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Kinds of Foundation Terms modified by Foundation Selected AbstractsHAYEKIAN ECONOMIC INFRASTRUCTURE AS A FOUNDATION FOR SUSTAINED PROSPERITYCONTEMPORARY ECONOMIC POLICY, Issue 1 2001JL Jordan Rather than debate whether technical advances have created a ,new economy', economists should focus on the more interesting and useful question: How do we create the sort of environment in which innovation and the productive use of new technology thrive, thereby creating economic prosperity? Such an environment is the product of government laying the appropriate infrastructure, manifested in the culture of the institutions it supports. This article discusses the features governments must incorporate into their institutions in order to build an economic infrastructure that promotes prosperity. [source] MICROECONOMIC FOUNDATION OF LENDER OF LAST RESORT FROM THE VIEWPOINT OF PAYMENTS*THE JAPANESE ECONOMIC REVIEW, Issue 2 2008YASUO MAEDA We construct a model to clarify the mechanism by which the lender of last resort (LLR) can prevent bank runs. In our model, a bank has both the function of facilitating payments in which inside money is settled using outside money and the function of financial intermediation using a deposit contract. The deposit contract might lead to a bank run, and might even contribute to an efficient allocation. Therefore, to consider the liquidity supply by the LLR, we introduce the deposit contract as a factor of instability in the banking model. We show that the LLR can assist in the recovery of both the efficiency and stability of the financial system. [source] TRUST AS A TRADABLE COMMODITY: A FOUNDATION FOR SAFE ELECTRONIC MARKETPLACESCOMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE, Issue 2 2010Reid Kerr In large electronic marketplaces populated by buying and selling agents, it is difficult to judge trustworthiness. A variety of systems have been proposed to help traders to find trustworthy partners by learning to discount or disregard disreputable parties. In this article, we present a novel model for providing safe electronic marketplaces: Commodity Trunits, a system that considers trust as a tradable commodity. In this system, sellers require units of trust (trunits) to participate in transactions, and risk losing trunits if they act dishonestly. Sellers can purchase trunits when needed, and sell excess quantities. We demonstrate that under Commodity Trunits, rational sellers will choose to be honest, since this is the profit maximizing strategy. We also show that Commodity Trunits provides protection from a number of vulnerabilities common in existing trust and reputation systems, e.g., the important,exit problem, where sellers can cheat without fear of repercussions if they intend to leave the market. We then present a simulation that validates the system by demonstrating that a market operator can manage the trunit marketplace to ensure sustainability. We conclude with a discussion of the value of Commodity Trunits as a method for promoting trust in electronic marketplaces. [source] MICROANOMIE: THE COGNITIVE FOUNDATIONS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ANOMIE AND DEVIANCE,CRIMINOLOGY, Issue 1 2005MARK KONTY Emile Durkheim and Robert Merton spawned a century of research on the effects of anomie on rule-breaking behavior. During that time "strain" emerged as the social psychological mechanism producing deviant behavior from the effects of anomie. This research challenges the primacy of the affective strain mechanism, arguing that anomie produces a cognitive state,referred to as microanomie,where self-enhancing values are higher priority than self-transcending values. Data from a sample of university students support the association between dominant self-enhancing values and deviant behavior. These data also demonstrate how the microanomie condition can explain gender differences in offending. A synthesis with the affective strain mechanism is suggested. [source] INSPECTING THE FOUNDATIONS OF LIBERALISMECONOMIC AFFAIRS, Issue 1 2010Anthony De Jasay Liberal justice is rooted in a system of conventions. They arise spontaneously as behavioural equilibria that bring mutual advantage to those adopting them. They protect life, limb, property and the pursuit of peaceful purposes, and require the fulfilment of reciprocal promises. Collective choice, where some impose choices on others who submit, violates liberal justice and reduces the set of freedoms. Liberalism and democracy are incompatible as organising principles and ,liberal democracy' is a contradiction in terms. [source] MOTIVATIONAL, ETHICAL, AND EPISTEMOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS IN THE TREATMENT OF UNWANTED HOMOEROTIC ATTRACTIONJOURNAL OF MARITAL AND FAMILY THERAPY, Issue 1 2003Christopher H. Rosik A recent special section of the Journal of Marital and Family Therapy(October, 2000) focusing on the mental health needs of gay, lesbian, and bisexual individuals neglected to address the clinical needs of homosexual persons who desire to increase their heterosexual potential. This article attempts