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Founding
Kinds of Founding Terms modified by Founding Selected AbstractsEffects of resource availability and social parasite invasion on field colonies of Bombus terrestrisECOLOGICAL ENTOMOLOGY, Issue 3 2008CLAIRE CARVELL Abstract 1.,The survival, growth and fecundity of bumblebee colonies are affected by the availability of food resources and presence of natural enemies. Social parasites (cuckoo bumblebees and other bumblebees) can invade colonies and reduce or halt successful reproduction; however, little is known about the frequency of invasion or what environmental factors determine their success in the field. 2.,We used 48 experimental colonies of the bumblebee Bombus terrestris, and manipulated both resource availability at the landscape scale and date of colony founding, to explore invasion rates of social parasites and their effect on the performance of host colonies. 3.,Proximity to abundant forage resources (fields of flowering oilseed rape) and early colony founding significantly increased the probability of parasite invasion and thus offset the potential positive effects of these factors on bumblebee colony performance. 4.,The study concludes that optimal colony location may be among intermediate levels of resources and supports schemes designed to increase the heterogeneity of forage resources for bumblebees across agricultural landscapes. [source] Skewed sex ratios and multiple founding in galls of the oak apple gall wasp Biorhiza pallidaECOLOGICAL ENTOMOLOGY, Issue 1 2003Rachel J. Atkinson Abstract. 1. The gall wasp Biorhiza pallida (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) reproduces by cyclical parthenogenesis. The adults of the sexual generation develop within galls (oak apples) that contain many larval cells. 2. Folliot [(1964) Annales Des Sciences Naturelles: Zoologie, 12, 407,564] found asexual generation females to be of three reproductive types. Androphores produce only sons, gynophores produce only daughters, and gynandrophores produce both sons and daughters. In nature, most oak apples give rise to either only males or only females but a proportion produces both sexes. These mixed-sex galls could result either from eggs laid by one or more gynandrophores or from eggs laid by androphores and gynophores developing within a single gall (multiple founding). 3.,Here the frequency of mixed- and single-sex galls was quantified, and morphological and genetic analyses were carried out on the adults emerging from 10 galls to determine the frequency of multiple founding in B. pallida. 4. Seventy-five per cent of 627 galls yielded only one sex. The majority of the remaining 25% had a highly skewed sex ratio. Low genetic variation in B. pallida limited the application of allozyme-based genetic techniques, however seven of the 10 galls analysed in detail, including mixed-sex galls, appeared to have been multiply founded. Contributions by the different foundresses in multiply founded galls were highly skewed. 5. The significance of multiple founding is discussed in the light of possible adaptive scenarios (reduction of parasitoid-induced mortality, avoidance of local stochastic extinction and inbreeding) and possible competition for oviposition sites. [source] PHILOSOPHY AS TRANSLATION: DEMOCRACY AND EDUCATION FROM DEWEY TO CAVELLEDUCATIONAL THEORY, Issue 3 2007Naoko Saito In this essay Naoko Saito aims to find an alternative idea and language for "mutual national understanding," one that is more attuned to the sensibility of our times. She argues for Stanley Cavell's idea of philosophy as translation as such an alternative. Based upon Cavell's rereading of Thoreau's Walden, Saito represents Thoreau as a cross-cultural figure who transcends cultural and national boundaries. On the strength of this, she proposes a Cavellian education for global citizenship, that is, a perfectionist education for imperfect understanding in acknowledgment of alterity. Our founding of democracy must depend upon a readiness to "deconfound" the culture we have come from, the better to find new foundations together. The "native" is always in transition, by and through language, in processes of translation. [source] Innovation Policy and Nanotechnology EntrepreneurshipENTREPRENEURSHIP THEORY AND PRACTICE, Issue 5 2008Jennifer L. Woolley In this article, we explore the relationship between innovation policy and new venture creation in the United States. Specifically, we examine two components of innovation policy in nanotechnology,science and technology (S&T) initiatives and economic initiatives,and their relationship with the founding of nanotechnology firms. We find strong support relating new firm formation to S&T and economic initiatives. States with both S&T and economic initiatives had six times as many firms founded than those states without such initiatives. We also find evidence of a first-mover advantage as states with the earliest innovation policies had higher rates of related firm foundings over time. These findings suggest