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Formalin
Kinds of Formalin Terms modified by Formalin Selected AbstractsViral interleukin-6 encoded by rhesus macaque rhadinovirus is associated with lymphoproliferative disorder (LPD)JOURNAL OF MEDICAL PRIMATOLOGY, Issue 2009B.U. Orzechowska Abstract Background, Rhesus macaques (RM) co-infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and rhesus macaque rhadinovirus (RRV) develop abnormal cellular proliferations characterized as extra-nodal lymphoma and retroperitoneal fibromatosis (RF). RRV encodes a viral interleukin-6 (vIL-6), much like Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, and involvement of the viral cytokine was examined in proliferative lesions. Methods, Formalin fixed tissue from RM co-infected with SIV and RRV were analyzed for RRV genomes by in situ hybridization and RRV vIL-6 expression by immunofluorescence analysis. Results, In situ hybridization analysis indicated that RRV is present in both types of lesions. Immunofluorescence analysis of different lymphomas and RF revealed positive staining for vIL-6. Similarly to KS, RF lesion is positive for vimentin, CD117 (c-kit), and smooth muscle actin (SMA) and contains T cell, B cell and monocytes/macrophage infiltrates. Conclusions, Our data support the idea that vIL-6 may be critical to the development and progression of lymphoproliferative disorder in RRV/SIV-infected RM. [source] Effect of crocin on the morphine-induced antinociception in the formalin test in ratsPHYTOTHERAPY RESEARCH, Issue 3 2010Esmaeal Tamaddonfard Abstract In this study, the effects of intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of crocin in the absence and presence of subcutaneous (s.c.) injections of morphine and naloxone were investigated on the formalin test in rats. The formalin test was induced by intra-plantar (i.pl.) injection of formalin (50,,L, 1%), and the time spent licking and biting of the injected paw was measured for 1,h. Formalin induced a marked biphasic (first phase: 0,5,min and second phase: 15,45,min) pain response. Morphine (1,mg/kg, s.c.) significantly (p < 0.05) suppressed both phases of pain. Naloxone (2,mg/kg, s.c.) alone did not change the intensity of pain, but pretreatment with naloxone (2,mg/kg) significantly (p < 0.05) prevented morphine (1,mg/kg)-induced antinociception. Crocin at doses of 50, 100 and 200,mg/kg significantly (p < 0.05) attenuated pain. Crocin (100,mg/kg, i.p.) significantly (p < 0.05) increased the morphine (1,mg/kg, s.c.)-induced antinociception. Naloxone (2,mg/kg) did not reverse the suppressive effect of crocin (100,mg/kg) on pain. Crocin at a dose of 400,mg/kg significantly (p < 0.05) suppressed locomotor activities. These findings indicate that morphine through a naloxone-sensitive mechanism produced analgesia. Crocin produced a dose-dependent antinociceptive effect. In addition, crocin increased morphine-induced antinociception, but naloxone did not change the antinociceptive effect of crocin. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Artificial incubation of noble crayfish (Astacus astacus) eggs in a partially recirculating system using formaldehyde as an antifungal treatmentAQUACULTURE RESEARCH, Issue 10 2010Antonín Kouba Abstract There is little information on the long-term artificial incubation of noble crayfish eggs. The present study evaluated artificial incubation in a partially recirculating system using formaldehyde baths as antifungal prophylaxis. Crayfish eggs were treated three times a week in a formaldehyde bath of 3000 ppm for 15 and 20 min and in 2500 ppm for 15, 20 and 25 min. In all treated groups, high final survival rates (87.8,92.0%) to stage 2 juveniles were obtained after 83 days. Significantly lower survival was observed in the control group (45.4%). It was concluded that recirculating systems can be used successfully for artificial incubation of crayfish eggs in order to conserve water. Formalin was found as an effective fungicide but its use should be carefully considered because of its safety issues for farm staff and environmental pollution. [source] Glycoproteins of drusen and drusen-like lesionsACTA OPHTHALMOLOGICA, Issue 2007RE BONSHEK Purpose: Drusen are a marker of age-related macular degeneration. Lesions similar to drusen, both in histology and their clinical appearance are also seen in choroidal tumours, chronic inflammatory and degenerative conditions of the eye, and in mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis type II (MCGN-II). This study aims to compare the saccharide composition of these drusen-like lesions in the various ocular pathological groups and in MCGN-II. Methods: Formalin fixed and paraffin wax embedded tissue from 21 eyes was studied. The histological diagnoses included AMD, retinal detachment, malignant melanoma, long-standing uveitis, glaucoma and MCGN II. Glycosylation was examined using a panel of twenty biotinylated lectins and an avidin-peroxidase-DAB-cobalt revealing system, with and without neuraminidase pre-treatment. Results: High mannose, bi/tri-nonbisected and bisected complex N-glycan, N-acetyl glucosaminyl, galactosyl and sialyl residues were found to be expressed by drusen, while treatment with neuraminidase exposed subterminal N-acetyl galactosamine and galactosyl residues. Similar binding patterns were found in the various pathological groups studied. Conclusions: As there was no significant difference in the lectin-binding pattern in drusen in different pathologies, a common pathogenesis or at least a final