSIS (PREVIOUSLY: JOURNAL FUER PRAKTISCHE CHEMIE), Issue 11-12 2007Maria Jose Climent Abstract The one-pot synthesis of the fragrance 4-(p -methoxyphenyl)butan-2-one, with raspberry scent, has been carried out using palladium on different supports such as magnesium oxide (MgO), hydrotalcite, hydroxyapatite (HA), aluminium oxide (,-Al2O3) and titanium dioxide (TiO2). The first pathway consists of a Heck coupling between 4-methoxyiodoanisole and methyl vinyl ketone followed by hydrogenation. Palladium supported on titanium dioxide showed the best performance for carrying out both consecutive steps giving 4-(p -methoxyphenyl)butan-2-one with high yields and selectivity. The Pd-TiO2 catalyst is more active than a homogeneous palladium complex that is well accepted in the literature as being highly active for performing Heck reactions. [source] Fragrances, male display and mating behaviour of Euglossa hemichlora: a flight cage experimentPHYSIOLOGICAL ENTOMOLOGY, Issue 4 2003Thomas Eltz Abstract., Male euglossine bees (Apidae: Euglossini) collect volatile substances (fragrances) from floral and nonfloral sources and store them in hair-filled cavities in their hind tibiae. Over time, males accumulate large quantities of complex and species-specific blends of fragrances. Various hypotheses have been put forward to explain this behaviour, including the idea that fragrance stores reflect the genetic quality of individual males and have evolved through sexual selection and female choice. Clear support of this hypothesis is lacking, largely because male,female interactions are both rare and difficult to observe in nature. Here, we report a flight cage experiment performed in Panama that permitted mating between virgin females (raised from brood cells) and males captured in the forest at fragrance baits. In the cage, eight individually marked males defended small territories around vertical perch sites and showed a characteristic display, which included a previously unreported ,leg-crossing' movement, possibly related to fragrance release. A total of six copulations and three copulatory attempts by Euglossa hemichlora were observed and partly recorded on video. The copulations, all of which were initiated by the female landing on a male perch, were short (4,10 s) and showed no signs of the transfer of chemical substances from male to female. In some cases, the male hovered directly over the female before descending to mount her, possibly facilitating fragrance evaluation by the female. After the experiment, the contents of the males' hind legs were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy, which detected complex mixtures of terpenoids and aromatics (totalling 70 different compounds) dominated by hexahydrofarnesyl acetone, farnesene epoxide, ocimene and p -dimethoxy benzene. Individual total amounts of fragrances were neither related to display activity or perch occupancy by given males, nor to the frequency of matings achieved. Display activity was the only positive correlate of mating frequency. Generally, individuals had uniformly large amounts of stored fragrances in comparison to a previous study of three other species of Panamanian Euglossa. [source] Contact dermatitis from violet fragrance in a floristCONTACT DERMATITIS, Issue 3 2007A. Callejo No abstract is available for this article. [source] Current awareness in flavour and fragranceFLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 6 2009Article first published online: 14 OCT 200 In order to keep subscribers up-to-date with the latest developments in their field, John Wiley & Sons are providing a current awareness service in each issue of the journal. The bibliography contains newly published material in the field of flavour and fragrance. Each bibliography is divided into 7 sections: 1 Flavour of food; 2 Fragrances; 3 Essential oils; 4 Food constituents; 5 Taints & off-flavours; 6 Sensory evaluation & psychophysics; 7 Apparatus & methodology. Within each section, articles are listed in alphabetical order with respect to author. If, in the preceding period, no publications are located relevant to any one of these headings, that section will be omitted (10 weeks journals. Search ended 9th. Sept. 2009) [source] Repellent studies with Aedes aegypti mosquitoes and human olfactory tests on 19 essential oils from Corsica, FranceFLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 4 2009J. Drapeau Abstract In order to reduce the risk of getting infected with any epidemic disease transmitted by mosquitoes, repellent products are often used to protect populations at risk. The repellent potential of 19 essential oils from the