that states that are most attractive to entrepreneurs not only pursue technological innovation and provide resources, but also encourage and legitimize commercial development. Implications for public policy makers and scholars are provided. [source] The Founding of the American Epilepsy Society: 1936,1971EPILEPSIA, Issue 1 2007Howard P. Goodkin Summary:, In December 1946, a joint meeting devoted to epilepsy research and care was held by the Association for the Research in Nervous and Mental Disease and the American Chapter of the International League Against Epilepsy. The American Epilepsy Society (AES) has chosen this date and this meeting to mark its founding and recognizes Dr. Charles D. Aring as the organization's first president. However, the founding process of the AES actually began a decade earlier with a dinner meeting held during the American Medical Association's annual meeting. Based on this historical review, it is recommended that the AES recognize 1936 as the year of its founding and Dr. William G. Lennox as its founder and first president. [source] Notes for a Cultural History of Family Therapy,FAMILY PROCESS, Issue 1 2002C. Christian Beels M.D. The official history of family therapy describes its beginnings as a daring technical and philosophical departure from traditional individual treatment in the 1960s, inspired especially by the "system thinking" of Gregory Bateson. This celebrated origin story needs to be supplemented with a longer and larger history of both practice and thought about the family, and that is the subject of this article. The longer history goes back to the founding of social work by Mary Richmond, of pragmatism by William James, and of the organic view of social systems intervention by John Dewey. Seen against this background, family therapy is, among other things, a consequence of the development of persistent elements of American professional culture, experience, and philosophy. The taking of this historical-anthropological view discloses also the origins of two other histories that have made their contribution to the development of family therapy: a science of observing communication processes that starts with Edward Sapir and leads to contemporary conversation analysis, and a history of mesmerism in the United States that culminates in Milton Erickson and his followers. [source] The roots of microbiology and the influence of Ferdinand Cohn on microbiology of the 19th centuryFEMS MICROBIOLOGY REVIEWS, Issue 3 2000Gerhart Drews Abstract The beginning of modern microbiology can be traced back to the 1870s, and it was based on the development of new concepts that originated during the two preceding centuries on the role of microorganisms, new experimental methods, and discoveries in chemistry, physics, and evolutionary cell biology. The crucial progress was the isolation and growth on solid media of clone cultures arising from single cells and the demonstration that these pure cultures have specific, inheritable characteristics and metabolic capacities. The doctrine of the spontaneous generation of microorganisms, which stimulated research for a century, lost its role as an important concept. Microorganisms were discovered to be causative agents of infectious diseases and of specific metabolic processes. Microscopy techniques advanced studies on microorganisms. The discovery of sexuality and development in microorganisms and Darwin's theory of evolution contributed to the founding of microbiology as a science. Ferdinand Cohn (1828,1898), a pioneer in the developmental biology of lower plants, considerably promoted the taxonomy and physiology of bacteria, discovered the heat-resistant endospores of bacilli, and was active in applied microbiology. [source] The Museal Path to Bildung: Collecting, Exhibiting and Exchange in Stifter's Der NachsommerGERMAN LIFE AND LETTERS, Issue 3 2004Peter M. McIsaac This essay analyses salient dynamics of collecting and exhibiting in order to shed new light on the process of Bildung and the founding of a bourgeois family in the imaginary world of Der Nachsommer. The essay shows that learning to collect and exhibit scientific and aesthetic objects is the basis of identity formation in this text and propels the novel's protagonist Heinrich on his path to Bildung. The exchange mechanisms inherent in the novel's regime of collecting simultaneously promote male-to-male exchanges of art and women that cement family bonds, invest Heinrich's wife Natalie with value, and eventually allow Heinrich to join the ranks of his father and Risach, his mentor. [source] On the Nationalist Reconstruction of Hölderlin in the George CircleGERMAN LIFE AND LETTERS, Issue 4 2002Joseph Suglia The George Circle was primarily concerned with Hölderlin's representative character. The critics who served as the official voices of the Circle (Norbert von Hellingrath, Friedrich Gundolf, Friedrich Wolters) saw Hölderlin exclusively in national,sacrificial terms: according to their interpretations, he anticipated a Germany in which nature would be