to correct this omission by outlining common motivations for pursuing change, updating the current state of knowledge regarding the effectiveness of change efforts, and providing some ethical guidelines when therapists encounter clients who present with unwanted homoerotic attraction. Finally, to assist marriage and family therapists (MFTs) in more deply understanding divergent perspectives about reorientation treatments, an examination of the role of moral epistemology is presented and some examples of its potential influence are described. MFTs are encouraged to recognize and accept, rather than ignore or deny the valid needs of clients who seek to modify their same-sex attraction. [source] THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF PAY-AS-YOU-GO DEFINED-CONTRIBUTION PENSION SCHEMESMETROECONOMICA, Issue 2 2008Sandro Gronchi ABSTRACT The paper inquires into notional defined contribution pension schemes, which retain the pay-as-you-go financing method while adopting the award and indexation formulas typical of funded, defined-contribution systems. It examines the properties of the new arrangement and compares them with those of the traditional defined-benefit pay-as-you-go schemes. [source] NO FEAR OF FOUNDATIONS: REFLECTIONS ON HUMAN RIGHTS IN CONTEMPORARY JEWISH PHILOSOPHYTHE HEYTHROP JOURNAL, Issue 6 2009ALAN MITTLEMAN First page of article [source] REMEMBERING THE FOUNDATIONS AND BUILDING FOR THE FUTUREBRITISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHOTHERAPY, Issue 2 2010Bruce Irvine abstract The paper draws on the influence of the thinking of Isabel Menzies Lyth on the development of new approaches to events within group relations conferences sponsored by The Grubb Institute of Behavioural Studies. [source] MyCoG.NET: a multi-language CoG toolkitCONCURRENCY AND COMPUTATION: PRACTICE & EXPERIENCE, Issue 14 2007A. Paventhan Abstract Grid application developers utilize Commodity Grid (CoG) toolkits to access Globus Grid services. Existing CoG toolkits are language-specific and have, for example, been developed for Java, Python and the Matlab scripting environment. In this paper we describe MyCoG.NET, a CoG toolkit supporting multi-language programmability under the Microsoft .NET framework. MyCoG.NET provides a set of classes and APIs to access Globus Grid services from languages supported by the .NET Common Language Runtime. We demonstrate its programmability using FORTRAN, C++, C# and Java, and discuss its performance over LAN and WAN infrastructures. We present a Grid application, in the field of experimental aerodynamics, as a case study to show how MyCoG.NET can be exploited. We demonstrate how scientists and engineers can create and use domain-specific workflow activity sets for rapid application development using Windows Workflow Foundation. We also show how users can easily extend and customize these activities. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Microalbuminuria in Nondiabetic and Nonhypertensive Systolic Heart Failure PatientsCONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE, Issue 5 2008Estêvão L. Figueiredo MD The American Diabetes Association and the National Kidney Foundation define microalbuminuria as an albumin (,g)/creatinine (mg) ratio (ACR) between 30 and 300 ,g/mg regardless of sex. Microalbuminuria is associated with increased cardiovascular risk. The authors evaluated the prevalence of microalbuminuria in nondiabetic and nonhypertensive systolic heart failure (SHF) patients. Twenty-seven SHF patients, 18 years and older, with New York Heart Association functional classes II through IV and left ventricular ejection fraction ,40%, who were nondiabetic and nonhypertensive and not receiving angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, were selected. Twenty-seven healthy individuals, paired according to sex, ethnicity, and age, were used as controls. Early-morning midstream urine was used. Data are expressed as medians. Excretion of albumin in SHF patients (39 ,g/mL urine) was significantly higher than in controls (26 ,g/mL urine). Creatinine excretion was not significantly different between patients and controls. ACR was significantly higher in patients (54 ,g/mg) than in controls (24 ,g/mg). The results indicate that microalbuminuria was significantly present in nondiabetic and nonhypertensive SHF patients. [source] Behind the Findings: Yes, the Science Explorations Program Worked, but Why?CURATOR THE MUSEUM JOURNAL, Issue 3 2007Jill Florence Lackey In 2002, with support from the National Science Foundation (NSF) and private donors, MPM launched this after-school program for a target group of urban, mostly minority, middle school girls, a group at risk for underachievement in science and technology. The museum staff built a combined program with five middle schools and also sought to reach out to family members of the participating girls in order to increase support for the young women's science endeavors. A three-year evaluation of the Science Explorations program demonstrated positive findings from primarily quantitative data. An aim of this article is to present findings from the