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Former Being (former + being)
Selected AbstractsNew therapies for the treatment of type 2 diabetes: an updateEUROPEAN DIABETES NURSING, Issue 3 2009C Day PhD Visiting Fellow Abstract In type 2 diabetes, several lesions have been identified and drugs are being developed that target these lesions. This review considers agents that have been introduced to Europe since 2006, particularly the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogues and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (gliptins) that represent new classes of agent, both of which target the enteroinsular axis. The GLP-1 analogues and gliptins reduce hyperglycaemia without promoting weight gain, with the former being associated with weight loss. Agents advanced in development, new fixed-dose combination tablets and new formulations of established agents are also considered. Copyright © 2009 FEND [source] Distinction between coeliac disease and refractory sprue: a simple immunohistochemical methodHISTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 1 2000N Patey-Mariaud de Serre Aims We recently showed that refractory sprue is distinct from coeliac disease, the former being characterized by abnormal intraepithelial T-lymphocytes expressing a cytoplasmic CD3 chain (CD3c), lacking CD3 and CD8 surface expression, and showing TCR, gene rearrangements. To take advantage of the abnormal phenotype of CD3c + CD8 , intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) in refractory sprue we developed a simple method to distinguish coeliac disease from refractory sprue. Methods and results Comparative immunohistochemical studies using anti-CD3 and anti-CD8 antibodies were applied on paraffin-embedded and frozen biopsy specimens in refractory sprue (n = 6), coeliac disease (n = 10), healthy controls (n = 5) and suspected refractory sprue (n = 6). Comparable results were obtained on fixed and frozen biopsy specimens. In four of the six patients with suspected refractory sprue, abnormal CD3c + CD8 , IEL and TCR, gene rearrangements were found, as in refractory sprue; the remaining two patients had normal (CD3 + CD8 +) IEL and no TCR, gene rearrangements. Both patients had coeliac disease, as one failed to comply with a gluten-free diet, while the other was a slow responder. Conclusion This simplified immunostaining method using anti-CD3 and anti-CD8 antibodies on paraffin sections can distinguish active coeliac disease from refractory sprue and should prove useful in clinical practice. [source] Conceptualizing Knowledge Creation: A Critique of Nonaka's Theory*JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES, Issue 7 2006Stephen Gourlay abstract Nonaka's proposition that knowledge is created through the interaction of tacit and explicit knowledge involving four modes of knowledge conversion is flawed. Three of the modes appear plausible but none are supported by evidence that cannot be explained more simply. The conceptual framework omits inherently tacit knowledge, and uses a radically subjective definition of knowledge: knowledge is in effect created by managers. A new framework is proposed suggesting that different kinds of knowledge are created by different kinds of behaviour. Following Dewey, non-reflectional behaviour is distinguished from reflective behaviour, the former being associated with tacit knowledge, and the latter with explicit knowledge. Some of the implications for academic and managerial practice are considered. [source] Embryonic development of Galloisiana yuasai Asahina, with special reference to external morphology (Insecta: Grylloblattodea)JOURNAL OF MORPHOLOGY, Issue 2 2005Toshiki Uchifune Abstract The embryogenesis of Grylloblattodea, one of the most primitive of the polyneopteran orders, is described using Galloisiana yuasai with special reference to external morphology. The egg membranes are characterized by an endochorion crossed by numerous vertical aeropyles and a fairly thin vitelline membrane, features shared by Mantophasmatodea. The inner layer formation is of the fault type. Serosal elements in the amnioserosal fold differentiate into hydropylar cells, to function in water absorption together with specialized amniotic structures, i.e., an amniotic strand and a thickened amnion. The germ band is of the short germ type. The germ band immerses deep into the yolk after its full elongation along the egg surface, and in this respect blastokinesis closely resembles that of Mantophasmatodea. The embryological features, i.e., those on egg membranes and blastokinesis, may suggest a closer affinity of Grylloblattodea and Mantophasmatodea. Appendages, ectodermal invaginations, and sternal and pleural sclerites are discussed in the light of serial homology, to provide a new basis for elucidating the