purified and in which the impact of too much ,Westernisation' would be overcome. They claimed that the poet offered a founding figure with which the German people could identify and that the sacrifices evidenced in his work reflected upon a national sacrifice that was central to the founding of the state. In their accounts, Hölderlin was conflated with his poetic figures , in particular, with Hyperion and Empedokles , and viewed entirely from the perspective of the nation that he allegedly forecast in his poetry. [source] A history of the European Grassland Federation, 1963,2003GRASS & FORAGE SCIENCE, Issue 1 2004W. H. Prins Abstract The history of the European Grassland Federation (EGF) from its founding in 1963 to 2003 is described. The origins and constitution are described together with its membership. How the structure and functions of the EGF have changed in 40 years are outlined and the management and financial arrangements of the EGF explained. The background to Grass and Forage Science becoming the official journal of the EGF in 1996 is described. The developments that have take place in the content and size of the General Meetings and Symposia, and in their publication as Proceedings, are highlighted. The links to other organizations in grassland research and the future direction of the EGF are explored. [source] The 550th Anniversary of the Universität Basel, 1460,,,2010: Paracelsian Beginnings and ChemistryHELVETICA CHIMICA ACTA, Issue 9 2010G. Wayne Craig Abstract This year marks the 550th anniversary of the founding of the Universität Basel. After its inception, the development of chemistry has played a major role in its evolution as an academic institution to meet the needs of industry and the educational community. Chemistry evolved in Basel as a dominant industry because of its central location and connection to the Rhine. The dyestuff industry and later the pharmaceutical industry established the Basel location as a major center of distribution. Companies like Sandoz AG, Ciba AG, J.,R. Geigy AG, and F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG influenced the defining role of chemistry not only in Europe but throughout the world. This article highlights some of the academic personalities that contributed to the development of chemistry in the remarkable history of the Universität Basel since the time of Paracelsus. [source] THE FOUNDING ABYSS OF COLONIAL HISTORY: OR "THE ORIGIN AND PRINCIPLE OF THE NAME OF PERU"HISTORY AND THEORY, Issue 1 2009MARK THURNER ABSTRACT The name of "Peru" and the entities and beings it names first appeared "in an abyss of history" on "the edge of the world" in the early 1500s. In this essay I ask what hermeneutical truths or meanings the strange event that made the name of Peru both famous and historical holds for,and withholds from,any understanding of the meaning of colonial history. By way of a reading of Inca garcilaso de la Vega's rendering, in Los Comentarios Reales de los Incas (1609) of "the origin and principle of the name of Peru," I suggest that Peru's name is itself an inaugural event that marks the founding void or abyss of colonial and postcolonial history, which is to say, of modern global history. This événemential void is not unoccupied, however. It is inhabited by another founding, mythopoetic figure of history: "the barbarian" whose speech is registered in the historian's text. [source] Slavery and the FoundingHISTORY COMPASS (ELECTRONIC), Issue 5 2006Matthew Mason One of the oldest but hottest debates over the U.S. Constitution has concerned its relationship to slavery, a dispute that goes right to the heart of the meaning of the founding of the republic. Some observers have portrayed slavery as a , even the , vital problem of the Founding, and denounced the Constitution as a proslavery document. Other scholars contend that this picture unduly elevates the importance of slavery in the contest over the Constitution and distorts the intent of the Founders. This essay reviews recent entries in this debate to frame its argument that slavery figured largely as a weapon that Federalists and Antifederalists wielded to press their more primary points. It examines the debates over , and using , the various slavery clauses in the document to conclude that slavery was a versatile tool in rather than a core concern of the Constitutional Convention and ratification debates. [source] The Coming of Advanced Materials: A Personal View of the Contributions by Cambridge Scientists,ADVANCED MATERIALS, Issue 38-39 2009John Meurig Thomas Abstract The highly significant contributions both directly and indirectly made to the study of condensed matter in general and to advanced materials in particular by a succession of Cambridge scientists over the early years of the past half century are adumbrated in the light of the conjunction of the 21st anniversary of the founding of this journal and the 800th anniversary of the University of Cambridge. So also are the reasons for the burgeoning growth in the last few decades of the