qualitative data to shed light on the reasons this program met nearly all of its targets. Findings from case studies and qualitative interviews suggest that the museum staff's efforts to demystify science,a process that provided ongoing access to real scientific endeavors and invited personal contact with scientists,influenced the program's success. Findings also suggest that strong school liaisons may help increase family support for young women's scientific pursuits, which can in turn play a role in their success in this program. [source] IRSS Psychology Theory: Telling Experiences Among Underrepresented IS DoctoratesDECISION SCIENCES JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE EDUCATION, Issue 2 2006Fay Cobb Payton ABSTRACT With the changing demographics of the American workforce, the National Science Foundation, along with the U.S. Department of Commerce, has highlighted the shortage of minorities in information technology (IT) careers (http://www.ta.doc.gov/Reports/itsw/itsw.pdf). Using data from a 6-year period and the psychology Involvement-Regimen-Self Management-Social (IRSS) network theory as defined by Boice (1992), we discuss lessons learned from mentoring a group of Information Systems doctoral students who are members of a pipeline that can potentially increase the number of underrepresented faculty in business schools and who made conscious decisions to renounce the IT corporate domain. While our lessons speak to the need for more diversity awareness, we conclude that effective mentoring for underrepresented groups can and should include faculty of color (though limited in numbers) as well as majority faculty who are receptive to the needs and cultural differences of these student groups. Lastly, we draw on the work of Ethnic America to provide additional insight into our findings that are not offered by IRSS network theory. [source] Relationship of illness perceptions with depression among individuals diagnosed with lupus,DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY, Issue 6 2009Errol J. Philip M.A Abstract Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of illness perceptions, as outlined in the Self-Regulatory Model of illness, with depression among individuals diagnosed with lupus. Methods: A mail-out questionnaire was completed by 154 members of the Australia Lupus Foundation and Lupus Foundation of New South Wales. Each questionnaire consisted of a Lupus Medical and Symptoms Questionnaire, the Illness Perceptions Questionnaire-Revised and the Cardiac Depression Scale. Results: Hierarchical regression analysis revealed that individuals who reported a perception of their illness as having negative life consequences, an unpredictable nature and themselves possessing little understanding of lupus, reported high levels of depression. Conclusions: This study indicated the existence of a high level of depressive symptoms among individuals diagnosed with lupus, and reinforces the need for screening procedures in chronic illness, and treatment interventions that target maladaptive illness perceptions. Depression and Anxiety, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Depression, desperation, and suicidal ideation in college students: results from the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention College Screening Project at Emory UniversityDEPRESSION AND ANXIETY, Issue 6 2008Ph.D., Steven J. Garlow M.D. Abstract The objective of this investigation was to examine suicidal ideation and depression in undergraduate college students who participated in the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention-sponsored College Screening Project at Emory University. The principal measure of depressive symptoms was the nine-item depression module from the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Additional questions were focused on current suicidal ideation, past suicide attempts, and episodes of deliberate self-harm and on symptoms of anxiety and distress. Seven hundred and twenty-nine students participated over a 3-school-year interval (2002,2005). Most notably, 11.1% of the students endorsed current (past 4 weeks) suicidal ideation and 16.5% had a lifetime suicide attempt or self-injurious episode. Students with current suicidal ideation had significantly higher depression symptom severity than those without suicidal ideation (t = ,9.34, df = 706, P<.0001, d = 1.9), and 28.5% of the students with PHQ-9 scores of 15 or higher reported suicidal ideation compared to 5.7% of those with lower scores (,2 = 56.29, df = 1, P<.0001, two-tailed). Suicidal ideation was prominently associated with symptoms of desperation (odds ratio 2.6, 95% CI 1.5,4.6, P<.001). The vast majority of students with moderately severe to severe depression (85%) or current suicidal ideation (84%) were not receiving any psychiatric treatment at the time of assessment. These results suggest that there is a strong relationship between severity of depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation in college students, and that suicidal feelings and actions are relatively common in this group. This underscores the need to