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Former Condition (former + condition)
Selected AbstractsWho's the one in trouble? experimental evidence for a ,psychic state' bias in lineupsEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 2 2004Arne Weigold In two experiments, a bias in lineups was examined, which has mostly been ignored in previous research. The psychic state of the suspects differs from the state of the fillers, in that they face a situation that can lead to personal loss (if they are identified) or relief (if they are not identified). This state might result in detectable behavioural cues, thus making the lineup unfair. Lineups were conducted with randomly chosen mock suspects who were promised money if they were not identified. Lineup samples were recorded on videotape once before the selection of the mock suspect (serving as a control) and once afterwards. The probability of identification of the mock suspect was significantly increased in the latter compared to the former condition. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] An fMRI study of canonical and noncanonical word order in GermanHUMAN BRAIN MAPPING, Issue 10 2007Jörg Bahlmann Abstract Understanding a complex sentence requires the processing of information at different (e.g., phonological, semantic, and syntactic) levels, the intermediate storage of this information and the unification of this information to compute the meaning of the sentence information. The present investigation homed in on two aspects of sentence processing: working memory and reanalysis. Event-related functional MRI was used in 12 healthy native speakers of German, while they read sentences. Half of the sentences had unambiguous initial noun-phrases (masculine nominative, masculine accusative) and thus signaled subject-first (canonical) or object-first (noncanonical) sentences. Noncanonical unambiguous sentences were supposed to entail greater demand on working memory, because of their more complex syntactic structure. The other half of the sentences had case-ambiguous initial noun-phrases (feminine gender). Only the second unambiguous noun-phrase (eighth position in the sentences) revealed, whether a canonical or noncanonical word order was present. Based on previous data it was hypothesized that ambiguous noncanonical sentences required a recomputation of the sentence, as subjects would initially commit to a subject first reading. In the respective contrasts two main areas of brain activation were observed. Unambiguous noncanonical sentences elicited more activation in left inferior frontal cortex relative unambiguous canonical sentences. This was interpreted in conjunction with the greater demands on working memory in the former condition. For noncanonical ambiguous relative to canonical ambiguous sentences, an activation of the left supramarginal gyrus was revealed, which was interpreted as a reflection of the reanalysis-requirements induced by this condition. Hum Brain Mapp, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Electrical behavior of polyurethane composites with acid treatment-induced damage to multiwalled carbon nanotubesJOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE, Issue 1 2007Pill Gyu Jang Abstract We have studied the electrical conductivity and percolation threshold of polyurethane (PU) composites filled with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) purified by increasing immersion time in aqueous solutions of either nitric acid or a mixture of nitric and sulfuric acids at 80°C. The MWCNT crystallinity peaks after 2 h of treatment, which enables the PU composites to enhance the percolation threshold and electrical conductivity in the conductive network formation region. MWCNT treated under either a milder or severer acidic condition deteriorate the electrical behavior of the composites, since MWCNT are poorly dispersed in the PU matrix in the former condition, but lost their intrinsic electrical conductivity due to the partial destruction of their crystalline structure in the latter. Therefore, the acid treatment needs to be carefully controlled to effectively purify the MWCNT, maintain the crystalline structure without further damage, and thereby improve the electrical behavior of PU/MWCNT composites. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007 [source] Diversity of swimming behavior in Pyramimonas (Prasinophyceae)PHYCOLOGICAL RESEARCH, Issue 3 2000Stuart D. Sym SUMMARY High-speed videography and inverted light microscope observations of cultures of several Pyramimonas Schmarda species (Pyramimonas chlorina Sym et Pienaar, Pyramimonas disomata McFadden Hill et Wetherbee, Pyramimonas gelidicola McFadden Wether-bee et Moestrup, Pyramimonas mantoniae Moestrup et Hill, Pyramimonas melkonianii Sym et Pienaar, Pyramimonas mitra Moestrup et Hill, Pyramimonas moestrupii McFadden, Pyramimonas mucifera Sym et Pienaar, Pyramimonas nephroidea McFadden, Pyramimonas orientalis McFadden Hill et Wetherbee, Pyramimonas parkeae Norris et Pearson, Pyramimonas propulsa Moestrup et Hill) revealed swimming behavior to be much more diverse than originally reported for the genus. This diversity shows gradation between extremes of recurved flagellar beating and non-biphasic ciliary beating. Comparison with the behavior of presumably more primitive members of the Pyramimonadales (Cymbomonas tetramitformis Schiller and Pterosperma cristatum Schiller) leads to the conclusion that the former condition is primitive and the gradation may assist in reconstructing phylogenetic relationships within the genus Pyramimonas, particularly as it is consistent with phylogenies derived from ultrastructural and molecular data. [source] | ||||||||||