preparation, characterization, and use of various kinds of advanced materials. A summary is also given of the author's own work in solid-state and materials science, including a brief appraisal of recent strategies for the design of advanced catalysts for the production (under environmentally benign conditions) of a number of industrially important chemicals ranging from vitamins to commodities, such as adipic acid and terephthalic acid, and building blocks, such as styrene oxide, that are utilized in the manufacture of cosmetics and perfumes. [source] Local Hybridity among Absorbing InstitutionsINTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, Issue 1 2007Rachel Sharaby ABSTRACT This paper discusses the encounter between the hegemony (the national absorbing institutions) and the "other" (the Yemenite immigrants) in the cooperative agricultural village of Ravid in Palestine before the founding of the State of Israel. The research indicates the ambivalence of the cultural field in which the absorbing and the absorbed meet, and the influence of this encounter on the absorbing themselves, in a local territory. The study demonstrates that the absorbing tried to "enculturate" the Yemenites and to force their cooperative agricultural village principles on them. However, the Yemenites, who wanted to maintain their traditional customs, resisted, and the institutions gradually compromised in Ravid. Thus, they deviated from their ideology. The Ravid community can, therefore, be viewed as a hybrid territory, in which a process of negotiation occurred, and where fluid cultural borders existed between the absorbing and the absorbed. Cet article traite de la rencontre entre les détenteurs de l'hégémonie (les institutionsd'assimilation nationales) et les«autres» (les immigrants yéménites) dans le village agricole coopératif de Ravid en Palestine avant la fondation de l'État d'Israël. Il montrel'ambivalence du champ culturel dans lequel assimilateurs et assimilés se rencontrent, ainsi que l'influence de cette rencontre sur les assimilateurs eux-męmes, sur leur propreterritoire. Cette étude démontre que les assimilateurs ont essayé d'imposer leur culture ainsi que les principes du village agricole coopératif aux Yéménites. Toutefois, les Yéménites, qui tenaientŕ conserver leurs coutumes traditionnelles, ont résistéet petit ŕ petit, les institutions de Ravid ont acceptéun compromis. Elles se sont ainsi écartées de leur idéologie. La communautéde Ravid peut donc ętre considérée comme un territoire hybride, sur lequel un processus de négociation a eu lieu, et oň il existait des frontiéres culturelles fluides entre assimilateurs et assimilés. Este estudio trata del encuentro entre la hegemonía (las entidades nacionales de absorción) y "los otros" (los inmigrantes yemenitas), en una cooperativa agrícola del poblado palestino de Ravid, con anterioridad a la institución del Estado de Israel. Esta labor de investigación pone de manifiesto la ambivalencia del ámbito cultural en que confluyen huéspedes y anfritiones, así como la incidencia de este encuentro sobre las entidades locales. El estudio evidencia que las entidades de acogida tratan de "culturizar" a los yemenitas y obligarles a adoptar los principios de la cooperativa agrícola rural. No obstante, los yemenitas quieren mantener sus costumbres y tradiciones y oponen resistencia, por lo que las entidades de Ravid llegan, con el tiempo, a un acuerdo. Así pues, se desvían de la propia ideología. Por consiguiente, se puede considerar a la comunidad de Ravid como un territorio híbrido, en que ha lugar un proceso de negociación y la fluidez en las fronteras culturales de anfitriones y huéspedes. [source] Genetic caste determination in Pogonomyrmex harvester ants imposes costs during colony foundingJOURNAL OF EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY, Issue 2 2006T. SCHWANDER Abstract Some populations of Pogonomyrmex harvester ants comprise genetically differentiated pairs of interbreeding lineages. Queens mate with males of their own and of the alternate lineage and produce pure-lineage offspring which develop into queens and inter-lineage offspring which develop into workers. Here we tested whether such genetic caste determination is associated with costs in terms of the ability to optimally allocate resources to the production of queens and workers. During the stage of colony founding, when only workers are produced, queens laid a high proportion of pure-lineage eggs but the large majority of these eggs failed to develop. As a consequence, the number of offspring produced by incipient colonies decreased linearly with the proportion of pure-lineage eggs laid by queens. Moreover, queens of the lineage most commonly represented in a given mating flight produced more pure-lineage eggs, in line with the view that they mate randomly with the two types of males and indiscriminately use their sperm. Altogether these results predict frequency-dependent selection on pairs of lineages because queens of the more common lineage will produce more pure-lineage eggs and