provide effective mental health outreach and treatment services to this vulnerable population. As this analysis was based on data collected at a single institution, the results may not be representative of all college students or young adults. Depression and Anxiety 0:1,7, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Globalization from Below: Free Software and Alternatives to NeoliberalismDEVELOPMENT AND CHANGE, Issue 6 2007Sara Schoonmaker ABSTRACT This article explores one of the central struggles over the politics of globalization: forging alternatives to neoliberalism by developing new forms of globalization from below. It focuses on a unique facet of this struggle, rooted in the centrality of information technologies for global trade and production, as well as new forms of media and digital culture. The analysis has four main parts: examining the key role of software as a technological infrastructure for diverse forms of globalization; conceptualizing the contradictory implications of three software business models for realizing the utopian potential of digital technology to develop forms of globalization from below; exploring how three free and open source software business models were put into practice by Red Hat, IBM and the Free Software Foundation; and analysing Brazilian software policy as a form of globalization from below that challenges the historical dominance of the global North and seeks to develop new forms of digital inclusion and digital culture. [source] The role of Lay Review Committees in diabetes researchDIABETES/METABOLISM: RESEARCH AND REVIEWS, Issue 4 2003David P. Stenger Abstract Type 1 diabetes is unique among disease entities in having a large voluntary health nonprofit organization (the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation) that employs the process of review by laypersons (following a review by scientists) in selecting the recipients of its funding awards to individual investigators/trainees: grants, career-development awards, fellowships, and ,innovative grants.' Therefore, that organization can be a suitable model on which an examination of lay review can be based. This paper summarizes (1) the history of how lay review originated and (2) this foundation's experience with it, (3) assesses the impact of the procedure on the discipline of diabetes science, and (4) examines the role it might play in the future, given the current state of that discipline. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Instructional Tools in Educational Measurement and Statistics (ITEMS) for School Personnel: Evaluation of Three Web-Based Training ModulesEDUCATIONAL MEASUREMENT: ISSUES AND PRACTICE, Issue 2 2008Rebecca Zwick In the current No Child Left Behind era, K-12 teachers and principals are expected to have a sophisticated understanding of standardized test results, use them to improve instruction, and communicate them to others. The goal of our project, funded by the National Science Foundation, was to develop and evaluate three Web-based instructional modules in educational measurement and statistics to help school personnel acquire the "assessment literacy" required for these roles. Our first module, "What's the Score?" was administered in 2005 to 113 educators who also completed an assessment literacy quiz. Viewing the module had a small but statistically significant positive effect on quiz scores. Our second module, "What Test Scores Do and Don't Tell Us," administered in 2006 to 104 educators, was even more effective, primarily among teacher education students. In evaluating our third module, "What's the Difference?" we were able to recruit only 33 participants. Although those who saw the module before taking the quiz outperformed those who did not, results were not statistically significant. Now that the research phase is complete, all ITEMS instructional materials are freely available on our Website. [source] Training aesthetic perception: John Dewey on the educational role of art museumsEDUCATIONAL THEORY, Issue 4 2004Tracie E. Costantino In this article I examine Dewey's ambivalent attitude toward art museums , criticizing their existence as repositories for the rich, while exploring their educational potential , by analyzing Dewey's comments on museums in various texts, by relating his ideas to museum education theories and practice of the time, and by exploring his involvement with Albert Barnes and the Barnes Foundation. Specifically, I discuss how these men influenced each other and consider possible reasons for Dewey's involvement with a "capitalist collector" such as Barnes. This examination is placed within the broader context of Dewey's philosophy of art as experience. An analysis of these issues is especially relevant at the present time, given that museums are increasingly involved in K-12 education through outreach and professional development programs, in addition to school tours. [source] Legislation to institutionalize resources for tobacco control: the 1987 Victorian Tobacco ActADDICTION, Issue 10 2009Ron Borland ABSTRACT Aim To describe the process surrounding the creation of the first organization