common pathway for the elaboration of carbohydrate components of drusen is suggested. [source] Aldol Synthesis with an Aqueous Solution of Formalin.CHEMINFORM, Issue 11 2004Nobuko Ozasa Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text. [source] Lysosomal storage disease in Sida carpinifolia toxicosis: an induced mannosidosis in horsesEQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL, Issue 5 2003A. P. LORETTI Summary Reasons for performing study: This study reports a neurological disease unrecognised until now in ponies in southern Brazil. Hypothesis: Epidemiological data strongly suggests that the ingestion of Sida carpinifolia is involved in the aetiology. We tested the hypothesis that it is an acquired lyosomal storage disease. Methods: Following the death of 3 ponies, all ponies from the premises were closely monitored; epidemiological data and clinical findings carefully recorded. Fragments of several organs, including CNS, were fixed in neutral formalin and embedded in paraffin-wax. Sections were stained with haematoxylin and eosin. Representative sections of the cerebellum and trigeminal ganglia were submitted to lectin histochemical procedures. Results: The neurological disorder, characterised by stiff gait, muscle tremors, abdominal pain and death, was observed on a farm with 3 hectares of pasture. Three of 11 ponies died 15,20 days after they had been introduced into a new paddock heavily infested by the plant Sida carpinifolia. No significant gross lesions were observed. The main histological findings included multiple cytoplasmatic vacuoles in swollen neurones in the brain, cerebellum, spinal cord, autonomic ganglia (trigeminal and celiac ganglia), and submucosal and myenteric plexus of the intestines. In the kidneys, there was marked vacuolation of the proximal convoluted tubular cells. Sections of cerebellum and trigeminal ganglion were submitted to lectin histochemistry. The vacuoles in different cerebellar and ganglion cells reacted strongly to the following lectins: Concanavalia ensiformis, Triticum vulgaris and succinylated- Triticum vulgaris. Conclusions: The pattern of staining coincides with that of both swainsonine toxicosis and inherited mannosidosis reports. The histopathological changes were similar to those described in S. carpinifolia spontaneous and experimental poisoning in goats. This disease seems to be similar to Swainsona, Oxytropis and Astragalus toxicosis. Potential relevance: S. carpinifolia should be evaluated as a possible cause in the diagnosis of equine neuropathies. [source] Sentinel node in head and neck cancer: Use of size criterion to upstage the no neck in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma,HEAD & NECK: JOURNAL FOR THE SCIENCES & SPECIALTIES OF THE HEAD AND NECK, Issue 2 2007Lee W. T. Alkureishi MBChB Abstract Background. Anatomical imaging tools demonstrate poor sensitivity in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients with clinically node-negative necks (cN0). This study evaluates nodal size as a staging criterion for detection of cervical metastases, utilizing sentinel node biopsy (SNB) and additional pathology (step-serial sectioning, SSS; and immunohistochemistry, IHC). Methods. Sixty-five patients with clinically N0 disease underwent SNB, with a mean of 2.4 nodes excised per patient. Nodes were fixed in formalin, bisected, and measured in 3 axes before hematoxylin-eosin staining. Negative nodes were subjected to SSS and IHC. SNB-positive patients underwent modified radical neck dissection. Results. Maximum diameter was larger in levels II and III (13.1 and 13.2 mm) when compared with level I (10.5 mm; p = .004, p = .018), while minimum diameter was constant. Positive nodes were larger than negative nodes (p = .007), but nodes found positive by SSS/IHC were not significantly larger than negative nodes for either measurement (p = .433). Sensitivity and specificity were poor for all measurements. Conclusions. Nodal size is an inaccurate predictor of nodal metastases and should not be regarded as an accurate means of staging the clinically N0 neck. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2006 [source] Assessment of bioactive and bio-adhesive therapies to enhance stem cell attachment to root surface dentineINTERNATIONAL ENDODONTIC JOURNAL, Issue 7 2009M. A. Elseed Abstract Aim, To compare bioactive and bio-adhesive therapies to enhance stem cell attachment to the root dentine of human teeth. Methodology, Dentine slabs (n = 72) were cut from the lower 3 mm of the roots of extracted human permanent teeth. The root dentine slabs were untreated, or coated with bio-adhesive, or human recombinant transforming growth factor-beta1 (hrTGF-B1), or human recombinant bone morphogenic protein-2 (hrBMP-2). The dentine slabs were placed with the root surface in contact with confluent periodontal stem cell (PSC) cultures using aseptic techniques. The cells and dentine slabs were submerged in culture media for 4, 24 and 72 h. The specimens were fixed in formalin, dehydrated and processed for scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results, SEM micrographs at ×2000 magnification revealed PSC extensive adherence to root dentine for all of the bio-adhesive and bioactive treatments. The addition of bioactive molecules did not improve PSC attachment. Few cells attached to the negative control treatments. Conclusions, Bio-adhesive and bioactive growth factors were not needed to promote PSC attachment to the root dentine of human teeth, because it already appears to have good