their colonies be less successful during the stage of colony founding, which may be an important force maintaining the coexistence of pairs of lineages within populations. [source] Defining the Relationship among Founding Resources, Strategies, and Performance in Technology-Intensive New Ventures: Evidence from the Semiconductor Silicon Industry,JOURNAL OF SMALL BUSINESS MANAGEMENT, Issue 4 2007Scott L. Newbert The degree to which a firm's performance is dependent on its resources and strategies is widely debated in the literature. We examine this issue by analyzing historical data on the entire population of new independent firms started worldwide in the semiconductor silicon industry for the first 50 years of its existence. We measure resources (managerial capabilities and technological competencies) and strategies (emphasis on demand pull or technology push) at the time of founding and test their relationship with each other as well as with multiple measures of performance (lifespan and best year's sales). We find that firms founded on managerial capabilities emphasize demand-pull strategies at founding, whereas firms founded upon technological competencies emphasize technology-push strategies at founding. We also find that firms emphasizing technology-push strategies perform better than firms emphasizing demand-pull strategies. Lastly, we find that though managerial capabilities are related to a firm's best year's sales, this relationship is mediated by the firm's founding strategy. [source] Beginning to Write Separately: The Origins and Development of Concurring Judicial OpinionsJOURNAL OF SUPREME COURT HISTORY, Issue 2 2010CHARLES C. TURNER Introduction While political scientists and legal academics have both evinced a "fascination with disagreement on courts,"1 this scholarly concentration on conflict rather than consensus has tended to focus on dissent and dissenting opinions. As far as we can tell, there is no authoritative history of concurring opinions in the U.S. Supreme Court. This article is a first effort to correct that oversight by examining developments and change in concurring behavior from the founding through the White Court (1921). This period covers the emergence of an institutionally independent national judicial branch and ends before the start of the modern, policy-making Court era, which we argue begins with the Taft Court and the creation of a fully discretionary docket. [source] The Influence of the Dartmouth College Case on the American Law of Educational CharitiesJOURNAL OF SUPREME COURT HISTORY, Issue 1 2007ELIZABETH BRAND MONROE One of the important features of American history has been the availability of higher education. Religious toleration, low capitalization costs, few educational impediments, public interest and commitment, and ready corporate status made the foundation of colleges and universities a common event in early nineteenth-century America.1 By the time of the Revolution Americans had founded ten colleges; by 1800, twenty-four; by 1820, thirty-eight; and by the Civil War, 232, of which 104 have survived.2 Although the earliest colleges had religious affiliations, with the founding of the University of Georgia in 1785, states also began providing directly for higher education. But the creation of these institutions led to disputes within them over curricula and governance. How the U.S. Supreme Court dealt with a seemingly minor political dispute involving the governance of a small New Hampshire college would determine not only that college's relationship to state and federal government, but also that of all other corporations.3 [source] The Supreme Court and the Interstate Slave Trade: A Study in Evasion, Anarchy, and ExtremismJOURNAL OF SUPREME COURT HISTORY, Issue 3 2004DAVID L. LIGHTNER Opponents of slavery often argued that the federal government possessed the constitutional authority to outlaw the interstate slave trade. At its founding in 1833, the American Anti-Slavery Society declared that Congress "has a right, and is solemnly bound, to suppress the domestic slave trade between the several States." The idea had been endorsed earlier, during the Missouri controversy of 1819,1820, by both John Jay and Daniel Webster. Later on, in the 1840s and 1850s, it was supported by such prominent politicians as John Quincy Adams, Salmon P. Chase, and Charles Sumner. Defenders of slavery were, of course, horrified by the suggestion that the South's peculiar institution might be attacked in this way, and they vehemently denied that the Constitution permitted any such action. The prolonged debate over the issue focused on two key provisions of the Constitution. One was the Commerce Clause (Article I, Section 8, Clause 3), which says that Congress has the power to "regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes." The other was the 1808 Clause (Article I, Section 9, Clause 1), which says that the "Migration or Importation of such Persons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the Year one thousand eight hundred and