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Forensic Evidence (forensic + evidence)
Selected AbstractsGenotypic comparison of bacteria recovered from human bite marks and teeth using arbitrarily primed PCRJOURNAL OF APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 5 2005M. Rahimi Abstract Aims:, This study assessed, for forensic purposes, the feasibility of genotypically matching oral streptococci recovered from recent human bite marks with those from the teeth of the biter. Methods and Results:, Streptococci were isolated from the incisors of eight volunteers. Arbitrarily primed PCR (AP-PCR) distinguished 106 streptococcal genotypes among the participants, each harbouring at least eight distinct strains. In a crime simulation, a sample from an experimental bite mark was analysed by an experimenter unaware of its origin. The bacteria were unambiguously matched to the biter by comparing the amplicon profiles with those from the eight participants. In contrast, bacteria from an additional bite mark (not generated by one of the original participants) could not be matched to any of the eight participants. Between 20 and 78% of catalogued bacterial genotypes were recovered 12 months later from each participant. Throughout the study period, none of the bacterial genotypes were shared between participants. Conclusions:, Streptococci isolated from recent bite marks can be catalogued by AP-PCR and matched to the teeth responsible for the bite. Significance and Impact of the Study:, The study provides ,proof of concept' that genotypic analysis of streptococci from bite marks may provide valuable forensic evidence in situations where the perpetrator's DNA cannot be recovered. [source] Analysis of Forensic SNPs in the Canine mtDNA HV1 Mutational Hotspot Region,JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES, Issue 6 2008Danielle T. Baute M.S. Abstract:, A 60 bp sequence variation hotspot in the canine mitochondrial DNA hypervariable region 1 was evaluated for its use in forensic investigations. Nineteen haplotypes containing 18 single nucleotide polymorphisms were observed among laboratory-generated and GenBank-derived domestic dog sequences representing five regional localities in the U.S. Samples from the different localities were highly variable with the levels of intra-population variability being similar among the populations studied. AMOVA further confirmed that there was no significant genetic structuring of the populations. Assays using these haplotypes were robust, canid specific and portend a rapid method for correctly excluding individual dogs as noncontributors of forensic evidence. Species-specificity of the primers was confirmed by means of in-tube polymerase chain reaction of human and cat DNA and in-silico assessment of the genomes of several animal species. Breed-specific fragments were not detected among the common haplotypes but there is evidence that this assay may be capable of differentiating domestic dog, wolf, and coyote sequences. [source] Skeletal Estimation and Identification in American and East European Populations,JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES, Issue 3 2008Erin H. Kimmerle Ph.D. Abstract:, Forensic science is a fundamental transitional justice issue as it is imperative for providing physical evidence of crimes committed and a framework for interpreting evidence and prosecuting violations to International Humanitarian Law (IHL). The evaluation of evidence presented in IHL trials and the outcomes various rulings by such courts have in regard to the accuracy or validity of methods applied in future investigations is necessary to ensure scientific quality. Accounting for biological and statistical variation in the methods applied across populations and the ways in which such evidence is used in varying judicial systems is important because of the increasing amount of international forensic casework being done globally. Population variation or the perceived effect of such variation on the accuracy and reliability of methods is important as it may alter trial outcomes, and debates about the scientific basis for human variation are now making their way into international courtrooms. Anthropological data on population size (i.e., the minimum number of individuals in a grave), demographic structure (i.e., the age and sex distribution of victims), individual methods applied for identification, and general methods of excavation and trauma analysis have provided key evidence in cases of IHL. More generally, the question of population variation and the applicability of demographic methods for estimating individual and population variables is important for American and International casework in the face of regional population variation, immigrant populations, ethnic diversity, and secular changes. The reliability of various skeletal aging methods has been questioned in trials prosecuted by