in the world to be funded from an earmarked tax on tobacco products, the Victorian Health Promotion Foundation (VicHealth), and to outline briefly its subsequent history. Description The genesis of VicHealth came from an interest of the Minister for Health in the Victorian State Government to address the tobacco problem, and the strategic capacity of Dr Nigel Gray from the Anti-Cancer Council of Victoria to provide a vehicle and help the government to muster support for its implementation. Success involved working with government to construct a Bill it was happy with and then working with the community to support the implementation and to counter industry attempts to derail it. The successful Bill led to the creation of VicHealth. VicHealth has played a creative and important role in promoting health not only in Victoria (Australia), but has been a stimulus for similar initiatives in other parts of the world. Conclusions Enacting novel advances in public policy is made easier when there is a creative alliance between advocates outside government working closely with governments to develop a proposal that is politically achievable and then to work together to sell it. Health promotion agencies, once established, can play an important role in advancing issues like tobacco control. [source] Making Eco-Efficiency the Foundation of Environmental Policy ReformENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT, Issue 2 2001Dennis A. Rondinelli Environmental policy in the United States should refocus on eco-efficiency and pollution prevention. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. [source] Seizure Semiology in the Elderly: A Video AnalysisEPILEPSIA, Issue 3 2004Christoph Kellinghaus Summary: Purpose: To describe the seizure semiology of patients older than 60 years and to compare it with that of a control group of younger adults matched according to the epilepsy diagnosis. Methods: Available videotapes of all patients aged 60 years and older who underwent long-term video-EEG evaluation at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation (CCF) between January 1994 and March 2002 were analyzed by two observers blinded to the clinical data. A younger adult control group was matched according to the epilepsy diagnosis, and their seizures also were analyzed. Results: Fifty-four (3.3%) of the 1,633 patients were 60 years or older at the time of admission. For 21 of them, at least one epileptic seizure was recorded. Nineteen patients had focal epilepsy (nine temporal lobe, two frontal lobe, two parietal lobe, eight nonlocalized), and two patients had generalized epilepsy. Seventy-three seizures of the elderly patients and 85 seizures of the 21 control patients were analyzed. In nine elderly patients and 14 control patients, at least one of their seizures started with an aura. Eleven elderly patients and 19 control patients lost responsiveness during their seizures. Approximately two thirds of the patients in both groups had automatisms during the seizures. Both focal and generalized motor seizures (e.g., clonic or tonic seizures) were seen less frequently in the elderly. Conclusions: Only a small percentage of the patients admitted to a tertiary epilepsy referral center for long-term video-EEG monitoring are older than 60 years. All seizure types observed in the elderly also were seen in the younger control group, and vice versa. Simple motor seizures were seen less frequently in the elderly. [source] Ictal Spitting: Clinical and Electroencephalographic FeaturesEPILEPSIA, Issue 8 2003Christoph Kellinghaus Summary: Purpose: To identify clinical and EEG correlates of ictal spitting automatisms and to assess their reliability in indicating the hemisphere of seizure onset. Methods: The epilepsy-monitoring database (1994,2002) of the Cleveland Clinic Foundation (CCF) was searched for patients with a definite history of ictal spitting. All available documents of the patients, particularly their original video and EEG data, were reviewed. Results: Twelve (0.3%) of the ,4,000 patients had a documented history of ictal spitting. In seven of them, 15 seizures with spitting automatisms were recorded. All of them started with an aura or arousal out of sleep. In six of the seven patients (12 of 15 seizures), EEG onset was clearly lateralized to the right, nondominant hemisphere. Spitting occurred at a median time of 21 s after EEG seizure onset. At that time, predominantly fast, high-amplitude theta (5,7 Hz) was seen in the hemisphere of seizure onset, maximum temporal. In all but one of the total 12 patients, the epileptogenic zone was in the temporal lobe. In nine of the 12 patients, seizure onset was in the non,language-dominant hemisphere. Two patients had seizures arising from the language-dominant hemisphere; in another patient, the side of the seizure onset could not be determined. Conclusions: Ictal spitting is an uncommon feature of epileptic seizures. Although the symptomatogenic area is probably outside the temporal lobe, it is most frequently seen in temporal lobe epilepsy of the right, nondominant hemisphere. [source] Mineral metabolism disturbances