natural properties to promote PSC attachment. This suggests PSC can be used for the clinical replantation of avulsed teeth without the need for bio-adhesive and bioactive treatments. [source] Methylation of cystatin M promoter is associated with unfavorable prognosis in operable breast cancerINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, Issue 12 2009Magdalini Kioulafa Abstract The methylation status of cystatin M (CST6) gene in breast tumors was investigated and its prognostic significance as a novel breast cancer biomarker was evaluated. Using methylation-specific PCR (MSP), CST6 promoter methylation was examined in 134 formalin fixed paraffin-embedded tissues (FFPEs): 10 pairs of breast tumors and their surrounding normal tissues, 10 breast fibroadenomas, 11 normal breast tissues and 93 breast tumors. Methylation of CST6 promoter was observed in 2/21 (9.5%) noncancerous breast tissues, 1/10 (10%) benign breast tumors (fibroadenomas) and 52 (55.9%) operable breast cancer tumor samples. CST6 was rarely methylated in the normal tissue surrounding the tumor (10%). During the follow-up period, 24 (25.8%) patients relapsed and 19 (20.4%) died. CST6 methylation was detected in 19 (79.2%) of patients who relapsed and in 15 (78.9%) of patients who died. Disease-free-interval (DFI) and overall survival (OS) were significantly associated with CST6 promoter methylation (p = 0.004 and p = 0.001 respectively). Multivariate analysis revealed that CST6 methylation is an independent prognostic factor for DFI (HR = 3.484; 95% CI: 1.155,10.511; p = 0.027). and OS (HR = 9.190; 95% CI: 1.989,42.454; p = 0.004). CST6 promoter methylation status in tumor cells seems to provide important prognostic information in operable breast cancer and merits to be further evaluated and validated in a larger cohort of patients. © 2009 UICC [source] Consumption of foods and foodstuffs processed with hazardous chemicals: a case study of BangladeshINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CONSUMER STUDIES, Issue 6 2008Md. Motaher Hossain Abstract Determining the best way to persuade consumers to consume more healthy foods is challenging. In Bangladesh, however, daily newspapers consistently show that various hazardous chemicals (e.g. calcium carbide, sodium cyclamate, cyanide and formalin, etc.) are mixed with or added to foods and foodstuffs. These chemicals are very dangerous to humans. This present study examines the reasons behind the use of hazardous chemicals in foods as well as the extent to which food producers/sellers use such chemicals. In addition, this study assesses consumer perceptions of and attitudes towards these contaminated food items and explores how adulterated foods and foodstuffs affect consumer health. The empirical data were collected from 110 consumers, 25 sellers or producers, seven doctors and seven pharmacists in Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh. This study shows that nearly every consumer (93.7%) is aware that various foods and foodstuffs contain hazardous chemicals, and that 95.5% of consumers are aware that these adulterated foods and foodstuffs are harmful to their health. This paper explores the myriad reasons why consumers nevertheless feel compelled to consume such chemically treated foods. [source] Cyclic Enones as Substrates in the Morita,Baylis,Hillman Reaction: Surfactant Interactions, Scope and Scalability with an Emphasis on FormaldehydeADVANCED SYNTHESIS & CATALYSIS (PREVIOUSLY: JOURNAL FUER PRAKTISCHE CHEMIE), Issue 7-8 2009Brett Abstract Traditionally, cyclic enones and formalin are reactants notorious for displaying problematic behaviour (i.e., poor solubility and low yields) under Morita,Baylis,Hillman (MBH) reaction conditions. The body of research presented herein focuses on the use of surfactants in water as a solvent medium that offers a resolution to many of the issues associated with the MBH reaction. Reaction scope, scalability and small angle X-ray scattering have been studied to assist with the understanding of the reaction mechanism and industrial application. A comparison against known literature methods for reaction scale-up is also discussed. [source] Catalytic Asymmetric Aldol Reactions of Enolizable Carbon Pronucleophiles with Formaldehyde and Ethyl GlyoxylateADVANCED SYNTHESIS & CATALYSIS (PREVIOUSLY: JOURNAL FUER PRAKTISCHE CHEMIE), Issue 4-5 2007Isao Fukuchi Abstract We herein describe novel catalytic asymmetric aldol reactions of acidic carbon pronucleophiles including ,-keto esters and specific ketones with reactive electrophiles such as formaldehyde and ethyl glyoxylate. In the presence of a catalytic amount of chiral Pd(II)-BINAP complexes, the hydroxymethylation of ,-keto esters with paraformaldehyde or formalin was examined, and the corresponding adducts were obtained in good yields with good to high enantioselectivity (ca. 86,% ee). In some cases, the similar Pt(II) complex also worked well to give the products with better enantioselectivity. Furthermore, these complexes were found to promote the aldol reactions of less acidic ketones, and ethyl glyoxylate underwent reaction with 3-coumaranone and ,-tetralone, affording the aldol products with a significant level of enantioselectivity of up to 83,% ee. [source] Reproductive status in females of the Brazilian catfish, Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum reared in cagesJOURNAL OF APPLIED ICHTHYOLOGY, Issue 5 2010E. Romagosa Summary The distinctive morphological features of the ovaries the ,cachara', Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum were characterized macroscopically, and by histology, when reared in cages, from March 2005 to February 2006. Forty eight females (mean total weight = 2.7 kg, mean standard length = 65.1 cm) were allocated to four cages of 2.7 m3 (20 fish/cage) which were installed in four 600 m2 ponds, located at the IP, Pariquera-Açu, São Paulo, Brazil. The monthly, samples were fixed in 4%-buffered formalin before preparation for histological examination, ovaries were removed and weighted. The gonadosomatic index (GSI) was calculated as = 100 × weight ovaries/total fish weight. The ovaries are the cystovarian type and macroscopically, were established three stages of ovarian maturation: Resting, developing Maturation (initial, intermediate, final) and Regression (initial, intermediate, final). Based on morphological criteria of those ovaries, the oocyte development has been divided into distinct stages: (i) oocyte growth (vitellogenesis); (ii) oocyte maturation, along which it goes through different phases of development, before (iii) ovulation and, (iv) spawning. When the P. fasciatum were kept in confinement and not induced to breed occurs fail to attain final oocyte maturation, start the process of degeneration. Consequently, the weight started to decline and 45% of the ovaries showed atresia of vitellogenic follicles. This was considered indicative of a recent cessation of the reproductive activity. Such failure could have been caused by stress of the monthly sampling involving a certain degree of disturbance, and perhaps also by the existence of stressors while in captivity. The synchronous ovary contained oocytes in an unique stage of development and had potential to perform total spawning up to one time a year, with the period reproductive beginning in the end of November to the beginning of February, coinciding with the highest water temperatures in the experimental cages (29.0,31.5°C) and the increase of mean values of GSI. During the regression phase, residual oocytes could be observed together with decrease of the mean values of GSI and, the temperatures. [source] Comparison of antifungal therapeutic indices of formalin, malachite green, and potassium permanganate in treating Persian Sturgeon eggsJOURNAL OF APPLIED ICHTHYOLOGY, Issue 2006Behrooz Abtahi No abstract is available for this article. [source] Histological biocompatibility of new, non-absorbable glaucoma deep sclerectomy implantJOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH, Issue 2 2007Jakub J. Ka Abstract We performed this study to compare the intrascleral biocompatibility of three materials: non-absorbable hydrogel contact lens polymer, non-absorbable silicone rubber, and absorbable cross-linked sodium hyaluronate. Intrascleral implantation of three different materials was performed in 13 healthy, pigmented rabbits. Implants of methacrylic hydrogel, silicone rubber, and cross-linked sodium hyaluronate were implanted in 10, 8, and 8 eyes, respectively. The animals were euthanized at 7, 30, 180, and 360 days post implantation. The eyes were enucleated and immediately fixed in 10% buffered formalin. Semithin sections were cut and stained with hematoxylin-eosin. Light microscope analysis of the specimens was performed. The least severe inflammatory reaction was observed with cross-linked sodium hyaluronate implants. The number of inflammatory cells in proximity to methacrylic hydrogel and silicone implants at all periods of follow up was similar. The thickest fibrous capsule was observed with silicone implants (average, 28.38 ± 11.17 ,m). This area was thinner with methacrylic hydrogel implants (average, 14.90 ± 5.57 ,m) and was thinnest around sodium hyaluronate implants (average, 7.21 ± 2.33 ,m). For each type of implant, the wall on the conjunctival side of the fibrous capsule was significantly thicker than the wall on the choiroidal side. The space between the implant, scleral flap, and bed was filled soon after surgery with connective tissue rich in vessels. In our study, cross-linked sodium hyaluronate had the highest intrascleral biocompatibility. Although the inflammatory responses of the sclera to methacrylic hydrogel and silicone rubber were similar in nature, a thicker fibrous capsule was generated around silicone implants. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006 [source] Classification of fixed urological cells using Raman tweezersJOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS, Issue 1-2 2009Tim J. Harvey Abstract In this paper we report on preliminary investigations into using Raman tweezers to classify urological cell lines. This builds on earlier work within the group, whereby Raman tweezer methodologies were developed, and the application of this technique to differentiate between live prostate cancer (CaP) and bladder cells lines (PC-3 and MGH-U1 respectively) was demonstrated. In this present study we analysed chemically fixed cells using two different fixative methods; SurePathTM (a commercial available liquid based cytology media) and 4% v/v formalin/PBS fixatives. The study has been expanded from our previous live cell study to include the androgen sensitive CaP cell line LNCaP, primary benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) cells as well as primary urethral cells. Raman light from the cells was collected using a 514.5 nm Ar-ion laser excitation source in back-scattering configuration mode. Principal component-linear discriminate analysis (PC-LDA) models of resulting cell spectra were generated and these were validated