eight." Abolitionists held that the Constitution sanctioned congressional interference in the domestic slave trade both generally, by virtue of the Commerce Clause, and specifically, by virtue of the 1808 Clause. They argued that since slaves were routinely bought and sold, they obviously were articles of commerce, and therefore Congress had unlimited authority over interstate slave trafficking. Furthermore, they said, the words "migration or importation" in the 1808 Clause meant that as of January 1, 1808 Congress had acquired the right not only to ban the importation of slaves, but also to prohibit their migration from one state to another. Defenders of slavery replied that Congress could not interfere in property rights and that the power to regulate commerce did not include the power to destroy it. They also said that the word "migration" in the 1808 Clause referred, not to the domestic movement of slaves, but to the entry into the United States of white immigrants from abroad.1 [source] A Falling Out: The Relationship Between Oliver Wendell Holmes and Theodore RooseveltJOURNAL OF SUPREME COURT HISTORY, Issue 2 2002Richard H. Wagner Theodore Roosevelt is often credited with founding and shaping the modern American presidency. With his appointment of Oliver Wendell Holmes to the Supreme Court of the United States, Roosevelt also set in motion a force that would transform the judiciary. However, it did not go as Roosevelt had planned. Holmes' refusal to conform to Roosevelt's desires in Northern Securities Co. v. United States demonstrated that Holmes was his own man and not Roosevelt's instrument. The decision brought an abrupt halt to what had been becoming a close friendship between the two men. Over the years the rift deepened. The bitterness that grew between them reflected more than a difference of opinion over law and economic principles; it reflected the type of disillusionment that comes only when a friend fails to live up to expectations. [source] Using the h -index to rank influential British researchers in information science and librarianshipJOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR INFORMATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, Issue 2 2007Charles Oppenheim The recently developed h -index has been applied to the literature produced by senior British-based academics in librarianship and information science. The majority of those evaluated currently hold senior positions in UK information science and librarianship departments; however, a small number of staff in other departments and retired "founding fathers" were analyzed as well. The analysis was carried out using the Web of Science (Thomson Scientific, Philadelphia, PA) for the years from 1992 to October 2005, and included both second-authored papers and self-citations. The top-ranking British information scientist, Peter Willett, has an h -index of 31. However, it was found that Eugene Garfield, the founder of modern citation studies, has an even higher h -index of 36. These results support other studies suggesting that the h -index is a useful tool in the armory of bibliometrics. [source] "A brilliant and many-sided personality": Jessie Margaret Murray, founder of the Medico-Psychological ClinicJOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF THE BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES, Issue 2 2009Elizabeth R. Valentine This paper outlines the life and career of Jessie Margaret Murray, the moving spirit behind the foundation of the Medico-Psychological Clinic, the first public clinic in Britain to offer psychoanalytic therapy and training in psychoanalysis. Biographical details of Murray and her close friend and collaborator, Julia Turner, are presented, and possible routes by which the two women may have met are explored. Murray's role in the suffragist movement is described, as well as other networks and professional societies in which she was involved, in particular the British Society for the Study of Sex Psychology, and her relationship with Marie Stopes. An account is given of events leading up to the founding of the Clinic, its activities, Murray's death, and other factors contributing to its demise. Finally, the Clinic's heritage and implications of the personalities of Murray and Turner for understanding the subsequent development of psycho-analysis in Britain are considered. [source] Théodule Ribot's ambiguous positivism: Philosophical and epistemological strategies in the founding of French scientific psychologyJOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF THE BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES, Issue 2 2004Vincent Guillin Théodule Ribot (1839,1916) is regarded by many historians of psychology as the "father" of the discipline in France. Ribot contributed to the development of a "new psychology" independent from philosophy, relying on the methods of the natural sciences. However, such an epistemological transition encountered fierce opposition from both the champions of the old-fashioned metaphysical psychology and the representatives of the "scientific spirit." This article focuses on the objections raised by the latter, and especially philosophers of science, against the possibility of a scientific psychology. For instance, according to Auguste Comte, psychology does not satisfy certain basic methodological requirements. To overcome these objections, Ribot, in his La Psychologie Anglaise Contemporaine (1870/1914), devised an epistemological strategy that amounted to invoking criticisms of Comte's views made by other representatives of the positivist school, such as John Stuart Mill and Herbert Spencer. