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Followers
Selected AbstractsElectronically controlled multiphase sinusoidal oscillators using current amplifiersINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CIRCUIT THEORY AND APPLICATIONS, Issue 1 2009George Souliotis Abstract A novel current-mode multiphase oscillator topology is introduced in this letter. This is realized by employing current amplifiers and only grounded capacitors. Attractive characteristics offered by the new topology are the electronic adjustment of the oscillation frequency, the absence of passive resistors, and the requirement of only grounded capacitors. Comparison with the corresponding already published current follower based structure shows that the proposed topology has better performance in terms of the number of required active elements, the employment of passive resistors, and the ability for electronic adjustment of the oscillation frequency. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Competitive Pricing in Markets with Different Overhead Costs: Concealment or Leakage of Cost Information?JOURNAL OF ACCOUNTING RESEARCH, Issue 4 2008EDDY CARDINAELS ABSTRACT This paper experimentally investigates how leaders and followers in a duopoly set prices for two product markets that have different overhead costs. In a fully crossed two-by-two design, we manipulate the participants' private cost report quality as either low or high, representing the extent to which these reports reveal that product markets have different overhead costs. We show that when only the leader is given a high-quality cost report, private cost information of higher quality is better incorporated into market prices (that are observable to participants). Both the leader and follower improve in profits and their prices better reflect the differences in overhead costs because the follower infers information from the leader's prices (information leakage). In contrast, when only the follower receives a high-quality cost report, the leader's profits and prices do not improve. This occurs because the follower conceals cost information when the leader has a low-quality cost report. [source] Why I (really) became a therapistJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 8 2005Albert Ellis This article describes how the author really became a therapist and worked on his own social and performance anxiety. He was at first a follower of liberal psychoanalysis, but, in successfully using in vivo desensitization on himself, he overcame his anxiety and became highly constructivist. He finally created rational emotive behavior therapy, the pioneering cognitive-behavior therapy; integrated it with emotional-evocative and experiential methods; and used it to cope with much criticism he received about his active-directive techniques. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol/In Session 61: 945,948, 2005. [source] Birds and army ants in a fragment of the Atlantic Forest of BrazilJOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY, Issue 4 2009Christiana M. A. Faria ABSTRACT Little is known about the birds associated with army-ant swarms in the Brazilian Atlantic forest. Our objectives were to locate and monitor army-ant swarms in the Atlantic rainforest of Brazil and to identify the species of birds that attended the swarms and exhibited bivouac-checking behavior. From July 2004 to August 2005, we located 49 swarms of army ants, including 28 Eciton burchelli, 19 Labidus praedator, and 2 Eciton vagans swarms. No birds were present at 17 (35%) swarms. At 32 swarms where birds were present, 22 (69%) were E. burchelli swarms and 10 (31%) were L. praedator swarms. No birds were observed at the two E. vagans swarms. We identified 66 species of birds attending the swarms, but only 43 species were observed foraging on prey flushed by the ants. Eighteen of these species had not been previously reported to forage in association with army-ant swarms. Most birds observed during our study attended army-ant swarms opportunistically, with White-shouldered Fire-eyes (Pyriglena leucoptera) the only obligate ant follower. Our observations suggest that the arthropods and other organisms flushed by army ants represent an important food resource for several species of birds in the Atlantic forest ecosystem. RESUMEN Se conoce poco sobre las aves asociadas con los enjambres de las hormigas soldado en el bosque Atlántico de Brasil. Nuestros objetivos fueron de localizar y monitorear los enjambres de las hormigas soldado en el bosque húmedo del Atlántico en Brasil e identificar las especies de aves que se encontraban junto con los enjambres y que chequeaban a los vivaques de las hormigas. Desde Julio 2004 hasta Agosto 2005, localizamos 49 enjambres de hormigas soldado, incluyendo a 28 enjambres de Eciton burchelli, 19 de Labidus