insect body plan. Appendages are divided into the proximal coxopodite and distal telopodite, the former being divided further into the subcoxa and coxa. Subcoxal and coxal elements are identified in the mandible as well as in the abdominal appendages. The subcoxa is divided into the epimeron and episternum by the pleural suture in thoracic segments. Likewise, in the abdominal segments the subcoxa is divided into two, although the homologs of the epimeron and episternum are not sclerotized, and in the labial segment the subcoxal derivative or the postmentum is divided into the submentum and mentum. Two coxal endites bulge out from the medial side of the gnathal appendages. The mandibular molar and incisor, maxillary lacinia and galea, and labial glossa and paraglossa are serially homologous with each other. In the thoracic segments the original embryonic sternum or "protosternum" is largely replaced by subcoxal elements, and merely remains as a small anterior presternum and a posterior spinasternum. A major part of the venter is represented by the derivatives of the episternum such as an extensive basisternum, katepisternum, and trochantin and the medial element of the epimeron. The pleuron is derived from the episternal elements or the anepisternum and preepisternum, which bears a spiracle in the mesothorax and metathorax, and the lateral element of the epimeron. The homolog of the preepisternum in the prothorax is the cervical sclerite, but with no spiracle developed. A median ventral invagination arises in the thoracic segments as a spina, and the homolog of the spina develops into the eversible sac in the first abdominal segment. J. Morphol. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Autoethnographic ethics and rewriting the fragmented selfJOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRIC & MENTAL HEALTH NURSING, Issue 2 2010A. GRANT ba (hons) ma phd rmn pgctlhe cert res meth enb 650 cert Accessible summary ,,This paper juxtaposes my own mental health problems with autoethnographic ethics relevant to my subject matter. ,,Autoethnographic ethics are treated according to their historical development in the social sciences. ,,It is argued that culture flows through self and vice versa. Abstract The paper begins with a summary of severe mental health difficulties I had in recent years. The narrative then turns to the crisis of representation in the social sciences which gave rise to autoethnographic ethics. Autoethnographic writing is compared and contrasted with realist writing, the former being seen to be accorded with several advantages when ,writing the self'. It is argued that culture flows through self and vice versa, and that this is captured well in autoethnographic work. The various forms of ethics are brought to light in relation to my experiences of state acute mental health care. [source] An in vitro biofilm model of subgingival plaqueMOLECULAR ORAL MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 3 2007C. Walker Introduction:, Numerous biofilm models have been described for the study of bacteria associated with the supragingival plaque. However, there are fewer models available for the study of subgingival plaque. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a model that closely mimicked the composition of the subgingival flora. Methods:, The model was developed as follows: calcium hydroxyapatite disks were coated overnight with 10% sterile saliva, placed in flat-bottomed tissue culture plates containing trypticase-soy broth, directly inoculated with a small aliquot of dispersed subgingival plaque, incubated anaerobically, and transferred to fresh medium at 48-h intervals until climax (steady-state) biofilms were formed (,10 days). Results:, The model, based on samples from eight periodontitis patients and eight healthy subjects, yielded a multi-species, heterogeneous biofilm, consisting of both gram-positive and gram-negative species, and comprising 15,20 cultivable species associated with the subgingival flora. The species present and their proportions were reflective of the initial cultivable subgingival flora. Comparisons of the initial plaque samples from healthy subjects and the mature biofilms showed 81% similarity in species and 70% similarity in the proportions present. Biofilms formed from samples obtained from periodontally diseased subjects were 69% similar in species and 57% similar in the proportions present. Conclusions:, The biofilm model described here closely reproduces the composition of the cultivable subgingival plaque both in the species present and in their relative proportions. Differences existed between biofilms grown from diseased and non-diseased sites with the former being characterized by the presence of periodontal pathogens at microbially significant levels. [source] | ||||||||||