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] Sex-biased gene flow and colonization in the Formosan lesser horseshoe bat: inference from nuclear and mitochondrial markersJOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY, Issue 3 2008S.- F. Chen Abstract Sex-biased behaviours are expected to play an important role in partitioning genetic variance in animal populations. Comparing genetic structure at markers with different modes of inheritance provides a means of detecting these behaviours and their consequences for population genetic structure. In colonially breeding mammals, the common combination of female philopatry and male vagility can promote contrasting patterns of genetic differentiation between the sexes, both via their effects on recurrent gene flow and on colonization. We examined sex differences in gene flow and structure by comparing maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and biparentally inherited autosomal loci in the Formosan lesser horseshoe bat Rhinolophus monoceros. We found that genetic partitioning was higher at mtDNA than autosomal markers in both sexes, indicative of female-biased philopatry and male-biased dispersal. Across Taiwan, isolation-by-distance was detected for all sex/marker combinations but was steeper for mtDNA than for nuclear markers. We suggest that isolation-by-distance shown from mtDNA at large scales is likely to reflect the stepwise founding of new breeding colonies by females during colonization. In contrast, no isolation-by-distance was found at smaller distances of up to 100 km, indicating that gene flow and/or recent shared ancestry homogenises genetic structure among nearby sites. Our results highlight the value of an indirect genetic approach to understanding sex-biased behaviours and their consequences in a little-studied species. [source] Adult mortality rates in young colonies of a swarm-founding social wasp (Polybia occidentalis)JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY, Issue 1 2003Andrew M. Bouwma The swarm founders are unusual among the social wasps in having socialized the dispersal stage of the life cycle. Colonies are initiated by groups of workers accompanied by smaller numbers of queens. Thus, swarm founders avoid the colony size bottleneck faced by the independent founders, whose colonies start with one or a few queens. Among the advantages of swarm founding is a reduction of the risk of colony failure due to attrition of the founding adults. Stochasticity in adult mortality is less likely to lead to outright extinction of a large founding group before new workers are produced (pre-emergence period). However, it is not known how important pre-emergence mortality is as a selective force on founding and dispersal behaviour in swarm founders, since colony-wide mortality rates have never been reported for a large-colony social wasp. Sixty-eight swarms of Polybia occidentalis were censused just before colony initiation and again 24 days later. Mortality over this period averaged 0.41±0.12 of the founding swarm population. Including mortality on the day of emigration and extrapolating to day 30, when the first adult offspring eclose, the original absconding swarm would be reduced by 0.52 of its initial size. Rates of loss during the first week, while the colonies engaged in nest construction, did not differ from rates over the full 24 days. Thus, colony founding in P. occidentalis is both costly and highly variable in terms of mortality of the founding adults. [source] Updating the Foreign Language AgendaMODERN LANGUAGE JOURNAL, Issue 3 2001Richard D. Lambert At the founding of the National Foreign Language Center in 1987, several major structural problems facing the field of foreign language (FL) instruction were identified in an editorial in The Modern Language Journal. These broad architectural issues are part of a national agenda for change, both here and abroad, and have been the focus of the NFLC's activities since its establishment. The agenda issues identified in the article are: evaluating language competency; articulating instruction across educational levels and the different contexts in which FLs are taught; increasing the range of languages taught and studied; achieving higher levels of language skills; promoting language competency and use among adults; expanding research and maximizing its impact on FL teaching and learning; and assessing and diffusing new technologies in instructional practice, with