in patients with chronic kidney diseaseEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION, Issue 8 2007B. Kestenbaum Abstract Background Kidney disease, especially chronic kidney disease (CKD), is a worldwide public health problem with serious adverse health consequences for affected individuals. Secondary hyperparathyroidism, a disorder characterized by elevated serum parathyroid hormone levels, and alteration of calcium and phosphorus homeostasis are common metabolic complications of CKD that may impact cardiovascular health. Materials and methods Here, we systematically review published reports from recent observational studies and clinical trials that examine markers of altered mineral metabolism and clinical outcomes in patients with CKD. Results Mineral metabolism disturbances begin early during the course of chronic kidney disease, and are associated with cardiovascular disease and mortality in observational studies. Vascular calcification is one plausible mechanism connecting renal-related mineral metabolism with cardiovascular risk. Individual therapies to correct mineral metabolism disturbances have been associated with clinical benefit in some observational studies; clinical trials directed at more comprehensive control of this problem are warranted. Conclusions There exists a potential to improve outcomes for patients with CKD through increased awareness of the Bone Metabolism and Disease guidelines set forth by the National Kidney Foundation,Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative. Future studies may include more aggressive therapy with a combination of agents that address vitamin D deficiency, parathyroid hormone and phosphorus excess, as well as novel agents that modulate circulating promoters and inhibitors of calcification. [source] Experimental Research and the Managerial Attitude: a tension to be resolved?EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF EDUCATION, Issue 3 2008MARTIN BENNINGHOFF This article analyses some typical consequences of a specific research policy on experimental research in biology. The policy is conducted by a national funding agency , the Swiss National Science Foundation , through a particular programme, the ,National Centres of Competence in Research' which is designed to promote both ,scientific excellence'and,managerial professionalism'. To study the possible tension between the two objectives, as a practical matter for researchers, the proposed analysis focuses on the interaction between two laboratory scientists and the administrators of a genomic platform. Access to the instruments of this platform is granted through a preliminary interview with those in charge of the platform. During that interview, researchers are required to explain why they want to use the platform services and what their expectations concerning their envisaged activities are. A tape-recorded interview is analysed in order to describe how turns at talking by the various parties, as well as the formulation of the problems encountered by a researcher, prove category-bound. The first part of the meeting (,problem exposition') is structured by the categorical device ,generalist researcher vs. specialist researcher', whilst the second part (,problem solving') is organised by the categorical device ,manager vs. user of the platform'. The ,scientific' problem becomes a ,technical' one and the choice of technique is partly based on financial reasons. The situation shows how managerial injunctions of research policy are not without practical consequences for research activities in situ. [source] Report from the Rockefellar Foundation Sponsored International Workshop on reducing mortality and improving quality of life in long-term survivors of Hodgkin's disease: July 9,16, 2003, Bellagio, ItalyEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF HAEMATOLOGY, Issue 2005Peter Mauch Abstract:, A workshop, sponsored by the Rockefellar Foundation, was held between 9 to 16 July, 2003 to devise strategies to reduce mortality and improve quality of life of long-term survivors of Hodgkin's disease. Participants were selected for their clinical and research background on late effects after Hodgkin's disease therapy. Experts from both developed and developing nations were represented in the workshop, and efforts were made to ensure that the proposed strategies would be globally applicable whenever possible. The types of late complications, magnitude of the problem, contributing risk factors, methodology to assess the risk, and challenges faced by developing countries were presented. The main areas of late effects of Hodgkin's disease discussed were as follows: second malignancy, cardiac disease, infection, pulmonary dysfunction, endocrine abnormalities, and quality of life. This report summarizes the findings of the workshop, recommendations, and proposed research priorities in each of the above areas. [source] Blood morphine levels in naltrexone-exposed compared to non-naltrexone-exposed fatal heroin overdosesADDICTION BIOLOGY, Issue 3 2003DIANE ARNOLD-REED The aim of this study was to investigate the association between prior