the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) in The Prosecutor of the Tribunal against Radislav Krsti, (Case No. IT-98-33, Trial Judgment) and again in the currently ongoing trial of The Prosecutor of the Tribunal against Zdravko Tolimir, Radivolje Mileti,, Milan Gvero, Vinko Pandurevi,, Ljubisa Beara, Vujadin Popovi,, Drago Nikoli,, Milorad Trbi,, Ljubomir Borovcanin (IT-05-88-PT, Second Amended Indictment). Following the trial of General Krsti,, a collaborative research project was developed between the Forensic Anthropology Center at The University of Tennessee (UT) and the United Nations, International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, Office of the Prosecutor (ICTY). The purpose of that collaboration was to investigate methods used for the demographic analysis of forensic evidence and where appropriate to recalibrate methods for individual estimation of age, sex, and stature for specific use in the regions of the former Yugoslavia. The question of "local standards" and challenges to the reliability of current anthropological methods for biological profiling in international trials of IHL, as well as the performance of such methods to meet the evidentiary standards used by international tribunals is investigated. Anthropological methods for estimating demographic parameters are reviewed. An overview of the ICTY-UT collaboration for research aimed at addressing specific legal issues is discussed and sample reliability for Balkan aging research is tested. The methods currently used throughout the Balkans are discussed and estimated demographic parameters obtained through medico-legal death investigations are compared with identified cases. Based on this investigation, recommendations for improving international protocols for evidence collection, presentation, and research are outlined. [source] The use of a linkage analysis as evidence in the conviction of the Newcastle serial murderer, South AfricaJOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE PSYCHOLOGY AND OFFENDER PROFILING, Issue 3 2006Gérard N. Labuschagne Abstract The linking of a series of crimes to one individual has always been problematic, especially in the absence of eyewitness or forensic evidence. During the investigation, another means whereby this can be done is through linkage analysis. Yet a linkage analysis can also play a role during the trial of a serial offender. This paper examines the use of a linkage analysis report as evidence during the trial of the Newcastle serial murderer in South Africa. The linkage analysis examined the circumstances of the crime, modus operandi, and signature behaviour of the offender, to come to the conclusion that all the offences were committed by one individual, despite the lack of eyewitness or forensic evidence linking the suspect to two of the four incidents. This evidence was admitted by the court and the presiding officer concurred that the accused was guilty of committing the crimes during the third and fourth incidents. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] History and liability in Aceh, Indonesia: Single bad guys and convergent narrativesAMERICAN ETHNOLOGIST, Issue 3 2006ELIZABETH DREXLER In this article, I explore the complicity of history and violence in Aceh, Indonesia, to consider the role of narrative logics in accountability. Through a careful reading of official and archival documents, I argue that narrative logics have corrupted forensic evidence and limited efforts to hold perpetrators accountable for acknowledged acts of violence. I consider how different narratives about past violence have important implications for accountability and future violence. I situate my examination of the Aceh case in a broader context by considering how anthropology produces knowledge about violence, especially its evidentiary basis, and what effect such expertise may have on conflict situations. I develop the concept of "liability" to explore how the state is legally answerable for what it acknowledges. [source] Front and Back Covers, Volume 25, Number 1.ANTHROPOLOGY TODAY, Issue 1 2009February 200 Front cover caption, volume 25 issue 1 A boy shows off on his horse at the annual festival of racing, games and music in Barsko'on, Kyrgyzstan in October 2007. The festival includes endurance races of up to 36 kilometres over steep, rocky mountain paths and streams, a far cry from the bowling-green surfaces of Churchill Downs and Newmarket. Abdildechan, an expert in horse games in Kyzyl Suu, explained that horse games and competitions such as these derive from the importance of horses to the nomadic and warrior traditions of the Kyrgyz people. Horses enable people to move away from danger, he explained, and are also essential for work and food. Cars are becoming increasingly common in Kyrgyzstan, but many people believe that they will never completely replace horses in this mountainous region. ,Young people