praedator, y dos de Eciton vagans. No detectamos aves en 17 (35%) de los enjambres. En 32 enjambres donde encontramos aves, 22 (69%) eran enjambres de E. burchelli y 10 (31%) eran enjambres de L. praedator. No observamos aves en los dos enjambres de E. vagans. Identificamos 66 especies de aves junto con los enjambres, pero solo 43 especies fueron observadas comiendo las presas ahuyentadas por las hormigas. Dieciocho de estas especies no habían sido anteriormente reportadas forrajeando en conjunto con los enjambres de las hormigas soldado. La mayoría de las aves observadas durante nuestro estudio forrajeaban junto con las hormigas de manera oportunística, con Pyriglena leucoptera siendo la única especie que forrajeaba obligatoriamente con las hormigas soldado. Nuestras observaciones sugieren que los artrópodos y otros organismos que son ahuyentados por las hormigas soldado representan un recurso de comida para una variedad de especies de aves en el ecosistema del bosque Atlántico. [source] Leadership quality and follower affect: A study of U.S. presidential candidatesJOURNAL OF LEADERSHIP STUDIES, Issue 4 2008M. David Albritton Using the tripartite model of attitude structure as a conceptual basis, this article investigates voter attitudes toward presidential candidates, including cognitive and affective assessments of these leaders as well as behavioral intentions and voting behavior. Data collected from the seven most recent U.S. presidential elections were used to compare Democratic and Republican Party candidates who were successful in securing votes to those who were unsuccessful. Here, follower perceptions of leader intelligence, feelings of pride and hope, as well as feelings of fear and anger were found to be statistically different between the two groups. Additionally, regression analysis using follower assessments of candidates' leadership quality, as dependent upon certain perceptual traits of that leader, are presented. Candidates perceived to be higher in intelligence, considered to possess stronger degrees of inspirational quality, and judged more "likeable," in terms of generating stronger degrees of positive follower affect and lower degrees of negative follower affect, are considered better quality leaders. Followers' perceptions of these traits are found to be key predictors of whether that follower will consider a leader to be of high quality. [source] Transformational leadership and organizational commitment: mediating role of psychological empowerment and moderating role of structural distanceJOURNAL OF ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR, Issue 8 2004Bruce J. Avolio Using a sample of 520 staff nurses employed by a large public hospital in Singapore, we examined whether psychological empowerment mediated the effects of transformational leadership on followers' organizational commitment. We also examined how structural distance (direct and indirect leadership) between leaders and followers moderated the relationship between transformational leadership and organizational commitment. Results from HLM analyses showed that psychological empowerment mediated the relationship between transformational leadership and organizational commitment. Similarly, structural distance between the leader and follower moderated the relationship between transformational leadership and organizational commitment. Implications for research and practice of our findings are discussed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] New product introduction against a predator: A bilevel mixed-integer programming approachNAVAL RESEARCH LOGISTICS: AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL, Issue 8 2009J. Cole Smith Abstract We consider a scenario with two firms determining which products to develop and introduce to the market. In this problem, there exists a finite set of potential products and market segments. Each market segment has a preference list of products and will buy its most preferred product among those available. The firms play a Stackelberg game in which the leader firm first introduces a set of products, and the follower responds with its own set of products. The leader's goal is to maximize its profit subject to a product introduction budget, assuming that the follower will attempt to minimize the leader's profit using a budget of its own. We formulate this problem as a multistage integer program amenable to decomposition techniques. Using this formulation, we develop three variations of an exact mathematical programming method for solving the multistage problem, along with a family of heuristic procedures for estimating the follower solution. The efficacy of our approaches is demonstrated on randomly generated test instances. This article contributes to the operations research literature a multistage algorithm that directly addresses difficulties posed by degeneracy, and contributes to the product variety literature an exact optimization algorithm for a novel competitive product introduction problem. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2009 [source] Closeness and distance in the nurse-patient relation.NURSING PHILOSOPHY, Issue 1 2006The relevance of Edith Stein's concept of empathy Abstract, This paper emanates from the concept of empathy as understood by the German philosopher Edith Stein. It begins by highlighting different interpretations of empathy. According to the German philosopher Martin Buber, empathy cannot be achieved as an act of will. In contrast, the psychologist Carl Rogers believes that empathy is identical with dialogue and is the outcome of a cognitive act of active listening. The empathy concept of Edith Stein, philosopher and follower of Edmund Husserl's phenomenology, goes beyond these conflicting views and offers a more complex interpretation, with relevance for both healthcare and nursing education. When studying Stein's three-level model of empathy, a field of tension between perspectives of closeness and distance becomes apparent. The paper concludes by suggesting Stein's model of empathy as a strategy to overcome the tension and meet the demands of empathy. [source] The Bible, Knowledge of God and Dei VerbumTHE HEYTHROP JOURNAL, Issue 2 2001Anthony Baxter How may an inquiring person fittingly look upon the Bible? In what manner can a person's attention to the Bible assist them to knowledge? For a Catholic Christian analysis, what ideas are suitable about the place of the Bible in relations between God and humans, and in appropriation by a person today of whatever divine disclosure or revelation is at hand? This article outlines reflections on these matters. Links are apparent with key points in Vatican II's Dei Verbum. The first of four sections concerns a fundamentalist outlook. Section II has to do with certain limited but significant ways in which a person may look on the Bible: ways similar to ways in which a person may look on other texts. Section III pauses on inquiries into ,deep, inner' matters of life where the person inquiring does not proceed from a perspective of Catholic Christian faith. Section IV surveys a broad range of thoughts that may aptly be endorsed from within a perspective of Catholic Christian faith. The thoughts concern the nature of the situation by which a Catholic Christian person today can advance in knowledge of God: in appropriation of divine disclosure. Ways in which a person may look on the Bible that go beyond those exhibited earlier are now made explicit. (The article fully allows that numerous views held by one or another follower of Jesus who does not adhere to Roman Catholicism may, in respects at stake, harmonize with a Catholic Christian faith-perspective.) [source] Patent Licensing in a Leadership StructureTHE MANCHESTER SCHOOL, Issue 2 2004Tarun Kabiraj The question of an optimal licensing contract in a leadership structure is studied when the patent holder is a non-producer and has three alternative licensing strategies, namely fixed fee, royalty and auction. Assuming once-for-all licensing contracts we show that royalty dominates other modes when the innovation is small. For larger innovations, while fee dominates royalty, auction is the equilibrium decision. In our analysis the identity of the licensee, whether a leader or a follower, is important. We also discuss the problem when there is a threat of offering a second licensing contract. [source] OPTIMUM-WELFARE AND MAXIMUM-REVENUE TARIFFS IN MIXED OLIGOPOLY WITH FOREIGN COMPETITORSAUSTRALIAN ECONOMIC PAPERS, Issue 1 2010LEONARD F.S. WANG This paper re-examines the important tariff ranking issue under a linear mixed oligopoly model with foreign competitors and asymmetric costs. We demonstrate that under Cournot competition, when the size of domestic private and foreign private firms become more unequally distributed, optimum-welfare tariff will exceed maximum-revenue tariff. We also show that under Stackelberg competition, when the domestic government protects its domestic sector, it will levy higher optimum-welfare tariffs versus maximum-revenue tariffs; however, when it decides to open its doors more for foreign competitors, it will need to levy higher maximum-revenue tariffs versus optimum-welfare tariffs. The above results remain valid whether the domestic public firm acts as a leader or a follower. [source] R&D INVESTMENTS AND SEQUENTIAL WAGE NEGOTIATIONS,AUSTRALIAN ECONOMIC PAPERS, Issue 3 2009JUAN CARLOS BÁRCENA-RUIZ This paper analyses how the structure of wage bargaining affects R&D investment by firms that increases the productivity of labour in a Cournot duopoly. We find that total expenditure on R&D is greater when wages are set simultaneously than when they