using a blind comparison. Sensitivities and specificities of > 72% and 90% respectively, for SurePath fixed cells, and > 93% and 98% respectively for 4% v/v formalin/PBS fixed cells was achieved. The higher prediction results for the formalin fixed cells can be attributed to a better signal-to-noise ratio for spectra obtained from these cells. Following on from this work, urological cell lines were exposed to urine for up to 12 hours to determine the effect of urine on the ability to classify these cells. Results indicate that urine has no detrimental effect on prediction results. (© 2009 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Treatment of intrabony defects with guided tissue regeneration and enamel-matrix-proteinsJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 7 2000An experimental study in monkeys Abstract Background: Enamel matrix proteins (EMD) have recently been introduced in regenerative periodontal treatment. However, no histological data are yet available concerning the effect of treating intrabony periodontal defects with EMD, and no histological comparisons have been made comparing the result of treatment of intrabony defects with EMD with that of the treatment with guided tissue regeneration (GTR). Aim: Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate histologically in monkeys the effect of treating intrabony defects with EMD, GTR or combined EMD and GTR. Method: Intrabony periodontal defects were produced surgically at the distal aspect of teeth 14, 11, 21, 24, 34, 31, 41 and 44 in 3 monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). In order to prevent spontaneous healing and to enhance plaque accumulation metal strips were placed into the defects. After 6 weeks the defects were exposed using a full-thickness flap procedure. The granulation tissue was removed and the root surfaces were debrided by means of hand instruments. Subsequently, the defects were treated using one of the following therapies: (i) GTR, (ii) EMD, or (iii) combination of EMD and GTR. The control defects were treated with coronally repositioned flaps. After 5 months, the animals were sacrificed and perfused with 10% buffered formalin for fixation. Specimens containing the defects and surrounding tissues were dissected free, decalcified in EDTA and embedded in paraffin. 8 ,m thick histological sections were cut and stained and subsequently examined under the light microscope. Results: In the control specimens, the healing was characterized by a long junctional epithelium and limited periodontal regeneration (i.e., new periodontal ligament, new cementum with inserting connective tissue fibers and new bone) in the bottom of the defect. The GTR-treated defects consistently presented periodontal regeneration when the membranes were not exposed whereas the sites treated only with EMD presented regeneration to a varying extent. The combined therapy did not seem to improve the results. Conclusion: It can be concluded that all 3 treatment modalities favor periodontal regeneration. [source] Re: Kerns MJJ, Darst MA, Olsen TG, Fenster M, Hall P, Grevey S. Shrinkage of cutaneous specimens: formalin or other factors involved?JOURNAL OF CUTANEOUS PATHOLOGY, Issue 9 2009Gene K. Potter MD [source] Simple non-staining method to demonstrate urate crystals in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded skin biopsiesJOURNAL OF CUTANEOUS PATHOLOGY, Issue 5 2009Joshua Weaver Background:, Gouty tophi classically occur as nodules over joints and the helix. The ideal fixative for preservation of gout crystals has traditionally been alcohol because the crystals are formalin and water soluble. However, most biopsies are submitted in formalin fixative, which results in dissolution of urate crystals leaving behind a non-specific pale amorphous area. Although complex staining methods to show urate crystals in tissue have been described, the present study elucidates a simple non-staining method utilizing a thick unstained coverslipped microscopy slide that allows detection and confirmation of birefringence of urate crystals in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue. Methods:, Twenty-nine cases of cutaneous gouty tophi were evaluated using a hematoxylin-eosin (H&E)-stained section, a 10-,m unstained coverslipped section and a 4-,m unstained coverslipped section. In all cases, the specimen was received and submitted in formalin. Results:, Polarizable crystals were not identified in any of the H&E sections. The use of the thicker unstained coverslipped section was more sensitive than the standard 4 ,m section by recognizing the characteristic urate crystals in 48% and 38% of the cases, respectively. Conclusions:, This inexpensive adjunctive tool can be used to document gout crystals in almost half of skin biopsies. [source] Nitric oxide synthesis inhibition alters rat cutaneous wound healingJOURNAL OF CUTANEOUS PATHOLOGY, Issue 7 2006Thaís P. Amadeu Background:, Nitric oxide (NO) is an important molecule that participates in wound repair, but its effects on cutaneous wound healing are not well understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of NO synthesis blockade on rat cutaneous wound healing by the administration of NG -nitro- l -arginine methyl ester (l -NAME), a non-selective inhibitor of NO synthases. Methods:, NO synthesis was inhibited by administration of l -NAME (20 mg/kg/day) in drinking water. An excisional wound was done, and the animals were killed 7, 14, and 21 days later. Wound contraction and blood pressure were evaluated. The lesion