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Food Simulants (food + simulant)
Selected AbstractsA test procedure to characterise the heating performance of domestic microwave ovensINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, Issue 1 2008Mark Jeffery Swain Summary A test procedure has been developed and used to characterise the performance of domestic microwave ovens in relation to the heating of chilled ready meals. The procedure uses reproducible test loads, which simulate the heating and weight loss characteristics of a chilled ready meal under consumer use. The temperature distribution after heating from 5 °C to a defined minimum temperature of 70 °C is measured in the food simulant using a purpose designed multipoint thermocouple ,hedgehog' probe. The temperature, weight loss and heating time data from the test are entered into a spreadsheet analysis program, which provides a simple oven performance ,score' and/or comprehensive heating performance data. [source] Effect of high-pressure food processing on the mass transfer properties of selected packaging materialsPACKAGING TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, Issue 5 2010Maria Jose Galotto Abstract The effect of high-pressure processing (HPP) on the total migration into distilled water and olive oil and on the barrier properties of four complex packaging materials were evaluated. The films were polyethylene/ethylene-vinyl-alcohol/polyethylene (PE/EVOH/PE), metallized polyester/polyethylene, polyester/polyethylene (PET/PE), and polypropylene-SiOx (PPSiOx). Pouches made from these films were filled with food simulants, sealed and then processed at a pressure of 400,MPa for 30,min, at 20 or 60°C. Pouches kept at atmospheric pressure were used as controls. Prior to and after treatment, all films were evaluated for their barrier properties (oxygen transmission rate and water vapour transmission rate) and ,Total' migration into the two food simulants. In the case of water as the food stimulant, a low ,Total' migration was observed and even a lower one after the HPP treatment. In the case of oil as the food simulant, a higher ,Total' migration was found compared to the control as a result of damage to the structures during the HPP treatment. The gas permeability of the films increased after the HPP, compared to the control, due to damages in the structure caused during the treatment. The PET/PE film presented minimum changes in properties after HPP. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Moisture-induced effects on stacking strength of moulded-fibre packaging in varying environmental conditionsPACKAGING TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, Issue 5 2004Gitte Sørensen Abstract Stacking strength of moulded-fibre trays was investigated as both compressional creep and static compression strength at constant and varying humidity conditions. The compressional creep behaviour resembled that of other paper and board containers and was accelerated at humidity cycling between 33% and 94% relative humidity (r.h.) for 18 days compared to constant humidity conditions 91% and 94% r.h. Although the moulded-fibre trays did not experience failure, secondary creep rate was accelerated by a factor of 10,20 and total creep strain by a factor of 1.3,1.6. Compressional creep was thus affected by mechanosorption, whereas static compression was found not to respond to cycling of environmental humidity. Static compression strength was merely determined by the moisture content of the moulded-fibre material. The effect of varying temperature on tray moisture content was examined by transfer of the moulded-fibre tray from preconditioning at cold storage (5°C, 59% r.h.) to ambient conditions (25°C, 54%). When a food simulant [agar gel, water activity (aw) ,1] was sealed inside the moulded-fibre tray, moisture condensed on the tray outer surface (moisture gain 1.4,g/100,g dry fibre) within 40,min of transfer, contrary to when empty moulded-fibre trays were exposed to same conditions. Condensation could thus potentially induce a large initial creep deformation of the moulded-fibre tray. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Influence of high-pressure processing on selected polymeric materials and on the migration of a pressure-transmitting fluidPACKAGING TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, Issue 5 2002A. Schauwecker Abstract This study investigated the migration of 1,2-propanediol (PG) through selected food packaging films exposed to high-pressure processing (HPP). Pouches made from these materials were filled with 95% ethanol as a food-simulating liquid. These packages were then processed using a pilot-scale high-pressure food processor at 400, 600 and 827,MPa and 30, 50 and 75°C for 10,min. Controls were processed at similar temperatures and times, but at atmospheric pressure. To investigate any structural changes to these films during HPP, water was used as the food simulant at temperatures of 30, 75, 85, 90 and 95°C and at pressures of 200, 400, 690 and 827,MPa. No detectable PG migration into the polyester/nylon/aluminium (Al) polypropylene (PP) meal-ready-to eat (MRE)-type pouches was observed. PG migration into the nylon/ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH)/PE (EVOH) pouches was similar at 30, 50 and 75°C after 10,min under atmospheric pressure. However, PG migration into the EVOH pouches significantly decreased when treated with high pressure at 30, 50 and 75°C. At 75 and 50°C, the PG migration was significantly higher than the amounts detected at 30°C. Visible signs of delamination between the polypropylene (PP) and aluminum (Al) layers were observed in the MRE pouches processed at ,200,MPa and 90°C for 10,min. This delamination appeared to occur between the PP and Al layers. The differential scanning calorimetric analyses and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra were similar for the high-pressure treated pouches when compared to their respective controls. This indicated that there were no HPP-induced molecular changes to the treated pouches. Results from this study should be useful to HPP users for predicting PG migration trends and in deciding the selection of appropriate packaging materials for use under similar processing conditions. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Migration of alkylbenzenes from packaging into food and Tenax®PACKAGING TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, Issue 2 2001B. Aurela Abstract Alkylbenzenes (alkyl chain C10,C13) are used as solvent components in certain offset printing inks. Alkylbenzenes were identified from 10 out of 15 samples of offset-printed food packaging made of board. Printed hamburger collars intended for hamburger restaurants had exceptionally high contents of alkylbenzenes (70,500,mg/kg). Most of the collars had varnish on both the printed surface and the non-printed food contact surface. Migration of alkylbenzenes from the hamburger collar into a roll was 2,mg/kg. In another test, in which Tenax® was used as simulant, the effect of a varnish layer on the food contact surface was studied. It was found that the varnish layer reduced migration by about 70%. Tests with Tenax® as a food simulant resulted in higher migration than in tests with rolls. The European Commission has published a risk assessment report on alkylbenzenes. The report concludes that there is no need for further testing or for risk reduction measures beyond those which are currently applied. However, consumer exposure was calculated without taking into account the possibility of oral exposure to alkylbenzenes migrating from food packagings. The migration of alkylbenzenes thus merits further study. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Determination of ,-caprolactam migration from polyamide plastics: a new approachPACKAGING TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, Issue 1 2001Z. Pogorzelska Abstract A new gas chromatography method for determination of ,-caprolactam (CPR) migration from packaging materials such as: polyamide (PA) films, PA granulates, PA/PE (polyethylene) laminates, PA casings, etc., to food simulants has been developed. Water, 3% w/v acetic acid, 15% and 95% v/v ethanol and olive oil have been used as a food simulants. Using the 1,4-butanediol (BUG) as an internal standard (instead of aza-2-cyclononanone), calibration curves were constructed. Very good separation of CPR from BUG was achieved by using a Nukol fused silica capillary column (Supelco), 25 m,×,0.32,mm. The time of analysis is shorter than 12 min: 7.69,min for BUG and 11.60,min for CPR. The regression line equation for CPR migration to water is: y,=,0.080x,+,0.14; to olive oil: y,=,0.010x. The sensitivity of the developed method is appropriate for the quantitative determination of CPR in an analyte concentration of approximately 0.2,mg/kg, when the specific migration limit (SML) for this compound, according to Directive 90/128/EEC, is 15,mg/kg food simulant. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Safety of Polyethylene Terephthalate Food Containers Evaluated by HPLC, Migration Test, and Estimated Daily IntakeJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 6 2008H.-J. Park ABSTRACT:, A comparative high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of monomers, terephthalic acid (TPA), isophthalic acid (IPA), and dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) food containers was conducted. Monomer linearities and sensitivities were calibrated between established and novel HPLC analyses. Safety of PET containers was evaluated with newly established detection methods for TPA, IPA, and DMT. Migration of the 3 monomers into food simulants (water, 4% acetic acid, 20% alcohol, and n-heptane) from 56 PET containers collected from open markets was monitored. Migrated monomers were not detected over 0.1 ppm of detection limit. The corresponding estimated daily intake was measured to confirm the safety of these publicly available PET containers and to permit comparison to the specific migration limit of the European Union. The estimated daily intake of 3 monomers migrating from PET was 0.0384 mg/kg each. This represented only 0.6% of the European Union's specific migration limit, confirming the safety of the examined containers. [source] Effect of high-pressure food processing on the mass transfer properties of selected packaging materialsPACKAGING TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, Issue 5 2010Maria Jose Galotto Abstract The effect of high-pressure processing (HPP) on the total migration into distilled water and olive oil and on the barrier properties of four complex packaging materials were evaluated. The films were polyethylene/ethylene-vinyl-alcohol/polyethylene (PE/EVOH/PE), metallized polyester/polyethylene, polyester/polyethylene (PET/PE), and polypropylene-SiOx (PPSiOx). Pouches made from these films were filled with food simulants, sealed and then processed at a pressure of 400,MPa for 30,min, at 20 or 60°C. Pouches kept at atmospheric pressure were used as controls. Prior to and after treatment, all films were evaluated for their barrier properties (oxygen transmission rate and water vapour transmission rate) and ,Total' migration into the two food simulants. In the case of water as the food stimulant, a low ,Total' migration was observed and even a lower one after the HPP treatment. In the case of oil as the food simulant, a higher ,Total' migration was found compared to the control as a result of damage to the structures during the HPP treatment. The gas permeability of the films increased after the HPP, compared to the control, due to damages in the structure caused during the treatment. The PET/PE film presented minimum changes in properties after HPP. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Mass transport studies of different additives in polyamide and exfoliated nanocomposite polyamide films for food industryPACKAGING TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, Issue 2 2010David Antonio Pereira de Abreu Abstract The development of new food packaging films through the incorporation of nanoparticles, and the effect of the nanoparticles on the process of migration of the substances used in manufacturing the new films is expected to lead to an improvement in the shelf life of food and thus, consumer safety and health. In recent years, attention has focused on nanocomposites because these compounds often exhibit unexpected hybrid properties derived from synergistic reactions between nanoparticles and the polymeric matrix. The exfoliation of nanoclays in polyamide film provides a film with better barrier properties than that obtained through the intercalation of nanoclays. Migration of chemicals from food packaging into food may produce potential adverse health effects because of exposure to toxic compounds. The present study addressed the migration of caprolactam, 5-Chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol (triclosan) and trans,trans-1,4-diphenyl-1,3-butadiene (DPBD) from polyamide and polyamide-nanoclays to different types of food simulants. The values for limit of detection (LOD) obtained for caprolactam, triclosan and DPBD was 0.5,mg/L, 0.02,mg/L and 0.01,mg/L, respectively. Furthermore, instrumental precision was evaluated through repeatability injections, resulting in relative standard deviations lower than 3.08%. Diffusion coefficients were calculated according to a mathematical model based on Fick's Second Law, and the results were discussed in terms of the parameters that may have the greatest effect on migration. The presence of polymer nanoparticles was found to slow down the rate of migration of substances from the matrix polymer into the food up to six times. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] A systematic study on the stability of UV ink photoinitiators in food simulants using GCPACKAGING TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, Issue 3 2009Zhi-Wei Wang Abstract Several studies have been published on the stability of plastic monomers and additives in food simulants. However, there are practically no published results about the stability of ink components in food simulants. In this work, the stability of two ultraviolet (UV) ink photoinitiators (PIs) in one aqueous and in two substitute fat food simulants was studied under various time,temperature conditions. Furthermore, the addition of the stabilizing agent hydroquinone monomethyl ester (HQMME) in the same conditions was considered as a comparative experiment. The PIs tested were 1-hydroxycyclohexyl-1-phenyl ketone (Irgacure-184) and benzyldimethyl ketal (Irgacure-651). The various test conditions included exposure of 10 days to temperatures of 20, 40 and 60°C for 10% ethanol and 95% ethanol simulants, and exposure of 2 days to temperatures of 20, 40 and 60°C for isooctane. Following exposure to these conditions, the additive samples were analysed. The extracts of samples exposed to various temperature conditions as well as unexposed spiked controls and blanks were analysed by gas chromatography (GC) on a non-polar (5%-phenyl)-methylpolysiloxane capillary column. The results showed that the protective effect of HQMME was not obvious in all test conditions under dark conditions. The Irgacure-184 was quite stable under all test conditions whether the stabilizing agent was added or not. Irgacure-651 was stable almost under all test conditions, except in 10% ethanol at 60°C. The mass spectrum of decomposed product of Irgacure-651 was detected by GC-MS (Mass Spectrum), and the structure of the decomposed product was obtained by mass spectrographic analysis. The method of detection and disposal is also applicable for UV ink PI migration testing from several different paper or paperboard-plastic coating layer materials into the food simulants used in the study. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 2008 [source] GC,MS characterization of oligomers in polyadipates used as plasticizers for PVC in food contactPACKAGING TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, Issue 3 2006Maurus Biedermann Abstract Fourteen commercial polyadipates and a polysebacate were analysed for their components of a molecular mass below 1000,Da, primarily with the aim of generating the background data for measuring the migration of this type of polymeric additives from plasticized PVC (e.g. cling films and gaskets of lids) into foods or food simulants. Since the composition of the material <1000,Da varies between the polyadipates, the main components must be identified to enable a correct quantification. Polyadipates differ in the diol used as linker, their termination (acid or alcohol) and in the end-capping (free alcohols, acetylation, acylation with fatty acids, esterification with octanol/decanol). Gas chromatography (GC) provides good separation, but the material remaining in the column up to high temperatures decomposes and forms a hump in the rear part of the chromatogram. Examples of mass spectra are shown, the most indicative fragments pointed out and spectra of 159 components listed. The polyadipates and the sebacate are characterized by their structure, the main components <1000,Da and the fraction of material <1000,Da. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] The effect of high-pressure food processing on the sorption behaviour of selected packaging materialsPACKAGING TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, Issue 3 2004C. Caner Abstract The sorption behaviour and flavour-scalping potential of selected packaging films in contact with food simulant liquids (FSLs) (ethanol and acetic acid solutions) were evaluated after high-pressure processing (HPP). The films used were monolayer polypropylene (PP), a multilayer (polyethylene/nylon/ethylene vinyl alcohol/polyethylene: PE/nylon/EVOH/PE), film and a metallized (polyethylene terephthalate/ethylene,vinyl acetate/linear low-density polyethylene: metallized PET/EVA/LLDPE) material. D-limonene was used as the sorbate and was added to each of the FSLs. After HPP treatment at 800,MPa, 10,min, 60°C, the amount of D-limonene sorbed by the packaging materials and the amount remaining in the FSL was measured. Untreated controls (1,atm, 60°C and 40°C) were also prepared. Extraction of the D-limonene from the films was performed using a purge/trap method. D-limonene was quantified in both the films and the FSL, using gas chromatography (GC). The results showed that D-limonene concentration, in both the films and the food simulants, was not significantly affected by HPP, except for the metallized PET/EVA/LLDPE. Significant differences in D-limonene sorption were found in comparison with the control pouches. The results also showed that changes in temperature significantly affected the sorption behaviour of all films. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Development of a liquid extraction method and comparison with dynamic thermal stripping,thermal desorption (DTS,TD) method: sorption of D -limonene by flexible packaging filmsPACKAGING TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, Issue 2 2004Cengiz Caner Abstract The sorption of D -limonene into polymeric structures in contact with food simulant liquids (ethanol and acetic acid solutions) was determined using two methods, liquid extraction (LE) and dynamic thermal stripping,thermal desorption (DTS,TD). The polymeric films studied were PP (polypropylene), PE/nylon/EVOH/PE (polyethylene/nylon/ethylene vinyl alcohol/polyethylene) and metPET/VA EVA/LLDPE (metallized polyethylene terephthalate/ethylenevinyl acetate/linear low density polyethylene). Our assessment showed that both LE and DTS,TD techniques are valuable procedures. LE was evaluated as an alternative method with the advantage of being a simplified process. It was possible to measure the amount of D -limonene in the polymers using both methods. Correlation between methods was >82% and for the single layer polymers >92%. The respective sorption values obtained by the two methods were also found to be in good agreement. LE is simple and rapid to perform and, in general, gives slightly lower results compared to DTS,TS sorption tests conducted with adequate food simulants. The results indicate that the liquid extraction method is an excellent technique for the determination of sorbate concentration in polymeric structures. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Application of a computer model to evaluate the ability of plastics to act as functional barriersPACKAGING TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, Issue 3 2003Jong-Koo Han Abstract A simulation model computer program, which accounts for not only the diffusion process inside the polymer but also partitioning of the contaminant between the polymer and the contacting phase, was developed based on a numerical treatment, the finite element method, to quantify migration through multilayer structures. The accuracy of the model in predicting migration was demonstrated successfully by comparing simulated results to experimental data. For this study, three-layer co-extruded high density polyethylene (HDPE) film samples, having a symmetrical structure with a contaminated core layer and virgin outer layers as the functional barriers, were fabricated with varying thickness of the outer layers and with a known amount of selected contaminant simulant, 3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxytoluene (BHT), in the core layer. Migration of the contaminant simulant from the core layer to the liquid food simulants was determined experimentally as a function of the thickness of the outer layer at different temperatures. The computer program, developed as a total solution package for migration problems, can be applied not only to multilayer structures made with the same type of plastics but also to structures with different plastics, e.g. PP/PE/PP. This work might provide the potential for wider use of recycled plastic, especially polyolefins, which have lower barrier properties, in food packaging, and simplification of the task of convincing the FDA that adequate safety guarantees have been provided. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Determination of ,-caprolactam migration from polyamide plastics: a new approachPACKAGING TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, Issue 1 2001Z. Pogorzelska Abstract A new gas chromatography method for determination of ,-caprolactam (CPR) migration from packaging materials such as: polyamide (PA) films, PA granulates, PA/PE (polyethylene) laminates, PA casings, etc., to food simulants has been developed. Water, 3% w/v acetic acid, 15% and 95% v/v ethanol and olive oil have been used as a food simulants. Using the 1,4-butanediol (BUG) as an internal standard (instead of aza-2-cyclononanone), calibration curves were constructed. Very good separation of CPR from BUG was achieved by using a Nukol fused silica capillary column (Supelco), 25 m,×,0.32,mm. The time of analysis is shorter than 12 min: 7.69,min for BUG and 11.60,min for CPR. The regression line equation for CPR migration to water is: y,=,0.080x,+,0.14; to olive oil: y,=,0.010x. The sensitivity of the developed method is appropriate for the quantitative determination of CPR in an analyte concentration of approximately 0.2,mg/kg, when the specific migration limit (SML) for this compound, according to Directive 90/128/EEC, is 15,mg/kg food simulant. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] | ||||||||||