island of Corsica, France, was evaluated in a bio-assay with the mosquito Aedes aegypti, in order to assess the ,space repellent' properties of these oils. Lavendula stoechas, Helichrysum italicum (leaves) and Laurus nobilis oils showed a capability of reducing the attractivity of a human finger for yellow fever mosquitoes in a Y-tube olfactometer. In addition to the behavioural studies on mosquitoes, two tests on the olfactory perception of these 19 oils were performed, involving 25 female and 25 male human volunteers. The aspects studied were the ,hedonic dimension' of these oils and their acceptance as a final fragrance for a repellent formulation. The experiments yielded promising results concerning both aspects for three oils, from Calamintha nepeta, Laurus nobilis and Rosmarinus officinalis, with minor differences between male and female participants. Laurus nobilis oil was the only oil tested fulfilling both properties: a spatial repellent effect on Aedes aegypti and acceptance by the volunteers for its integration in a repellent product. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that Calamintha nepeta oil has a slower evaporation rate in comparison to the Laurus nobilis and Rosmarinus officinalis oils. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Constant vapour pressure evaporation from a fragrance emulsion,effect of solubility of surfactant in the fragrance compoundFLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 1 2009Lingling Ge Abstract The algebraic system to extract information from phase diagrams was used to establish some of the conditions for an emulsion to evaporate under constant vapour pressure. The model system for the calculations was an emulsion characterized by virtually no solubility in water by either the surfactant or the fragrance and the same condition for the water in the oil. The surfactant and the fragrance, on the other hand, were assumed to be mutually completely soluble and this solution was presupposed to be close to ideal. The results showed a surprisingly strong dependence of the times for evaporation under constant vapour pressure on the surfactant concentration in the oil phase, at which the two-phase equilibrium between the aqueous and the oil phases is replaced by a three-phase equilibrium: aqueous phase, oil phase and liquid crystal phase. The lower this concentration, the more extended the times for evaporation under constant vapour pressure. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Constituents of top fragrance from fresh flowers of Robinia Pseudoacacia L. occurring in ChinaFLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 5 2006Jianchun Xie Abstract Volatiles from the fresh flowers of Robinia Pseudoacacia L. grown in China were analyzed by GC-MS combined with solid-phase microextraction (SPME). The abundant compounds identified were linalool (33.1%), cis - , -ocimene (26.6%), (E)- , -bergamotene (8.9%) and formanilide (7.4%). Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Current awareness in flavour and fragranceFLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 4 2002Article first published online: 27 MAY 200 In order to keep subscribers up-to-date with the latest developments in their field, John Wiley & Sons are providing a current awareness service in each issue of the journal. The bibliography contains newly published material in the field of flavour and fragrance. Each bibliography is divided into 7 sections: 1 Flavour of food; 2 Fragrances; 3 Essential oils; 4 Food constituents; 5 Taints & off-flavours; 6 Sensory evaluation & psychophysics; 7 Apparatus & methodology. Within each section, articles are listed in alphabetical order with respect to author. If, in the preceding period, no publications are located relevant to any one of these headings, that section will be omitted (10 weeks journals. Search ended 17th. Apr. 2002) [source] Current awareness in flavour and fragranceFLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 3 2002Article first published online: 4 APR 200 In order to keep subscribers up-to-date with the latest developments in their field, John Wiley & Sons are providing a current awareness service in each issue of the journal. The bibliography contains newly published material in the field of flavour and fragrance. Each bibliography is divided into 7 sections: 1 Flavour of food; 2 Fragrances; 3 Essential oils; 4 Food constituents; 5 Taints & off-flavours; 6 Sensory evaluation & psychophysics; 7 Apparatus & methodology. Within each section, articles are listed in alphabetical order with respect to author. If, in the preceding period, no publications are