and adjacent skin were formalin fixed and paraffin embedded. Mast cells were quantified, and vessels were evaluated using stereological methods. Results:,l -NAME-treated animals presented delayed wound contraction, alterations in collagen organization, and neoepidermis thickness. The inhibition of NO synthesis increased mast cell migration 7 days after wounding, but decreased 21 days after wounding. Volume density of vessels was decreased in l -NAME-treated animals, 21 days after lesion. Surface density of vessels was frequently smaller in l -NAME-treated animals than in controls. Conclusion:, The blockade of NO synthesis impaired cutaneous wound healing, acting in early and late phases of wound repair. [source] The effects of preservation on fish tissue stable isotope signaturesJOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY, Issue 6 2006B. Kelly The effects of formalin and ethanol preservation on the ,13C and ,15N isotope signatures of Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus muscle tissue were examined. The lipid content of the tissue samples studied ranged from 3·6 to 6·1% and was not correlated with the magnitude of observed isotopic shifts in preserved samples. Ethanol and formalin significantly depleted and enriched, respectively, the ,13C isotope signatures of preserved tissues when compared to control samples. Ethanol did not significantly enrich ,15N signatures in comparison to controls, whereas formalin did. A meta-analysis of multiple species effects further demonstrated significant preservation effects in fish tissue. Statistical analysis of data obtained by correcting preserved tissue isotope signatures with literature, bootstrapped or meta-analysis derived correction factors demonstrated significant differences between corrected and control sample isotope signatures or failure to produce a unity slope when the data sets were regressed against one another. Species-specific, bootstrapped linear correction models resulted in no such errors. Results suggest that species-specific correction methods should be used for fishes because of the known wide variation in fish tissue lipid content and composition. Accordingly, the use of pilot studies will be required to develop correction factors that properly adjust for preservation effects when interpreting temporal patterns in historic analyses of food webs. [source] Effects of preservation on pigmentation and length measurements in larval lampreysJOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY, Issue 4 2006F. B. Neave The effects of two methods of preservation (fixation and storage in 10% formalin, and fixation in 10% formalin followed by storage in 95% alcohol) on pigmentation and morphometric features used for identification of larval Ichthyomyzon lampreys were analysed. Both short-term (3 weeks) and long-term (6 months) studies were conducted using digital analysis of images of fresh and preserved lampreys. Six standard morphometric lengths and 10 areas of pigmentation were analysed. All measurements were significantly affected by preservation. Preservative type affected pigmentation and morphometric characteristics differently, and characters were affected to different degrees. Multiple measurements over time showed that almost all changes occurred within 3 weeks of preservation. Regression equations allowed for accurate correction of preservation effects on morphometric measurements, but the effects on pigmentation levels were less predictable. Effects of preservation on larval lampreys need to be considered when comparing fresh and preserved specimens because they influence critical identification features. [source] Mode of attachment and lesions associated with trypanorhynch cestodes in the gastrointestinal tracts of two species of sharks collected from coastal waters of BorneoJOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES, Issue 7 2006J D Borucinska Abstract Lesions associated with two species of tapeworms within the digestive tract of wild-caught specimens of the bull shark, Carcharhinus leucas, and the sicklefin weasel shark, Hemigaleus microstoma, from Malaysian Borneo are described. Portions of the glandular stomach and pyloric gut with parasites were removed and fixed in 10% formalin buffered in sea water. Whole mounts, histological sections of tissues with and without worms in situ, and scanning electron microscopy images of detached worms were examined. Both species of cestodes belonged to the trypanorhynch family Tentaculariidae. Heteronybelinia estigmena was found in large numbers parasitizing the pyloric gut of C. leucas; an unidentified tentaculariid was found in relatively small numbers in both the glandular stomach and pyloric gut of H. microstoma. Both species burrowed their scoleces deeply in the mucosa and attached via hooked tentacles and unciniform microtriches of the scolex. The lesions induced by the parasites were marked in both sharks and ranged from acute necrotizing to chronic granulomatous gastroenteritis. Regenerative hyperplasia and intestinal metaplasia of gastric epithelium were also present. The severity and character of pathology was causally linked to the intensity of infection, the attachment mode of the parasites, and to the anatomophysiological relationships within the gut of the host shark. [source] Efficacy of injection vaccines against Flavobacterium psychrophilum in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum)JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES, Issue 1 2006J Madetoja Abstract Efficacy of mineral oil-based experimental injection vaccines against Flavobacterium psychrophilum were tested in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), under laboratory and field conditions. The vaccines consisted of formalin- or heat-inactivated whole bacterium cell preparations of two different serotypes (Fd and Th) or a combination of serologically different F. psychrophilum (Fd and/or Th and/or FpT;Th). Specific antibody responses against the bacterium in plasma and skin mucus were evaluated post-vaccination with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Efficacy of the vaccinations was determined by challenge trials to F. psychrophilum with the vaccinated rainbow trout. Significantly higher antibody levels in plasma were detected in vaccinated fish compared with mock-vaccinated fish. Injection vaccination did not trigger specific antibody production in the skin mucus. Significantly higher survival of i.p. vaccinated fish compared with non-vaccinated fish was observed during the challenge. The results suggest that mineral oil-based injectable vaccines containing formalin- or heat-inactivated virulent cells of F. psychrophilum effectively triggered specific antibody production and protected the fish against bacterial cold water disease. [source] Hepatitis C virus infection in a Japanese leprosy sanatorium for the past 67 yearsJOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY, Issue 4 2010Kazuya Shiogama Abstract Oku-Komyo-En is one of the national leprosy sanatoria, located on a small island in Setouchi city, Okayama prefecture of Japan since 1938. Since autopsies were carried out routinely on almost all patients who had died in the sanatorium up to 1980, approximately 1,000 formalin-fixed autopsy tissue samples were available for analysis. When these samples were reviewed, the pathological data indicated a sharp rise in the death rate caused by cirrhosis of the liver and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) since 1960 and 1970, respectively. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a common cause of HCC in Japan. The presence of HCV RNA was demonstrated in paraffin sections prepared from the autopsied liver tissue fixed in formalin for a prolonged period of time, by employing nested RT-PCR using type-specific primers. The data showed that HCV RNA was detectable in samples of the liver archived as early as 1940, representing the liver tissues kept in formalin for up to 67 years. HCV genotypes 1b and 2a were found by RT-PCR at 85.7% and 14.3%, respectively, in patients with leprosy. J. Med. Virol. 82:556,561, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Vitamin D receptor distribution in intestines of domesticated sheep Ovis ammon f. ariesJOURNAL OF MORPHOLOGY, Issue 2 2008Katharina Riner Abstract The biologically active form of vitamin D, i.e., 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol or calcitriol, plays an important role in bone metabolism and calcium homeostasis, which is often disturbed at the onset of lactation in high milk-yielding domestic ruminants. Gene transcription is modulated via vitamin D receptors, but nongenomic effects of vitamin D via membrane receptors have also been described. In the intestines, vitamin D promotes calcium absorption via vitamin D receptors. Vitamin D receptors are of clinical relevance, but have not been systematically assessed within all segments of the intestine in any species. Thus, we present for the first time an immunohistochemical study of the distribution patterns of the vitamin D receptor protein in sheep, which may be the basis for present and future investigations on mineral homeostasis in domestic ruminants. Tissue probes of the intestines were collected from five lambs and five nonlactating and nonpregnant dams, fixed in formalin, embedded in paraffin, and used for the assessment of vitamin D receptor protein. Nuclear vitamin D receptor immunoreaction was scored semiquantitatively and exhibited a segment-specific distribution pattern. Goblet cells always were devoid of any vitamin D receptor immunoreaction. Surface epithelial cells and enterocytes of the crypt openings generally demonstrated only a weak immunoreaction. Basally and/or intermediately located crypt epithelial cells exhibited stronger immunoreactions in duodenum, jejunum, and colon descendens. This basal/intermediate to superficial gradient was most pronounced in the duodenum and less evident in jejunum and colon descendens and not observed in ileum and cecum. There were no age-dependent variations in vitamin D receptor protein expression. Results demonstrate that intestinal vitamin D receptor distribution patterns are segment-specific and strongest immunoreactions correlate with highest intestinal calcium absorptive activities, as reported in literature. Strong expression of vitamin D receptors within the lower half of crypts also suggests a role for calcitriol in epithelial differentiation and cellular homeostasis. J. Morphol., 2008. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Characterization of VR1 within the BMBF-Leitproject: ,Molecular Pain Research'JOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY, Issue 2003R. Jostock The vanilloid receptor VR1 is a ligand, heat and proton gated ion channel, expressed predominantly by primary sensory neurons. We show the molecular characterization of VR1 and its involvement in nociceptive behavior. Biochemical analysis of VR1 showed glycosylation at N604 and the predicted tetrameric structure. Reduced pH potentiated the gating of the receptor by NADA and anandamide in recombinant VR1. Acidification could sensitize VR1 and lead to hyperalgesia. Therefore, the VR1 antagonist capsazepine was tested in several animal models. Capsazepine reduced formalin induced nocifensive behavior and CFA induced mechanical hyperalgesia, and was antiallodynic and antihyperalgesic in animal models of neuropathic pain. VR1 antisense oligonucleotides inhibited VR1 expression in vitro and reduced tactile allodynia in vivo. In conclusion, we could provide evidence for a role of VR1 in inflammatory and neuropathic pain pathways. [source] Whole-brain functional magnetic resonance imaging mapping of acute nociceptive responses induced by formalin in rats using atlas registration-based event-related analysisJOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE RESEARCH, Issue 8 2008Yen-Yu I. Shih Abstract Nociceptive neuronal activation in subcortical regions has not been well investigated in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies. The present report aimed to use the blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) fMRI technique to map nociceptive responses in both subcortical and cortical regions by employing a refined data processing method, the atlas registration-based event-related (ARBER) analysis technique. During fMRI acquisition, 5% formalin (50 ,l) was injected into the left hindpaw to induce nociception. ARBER was then used to normalize the data among rats, and images were analyzed using automatic selection of the atlas-based region of interest. It was found that formalin-induced nociceptive processing increased BOLD signals in both cortical and subcortical regions. The cortical activation was distributed over the cingulate, motor, somatosensory, insular, and visual cortices, and the subcortical activation involved the caudate putamen, hippocampus, periaqueductal gray, superior colliculus, thalamus, and hypothalamus. With the aid of ARBER, the present study revealed a detailed activation pattern that possibly indicated the recruitment of various parts of the nociceptive system. The results also demonstrated the utilization of ARBER in establishing an fMRI-based whole-brain nociceptive map. The formalin induced nociceptive images may serve as a template of central nociceptive responses, which can facilitate the future use of fMRI in evaluation of new drugs and preclinical therapies for pain. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Hyperalgesic effects of ,-aminobutyric acid transporter I in miceJOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE RESEARCH, Issue 4 2003Jia-Hua Hu Abstract The present study focused on the involvement of ,-aminobutyric acid transporter I (GAT1) in pain. We found that GABA uptake was increased in mouse spinal cord at 20 min and 120 min after formalin injection and in mouse brain at 120 min, but not 20 min, after formalin injection. In addition, the antinociceptive effects of GAT1-selective inhibitors were examined using assays of thermal (tail-flick) and chemical (formalin and acetic acid) nociception in C57BL/6J mice. The GAT1-selective inhibitors, ethyl nipecotate and NO-711, exhibited significant antinociceptive effects in these nociceptive assays. To study further the effects of GAT1 on pain, we used two kinds of GAT1-overexpressing transgenic mice (under the control of a CMV promoter or a NSE promoter) to examine the nociceptive responses in these mice. In the thermal, formalin, and acetic acid assays, both kinds of transgenic mice displayed significant hyperalgesia after nociceptive stimuli. In addition, the , opioid receptor antagonist naloxone had no influence on nociceptive responses in wild-type and transgenic mice. The results indicate that GAT1 is involved in the regulation of pain processes, and point to the possibility of developing analgesic drugs that target GAT1 other than opioid receptors. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound accelerates periodontal wound healing after flap surgeryJOURNAL OF PERIODONTAL RESEARCH, Issue 2 2008H. Ikai Background and Objective:, A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound on wound healing in periodontal tissues after mucoperiosteal flap surgery. Material and Methods:, Bony defects were surgically produced bilaterally at the mesial roots of the mandibular fourth premolars in four beagle dogs. The flaps were repositioned to cover the defects and sutured after scaling and planing of the root surface to remove cementum. The affected area in the experimental group was exposed to low-intensity pulsed ultrasound, daily for 20 min, for a period of 4 wk from postoperative day 1 using a probe, 13 mm in diameter. On the control side, no ultrasound was emitted from the probe placed contralaterally. After the experiment, tissue samples were dissected out and fixed in 10% formalin for histological and immunohistochemical analyses. Results:, The experimental group showed that the processes in regeneration of both cementum and mandibular bone were accelerated by low-intensity pulsed ultrasound compared with the control group. In addition, the expression level of heat shock protein 70 was higher in the gingival epithelial cells of the low-intensity pulsed ultrasound-treated tooth. Conclusion:, Our results suggest that osteoblasts, as well as cells in periodontal ligament and gingival epithelium, respond to mechanical stress loaded by low-intensity pulsed ultrasound, and that ultrasound accelerates periodontal wound healing and bone repair. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||