exposure to naltrexone and increased risk of fatal heroin overdose using a review of toxicology reports for heroin-related fatalities between July 1997 to August 1999 for two groups: those treated with oral naltrexone and those who were not treated. Additional information for the oral naltrexone group was obtained from clinic files. Naltrexone-treated deaths were identified from the patient database at the Australian Medical Procedures Research Foundation (AMPRF), Perth, Western Australia (WA) through the Western Australian Department of Health, Data Linkage Project. Non-treated cases were identified from the database at the Forensic Science Laboratory, State Chemistry Centre (WA). We identified and investigated blood morphine concentrations following 21 fatal heroin overdoses with prior exposure to naltrexone and in 71 non-naltrexone-exposed cases over the same time period. The proportion of deaths where heroin use was a major contributing factor was little different in the non-naltrexone compared to the naltrexone-exposed group. Furthermore, in ,acute opiate toxicity' deaths, blood morphine levels were lower in non-naltrexone-exposed compared with naltrexone-exposed cases. Although there was a higher number of deaths designated as rapid (i.e. occurring within 20 minutes) in the naltrexone-exposed (89%) compared with the non-exposed group (72%) this was not statistically significant. Other drug use in relation to heroin-related fatalities is discussed. Findings do not support the hypothesis that prior exposure to naltrexone increases sensitivity to heroin toxicity. [source] Synthesis of the Salicylihalamide Core Structure from Epichlorohydrin, Laying the Foundation to Macrolactone CollectionsEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 4 2005Christian Herb Abstract Starting from (R)-epichlorohydrin, two successive carbon,carbon bond formations, one with acetylide and the other with cyanide, led to the 3-hydroxynitrile 20. This compound was further elaborated to the enynol 29 via an Evans aldol reaction of the derived aldehyde 22 with the pentenoyloxazolidinone 23 and conversion of the carboxyl to a methyl group after the aldol reaction. Mitsunobu esterification of the enynol 29 with the benzoic acid 5 gave rise to the ester 30 with two double bonds and one triple bond. After protection of the terminal triple bond with a TIPS group, the ring closing metathesis proceeded in good yield. The macrolactone E -33 was converted into the vinyl iodide 34 and the pyridin containing salicylihalamide analog 36. The described sequence, the two-sided elongation of epichlorohydrin appears as a general route to secondary alcohols that can be further elaborated to functionalized macrolactones. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005) [source] What causes hidradenitis suppurativa?EXPERIMENTAL DERMATOLOGY, Issue 5 2008Lübeck Ralf Paus Fortunately, the recently founded Hidradenitis Suppurativa Foundation (HSF; http://www.hs-foundation.org), to which EXP DERMATOL serves as home journal, has broken with this unproductive tradition and has encouraged publication of the current CONTROVERSIES feature. This is exclusively devoted to discussing the pathobiology of this chronic neutrophilic folliculitis of unknown origin. Although traces of terminological bickering remain visible, it does the HS experts in our virtual debate room credit that they engage in a constructive and comprehensive dissection of potential pathogenesis pathways that may culminate in the clinical picture we know under the competing terms HS or acne inversa. These experts sketch more often complementary than mutually exclusive pathogenesis scenarios, and the outlines of a conceivable consensus on the many open pathobiology questions begin to emerge in these CONTROVERSIES. Hopefully, this heralds a welcome new tradition: to get to the molecular heart of HS pathogenesis, which can only be achieved by a renaissance of solid basic HS research, as the key to developing more effective HS therapy. [source] Charles Darwin, ichthyology and the species conceptFISH AND FISHERIES, Issue 3 2002Daniel Pauly Abstract This contribution presents the ichthyological writings of Charles Darwin (1809,1882), by periods, viz. ,the years prior to the voyage of the Beagle' (about 1825,1830); ,the Beagle years' (1831,1836); ,from the return of the Beagle to the Foundation of Origin' (1837,1844); and ,the mature Darwin' (1845,1882). Overall, this material covers 45 000 words penned by Darwin, but represents only 0.7% of his lifetime output of about 6 million words, indicating a limited interest in fish. However, this sample, briefly described here, but analysed in great detail in a forthcoming volume on Darwin's Fishes, allows drawing inferences on Darwin's working style that were missed in conventional biographies. On the other hand, it is suggested, based on a close reading of the 6th (1876) edition of Origin, that Darwin was not particularly interested in the theoretical issues now associated with the species concept, nor indeed with other levels of the Linnean system. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||