located relevant to any one of these headings, that section will be omitted (7 weeks journals. Search ended 6th. Feb. 2002) [source] Stress and the skinINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COSMETIC SCIENCE, Issue 4 2006J. Hosoi Synopsis ,The skin is the mirror which reflects the state of the mind.',The skin is the window of the mind.' These have been proverbs since ancient times. It is the topic of this article. Our life became convenient with the information technology these days but too much information often drives us on. We suffer from mental stress rather than physical stress. Since Selye advocated stress reaction, various reactions in the body have been described. Skin is also a target organ of the stress reaction. What the effects of stress are and how stress affects the skin are summarized in this review. Possible use of fragrance for the regulation of the stress reaction is also introduced. Résumé «La peau est le miroir qui reflète l'état de l'esprit»«La peau est une fenêtre sur l'esprit». Ces proverbes sont anciens. Ils sont le thème de cet article. Aujourd'hui, la technologie de l'information rend notre vie commode, mais trop d'informations souvent nous surmènent. Nous souffrons de stress mental plutôt que de stress physique. Depuis la réaction au stress découverte par Selye, de nombreuses réactions du corps ont été décrites. La peau est également un organe cible de la réaction au stress. Cette revue récapitule les effets du stress et comment ce dernier agit sur la peau. L'utilisation potentielle de parfums pour réguler la réaction au stress est également abordée. [source] Aroma, touch and well-being: following the mind to wellnessINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COSMETIC SCIENCE, Issue 3 2004J. C. Brahms Fragrances have been used since ancient times to deliver a variety of benefits. The term aromatherapy was first coined in the 1920s by a French chemist named Rene-Maurice Gattefossé, referring specifically to the use of natural fragrance essential oils to treat injury and disease. More recently, the discovery that touch is an important part of healthy human development has led to a greater understanding of its role as an essential part of maintaining wellness. With the growing mainstream acceptance of holistic health care, herbal remedies and nutraceuticals, aromatherapy has become much more broadly defined to include benefits which are strictly cosmetic in nature. Today, a variety of products ranging from candles to dish-washing liquids are marketed with ,aromatherapy' benefits. Although there is no legal definition of aromatherapy in the U.S.A., specific claims can affect whether a product is considered a cosmetic or a pharmaceutical. Outside of the U.S.A., the term aromatherapy itself has very specific connotations which can affect the regulatory status of potential product introductions. In recent years, a number of new tools such as psychophysical measures and brain imaging techniques have greatly enhanced our knowledge of how touch and aromas are interpreted by the mind and body. This symposium will review the current state of our understanding in this area with the objective of providing a clearer understanding of the sometimes subtle differences of the role of fragrance and touch in maintaining well-being and enhancing personal attractiveness vs. those which are pharmacological in nature. [source] Multidimensional scaling of fragrances: A comparison between the verbal and non-verbal methods of classifying fragrances1JAPANESE PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH, Issue 1 2004Takahiro Higuchi Abstract:,Higuchi, Shoji, and Hatayama (2002) selected nine sense-descriptive adjectives (e.g., sweet, clear) to describe the olfactory properties of fragrances. In order to clarify the ability of these adjectives to classify fragrances, the present study used a non-verbal sorting of fragrances that has been widely accepted in previous studies as a method of classifying fragrance. Interfragrance similarities obtained from the non-verbal sorting were then compared with those obtained from the adjective rating based on a two-dimensional spatial configuration of fragrances created by a multidimensional scaling (MDS) analysis. The similarities of the two MDS configurations, obtained from the verbal and non-verbal sorting, were estimated by the correlation of interfragrance distances on the spatial configuration. The correlation coefficient was 0.61, indicating that the ability of the sense-descriptive adjectives to classify fragrances is nearly the same as that of the non-verbal sorting. [source] Heterogeneous Palladium