may have cars', says shepherd Jakshylyck Orgochor, ,but where there is a Kyrgyz person there is always a horse: a horse is a man's wings'. In this issue, Rebecca Cassidy scrutinizes claims about the distinctiveness of the Kyrgyz horse and considers the political consequences of evaluating domesticated animals on the basis of contested categories including ,breed' and ,type'. Back Cover: HUMAN-ANIMAL RELATIONS Ros Coard, lecturer in archaeology and specialist in archaeozoology and forensic taphonomy in the Department of Archaeology and Anthropology at the University of Wales Lampeter, examines forensic evidence taken from the scene of a suspected big cat kill in West Wales, UK. The skulls in the foreground belong to an array of known big cat species, and Coard compared tooth pit data from these skulls with those found in sheep and horses killed in unusual circumstances. These data have been used to provide evidence for the existence of at least one large predatory felid in West Wales. However, even without this scientific corroboration, many people around the UK report sightings of non-endemic ,alien' big cats (ABCs) on a regular basis, attributing to them an almost mythical status, and this makes them an interesting phenomenon to be considered from an anthropological perspective. Coard has been working collaboratively with Samantha Hurn, an anthropologist who has been documenting narratives relating to big cat sightings in West Wales. In this issue of ANTHROPOLOGY TODAY, Hurn outlines the data collected so far. She argues that ABCs do, indeed, exist in West Wales, and discusses how and why her informants from the local Welsh farming community regard these predators in positive terms. Many see ABCs as both important keystone species performing the valuable function of keeping other problematic predators (notably foxes) in check, and highly politicized animals who symbolize their own marginalized position within contemporary UK society. As Lévi-Strauss put it long ago, animal-human relations are, indeed, good to think with. [source] Use of Simulation Technology in Forensic Medical EducationACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE, Issue 2009Heather Rozzi Although the emergency department often provides the first and only opportunity to collect forensic evidence, very few emergency medicine residencies have a forensic medicine curriculum in place. Most of the existing curricula are composed only of traditional didactics. However, as with any lecture-based education, there may be a significant delay between the didactic session and clinical application. In addition, traditional curricula lack the opportunity for residents to practice skills including evidence collection, documentation, and use of a colposcope. At York Hospital, we have developed a forensic curriculum which consists of both traditional lectures and practical experience in our Medical Simulation Center. As part of their educational conference series, residents receive presentations on domestic violence, child abuse, elder abuse, evidence collection, sexual assault, ballistics, pattern injuries, documentation, forensic photography, and court testimony. Following these presentations, residents have the opportunity to apply their knowledge of forensic medicine in the Simulation Center. First, they interview a standardized patient. They then utilize the mannequins in the Simulation Center to practice evidence collection, photo documentation, and use of our specialized forensic medicine charts. After evidence collection and documentation, the residents provide safety planning for the standardized patients. Each portion is videotaped, and each resident is debriefed by victim advocates, experienced sexual assault nurse examiners, and emergency department faculty. The use of simulation technology in resident education provides the opportunity to practice the skills of forensic medicine, ultimately benefiting patients, residents, and law enforcement, and permitting teaching and evaluation in all six core competency areas. [source] Evaluation of DNA Mixtures from Database SearchBIOMETRICS, Issue 1 2010Yuk-Ka Chung Summary With the aim of bridging the gap between DNA mixture analysis and DNA database search, a novel approach is proposed to evaluate the forensic evidence of DNA mixtures when the suspect is identified by the search of a database of DNA profiles. General formulae are developed for the calculation of the likelihood ratio for a two-person mixture under general situations including multiple matches and imperfect evidence. The influence of the prior probabilities on the weight of evidence under the scenario of multiple matches is demonstrated by a numerical example based on Hong Kong data. Our approach is shown to be capable of presenting the forensic evidence of DNA mixtures in a comprehensive way when the suspect is identified through database search. [source] | ||||||||||