particular attention to Internet communication, machine translation, and distance education. The article briefly indicates the nature of these challenges and notes the progress that has been made. [source] Microsatellite analysis reveals strong but differential impact of a social parasite on its two host speciesMOLECULAR ECOLOGY, Issue 3 2006BIRGIT FISCHER-BLASS Abstract The speed and the dynamics of the co-evolutionary process strongly depend on the relative strengths of reciprocal selection pressures exerted by the interacting species. Here, we investigate the influence of an obligate social parasite, the slave-making ant Harpagoxenus sublaevis, on populations of the two main host species Leptothorax acervorum and Leptothorax muscorum from a German ant community. A combination of genetic and demographic data allowed us to analyse the consequences of raiding pressure on the hosts' life history and possible host preferences of the parasite. We can demonstrate that slave raids during which the social parasite pillages brood from neighbouring host colonies are both frequent and extremely destructive for both host species. Microsatellite analysis showed that, on average, a single slave-maker colony conducts more than three raids per year and that host colonies mostly perish in the aftermath of these parasite attacks. Only in few cases, surviving nests of previously raided host colonies were found in the surroundings of slave-maker colonies. As a consequence of the high prevalence of parasites and their recurrent and devastating slave raids on host colonies, the life expectancy of host colonies was severely reduced. Combining our results on host-specific parasitic colony founding and raiding frequencies with the post-raid survival rate, we can demonstrate an overall higher mortality rate for the smaller host species L. muscorum. This might be caused by a preference of H. sublaevis for this secondary host species as demographic data on host species usage indicate. [source] Genetic and morphological evolution following a founder event in the dark-eyed junco, Junco hyemalis thurberiMOLECULAR ECOLOGY, Issue 3 2004C. A. Rasner Abstract An isolated population of dark-eyed juncos, Junco hyemalis, became established on the campus of the University of California at San Diego (UCSD), probably in the early 1980s. It now numbers about 70 breeding pairs. Populations across the entire natural range of the subspecies J. h. thurberi are weakly differentiated from each other at five microsatellite loci (FST = 0.01). The UCSD population is significantly different from these populations, the closest of which is 70 km away. It has 88% of the genetic heterozygosity and 63% of the allelic richness of populations in the montane range of the subspecies, consistent with a harmonic mean effective population size of 32 (but with 95% confidence limits from four to > 70) over the eight generations since founding. Results suggest a moderate bottleneck in the early establishment phase but with more than seven effective founders. Individuals in the UCSD population have shorter wings and tails than those in the nearby mountains and a common garden experiment indicates that the morphological differences are genetically based. The moderate effective population size is not sufficient for the observed morphological differences to have evolved as a consequence of genetic drift, indicating a major role for selection subsequent to the founding of the UCSD population. [source] Y chromosome haplotyping in Scandinavian wolves (Canis lupus) based on microsatellite markersMOLECULAR ECOLOGY, Issue 8 2001A.-K. Sundqvist Abstract The analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequences has for a long time been the most extensively used genetic tool for phylogenetic, phylogeographic and population genetic studies. Since this approach only considers female lineages, it tends to give a biased picture of the population history. The use of protein polymorphisms and microsatellites has helped to obtain a more unbiased view, but complementing population genetic studies with Y chromosome markers could clarify the role of each sex in natural processes. In this study we analysed genetic variability at four microsatellite loci on the canid Y chromosome. With these four microsatellites we constructed haplotypes and used them to study the genetic status of the Scandinavian wolf population, a population that now contains 60,70 animals but was thought to have been extinct in the 1970s. In a sample of 100 male wolves from northern Europe we found 17 different Y chromosome haplotypes. Only two of these were found in the current Scandinavian population. This indicates that there should have been at least two males involved in the founding of the Scandinavian wolf population after the bottleneck in the 1970s. The two Scandinavian Y chromosome haplotypes were not found elsewhere in northern Europe, which indicates low male gene flow between Scandinavia and the neighbouring countries. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||