Catalysts for a New One-Pot Chemical Route in the Synthesis of Fragrances Based on the Heck ReactionADVANCED SYNTHESIS & CATALYSIS (PREVIOUSLY: JOURNAL FUER PRAKTISCHE CHEMIE), Issue 11-12 2007Maria Jose Climent Abstract The one-pot synthesis of the fragrance 4-(p -methoxyphenyl)butan-2-one, with raspberry scent, has been carried out using palladium on different supports such as magnesium oxide (MgO), hydrotalcite, hydroxyapatite (HA), aluminium oxide (,-Al2O3) and titanium dioxide (TiO2). The first pathway consists of a Heck coupling between 4-methoxyiodoanisole and methyl vinyl ketone followed by hydrogenation. Palladium supported on titanium dioxide showed the best performance for carrying out both consecutive steps giving 4-(p -methoxyphenyl)butan-2-one with high yields and selectivity. The Pd-TiO2 catalyst is more active than a homogeneous palladium complex that is well accepted in the literature as being highly active for performing Heck reactions. [source] SENSORY APPROACH TO MEASURE FRAGRANCE INTENSITY ON THE SKINJOURNAL OF SENSORY STUDIES, Issue 6 2009CLAUDIA SILVA CORTEZ-PEREIRA ABSTRACT Sensory analysis is a precise and descriptive measuring technique to quantify human responses to stimuli. Odor, one of these stimuli, is basically the result of the interaction between a chemical stimulus and the olfactory receptor system, which can be described using a number of different dimensions and measures through different sensory tests: threshold, intensity and quality. To measure fragrance performance on the skin, these parameters are very important, but the main attribute to be evaluated is substantivity, thus the importance of the sensory scale chosen to measure perception, discriminate different intensities and determine the substantivity of the fragrance. Some studies comparing the labeled magnitude scale (LMS) with other magnitude scales and their derivations showed that the use of the LMS scale to measure fragrance intensity could semantically understand the intensity of the stimulus. Tests using this scale confirmed the applicability and efficiency of the LMS. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS The objective of this article is to review the techniques used to measure odor and fragrance intensities applied on the skin. The review shows general sensory techniques and their goals, the newest olfactory mechanism and its contribution to sensory evaluation and which attributes should be considered to measure odor. Substantivity/retentivity or longevity can be regarded as the most important attributes if you want to measure fragrance performance on the skin. Past studies showed different scales tested to measure odor, and some of them demonstrated that the labeled magnitude scale is very suitable to measure fragrance on the skin. [source] SPME , A valuable tool for investigation of flower scentJOURNAL OF SEPARATION SCIENCE, JSS, Issue 8 2003Petr Barták Abstract A novel Headspace Solid Phase Microextraction (HS-SPME) protocol is proposed for the analysis of floral scent. Volatile compounds emitted from the flower are collected on a Carboxen/PDMS fiber for 1 hour, transferred to the GC, and analyzed by GC/MS. The method completely eliminates the use of organic solvents, does not require special instrumentation, and may readily be performed in the field without access to mains electricity and other energy supplies. The method is robust, sensitive, and reduces the sampling stress on the investigated plant. Since enzymatic reactions in living flowers may cause changes in the composition of emitted fragrance, dried rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) was used as a stable standard for the method development and optimization. In addition, grape wine was also suggested as homogeneous, bio-compatible, and relatively stable standard of pronounced and typical scent for the same purpose. The optimized method was used for the comparative investigation of the fragrances emitted by two different species , Lathyrus vernus (L.) and Orchis pallens (L.). Several monoterpenes (C10 compounds) were found as the main fragrance components of lathyrus, while sesquiterpenes (C15 compounds) were typical for the orchid. [source] Impact of certain flavonoids on lipid profiles,potential action of Garcinia cambogia flavonoidsPHYTOTHERAPY RESEARCH, Issue 5 2001Asha Sarah Koshy Abstract Flavonoids from Cocos nucifera, Myristica fragrance, Saraka asoka and Garcinia cambogia exerted hypolipidaemic activity in rats. Lipid lowering activity was maximum in rats administered flavonoids (10,mg/kg BW/day) from Garcinia cambogia. A dose response study revealed biphasic activity. Higher doses were less effective in reducing lipid levels in serum and tissues, although devoid of toxic effects. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] A simple floral fragrance and unusual osmophore structure in Cyclopogon elatus (Orchidaceae)PLANT BIOLOGY, Issue 4 2009A. P. Wiemer Abstract We studied gland morphology, anatomy and the chemical composition of the floral fragrance in the sweat bee-pollinated orchid Cyclopogon elatus. This is apparently the first such analysis for any Cyclopogon species, and one of very few studies in which both odour and osmophore are characterised in a nectar-rewarding orchid. Structures responsible for floral scent production were localised with neutral red staining and histochemical assays for lipids and starch. Their morphology and anatomy were studied with scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy thin sections, respectively. Fragrance samples were collected using SPME fibres and analysed with GC-MS. Anatomical evidence suggests that two parallel oval-shaped patches of unicellular trichomes on the abaxial surface of the labellum are osmophores. These are rich in stored lipids, while the parenchyma surrounding the vascular bundles contains starch. Only freshly opened flowers produced odours, while buds and withered flowers lacked scent. The chemical composition of the odour was dominated (>99.8%) by a single compound, trans-4,8-dimethyl-nona-1,3,7-triene (DMNT). Gland anatomy and position on the outside of the perianth are unusual for scent glands in general. The presence of DMNT, a nearly ubiquitous compound in herbivore-induced vegetative emissions and one of the major floral volatiles of Yucca, is not surprising in view of hypotheses on the evolutionary origin of flower scents, suggesting that wound volatiles are utilised as kairomonal attractants by florivores whose activities result in pollination. [source] Introduction of aromatic fragrance into cultivated tomato from the peruvianum complex'PLANT BREEDING, Issue 2 2001H. M. Kamal Abstract This study was performed to introduce the distinct aromatic fragrance of Lycopersicon peruvianum LA 1554 into the cultivated tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum. The strong breeding barriers existing between these two distantly related species were circumvented by the ovule selection and culture method. A large BC1F1 population was developed and among 127 plants, 36 were self-compatible and yielded fruits. Fruits of some of these selected plants were found to be enriched with a sweet aromatic flavour. Sensory evaluation of the fruit aroma of these selected plants was performed by a panel of 12 members against one of the best consumer-rated Japanese commercial tomato cultivars, ,Momotaro'. Although extensive variation was observed in fruit-aroma in the BC1F1 population, panel opinion on ,flavour-desirability' significantly favoured the BC1F1 fruits of some selected plants over the cv. ,Momotaro'. Therefore, it can be concluded that the aromatic fragrance of a ,L. peruvianum' accession has successfully been introduced into the cultivated tomato gene pool. [source] NEOLITHIC ZOOMORPHIC VESSELS FROM EASTERN MACEDONIA, GREECE: ISSUES OF FUNCTION*ARCHAEOMETRY, Issue 3 2009C. MARANGOU Five fragments of Late Neolithic clay zoomorphic vessels from northern Greece have been analysed for organic residues by gas chromatography , mass spectrometry. The results showed that the containers had been used in connection with a number of substances, in particular lower terpenoids, an oil or fat, possibly fossil fuel and in one case possibly beeswax. The paper considers likely interpretations of such combinations of materials in relation to possible functions of these symbolically enhanced artefacts. It appears that substances may have been used in the vessels because of their aromatic and/or medicinal and combustible properties, possibly in order to produce light, fragrance and/or smoke. [source] Bioproduction of the aroma compound 2-Phenylethanol in a solid,liquid two-phase partitioning bioreactor system by Kluyveromyces marxianusBIOTECHNOLOGY & BIOENGINEERING, Issue 2 2009Fang Gao Abstract The rose-like aroma compound 2-phenylethanol (2-PE) is an important fragrance and flavor ingredient. Several yeast strains are able to convert l -phenylalanine (l -phe) to 2-PE among which Kluyveromyces marxianus has shown promising results. The limitation of this process is the low product concentration and productivity primarily due to end product inhibition. This study explored the possibility and benefits of using a solid,liquid Two-Phase Partition Bioreactor (TPPB) system as an in situ product removal technique. The system applies polymer beads as the sequestering immiscible phase to partition 2-PE and reduce the aqueous 2-PE concentration to non-inhibitory levels. Among six polymers screened for extracting 2-PE, Hytrel® 8206 performed best with a partition coefficient of 79. The desired product stored in the polymer was ultimately extracted using methanol. A 3,L working volume solid,liquid batch mode TPPB using 500,g Hytrel® as the sequestering phase generated a final overall 2-PE concentration of 13.7,g/L, the highest reported in the current literature. This was based on a polymer phase concentration of 88.74,g/L and aqueous phase concentration of 1.2,g/L. Even better results were achieved via contact with more polymers (approximately 900,g) with the aqueous phase applying a semi-continuous reactor configuration. In this system, a final 2-PE concentration (overall) of 20.4,g/L was achieved with 1.4,g/L in the aqueous and 97,g/L in the polymer phase. The overall productivities of these two reactor systems were 0.38 and 0.43,g/L,h, respectively. This is the first report in the literature of the use of a polymer sequestering phase to enhance the bioproduction of 2-PE, and exceeds the performance of two-liquid phase systems in terms of productivity as well as ease of operation (no emulsions) and ultimate product recovery. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009; 104: 332,339 © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] Downstream Processing of Enzymatically Produced Geranyl GlucosideBIOTECHNOLOGY PROGRESS, Issue 5 2001B. Mattheus de Roode Geraniol plays an important role in the fragrance and flavor industry. The corresponding glucoside has interesting properties as a "slow release" aroma compound. Therefore, the enzymatic production and downstream processing of geranyl glucoside were investigated. Geranyl glucoside was produced in a spray column reactor with an initial production rate of 0.58 mg U,1 h,1. A pretreated hydrophobic microfiltration membrane was used to prevent migration of the aqueous, enzyme-containing phase to the downstream process. No retention of the glucoside, which accumulated in the geraniol phase, was found. On the basis of examples from the literature, four downstream processes were tested on their viability for this system. Extraction with water and foaming were not suitable to recover geranyl glucoside from geraniol. In the first case, the glucoside selectivity for the geraniol phase was found to be high, which made extraction with water unsuccessful. In the second case it was possible to obtain a stable foam, but significant enrichment of the foam with glucoside did not occur. Adsorption on alumina and distillation under reduced pressure were applied successfully and tested in-line with the bioreactor. A maximum glucoside adsorption of 7.86 mg g,1 was achieved on alumina. After desorption and evaporation of the extractant the pure glucoside was obtained quantitatively. A pure product could not be obtained after distillation because a small amount of glucose was present in the permeate as well, which accumulated in the bottom fraction. It was shown that with this reactor system a production of 1 kg of geranyl glucoside in 2 days is possible using an initial amount of 50,000 units of enzyme. [source] The frequency of fragrance allergy in patch-tested patients increases with their ageBRITISH JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY, Issue 5 2003D.A. Buckley Summary Background The most likely age of sensitization to fragrance chemicals is unknown. Objectives To investigate the frequency of allergy to the 8% fragrance mix (FM) in each decade of life in patients undergoing patch testing for the investigation of skin symptoms. Methods Patients (n = 23 846; 14 104 female and 9742 male) underwent patch testing to a standard series between 1 January 1984 and 31 December 1998. All data were recorded on a computerized database. Results We found that 8·4% of females and 6·4% of males were allergic to the FM. The frequency of fragrance allergy was low in the first two decades of life (2·5,3·4%). It gradually increased in females after the age of 20 years to peak in the 60s at 14·4% of those tested, with a decline to 11·6% in the 80s. The prevalence in males rose more slowly and peaked at 13·7% in the 70s, declining to 10·8% in the 80s. The youngest patients sensitized were aged 2 years. Conclusions These findings support the hypothesis that allergy to fragrance results from a combination of repeated environmental exposure and age-related susceptibility factors. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||