are set sequentially. Thus sequential wage negotiations reduce the incentive for firms to innovate and affect the productivity of labour. When wage negotiations are sequential the productivity of labour is greater (lower) in the follower (leader) firm than when negotiations are simultaneous. We also obtain that for same parameter values it is possible for the firm with the lower productivity to end up paying a higher wage than the firm with the higher level of labour productivity. [source] Leadership and Effectiveness in the Context of Gender: The Role of Leaders' Verbal Behaviour,BRITISH JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT, Issue 1 2008Gisela Mohr This field study focuses on verbal consideration, which is a leadership behaviour that expresses esteem for the follower and her or his work, knowledge and opinion. It was assumed that the relationship between verbal consideration and various outcomes is moderated by the leader's gender. One-hundred-and-forty leaders and 455 of their direct followers were surveyed in a one-wave questionnaire study in Germany. Male and female leaders showed the same degree of verbal consideration as rated by their followers. Verbal consideration is related to three out of four outcome variables for both sexes. One unexpected moderating effect of leaders' gender was found: followers of male leaders displaying verbal consideration report less ,irritation' (a state of exhaustion considered a threat to good task fulfilment). One explanation may be that male leaders get ,extra credit' for showing verbal consideration as it may be thought to entail special effort, whereas for female leaders it may be seen as normal and routine. This assumption should be examined in further studies in order to get more information about the different mechanisms by which female and male leaders reach the same quality of outcomes. [source] Stackelberg Mixed Duopoly with a Foreign CompetitorBULLETIN OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH, Issue 3 2003Toshihiro Matsumura H42; L13 We investigate Stackelberg mixed duopoly models where a state-owned public firm and a foreign private firm compete. We examine a desirable role (either leader or follower) of the public firm. We also consider endogenous roles by adopting the observable delay game of Hamilton and Slutsky (1990). We find that, in contrast to Pal (1998) discussing a case of domestic competitors, the public firm should be the leader and that it becomes the leader in the endogenous role game. We also find that in contrast to Ono (1990) eliminating a foreign firm does not improve domestic welfare in mixed oligopolies. [source] Strategic Choice of Quantity Stickiness and Stackelberg LeadershipBULLETIN OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH, Issue 1 2001Midori Hirokawa This paper re-examines endogenous Stackelberg leader,follower relations by modelling an explicitly dynamic market. We analyze a twice-repeated duopoly where, in the beginning, each firm chooses either a quantity-sticky production mode or a quantity-flexible production mode. The size of the market becomes observable after the first period. In the second period, a firm can adjust its quantity if and only if it has adopted the flexible mode. Hence, if one firm chooses the sticky mode whilst the other chooses the flexible mode, then they respectively play the roles of a Stackelberg leader and a Stackelberg follower in the second marketing period. Somewhat intriguing is the finding that such a Stackelberg-like equilibrium can arise only when the relative weight of the pre-Stackelberg first marketing period is sufficiently high, with time preferences being sufficiently strong. [source] Purity, Soul Food, and Sunni Islam: Explorations at the Intersection of Consumption and ResistanceCULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY, Issue 2 2004Carolyn Rouse ABSTRACT Contemporary African American followers of Sunni Islam are self-consciously articulating a form of eating that they see as liberating them from the heritage of slavery, while also bringing them into conformity with Islamic notions of purity. In so doing, they participate in arguments about the meaning of "soul food," the relation between "Western" materialism and "Eastern" spirituality, and bodily health and its relation to mental liberation. Debates within the African American Muslim community show us how an older anthropological concern with food taboos can be opened up to history and to the experience of the past reinterpreted in terms of the struggles of the present. [source] The international influence of the Stockholm SchoolACTA ZOOLOGICA, Issue 2009Hans-Peter Schultze Abstract Erik Stensiö revolutionized vertebrate palaeontology by introducing new methods to study the anatomy of fossil agnathans and fish. As head of the department of palaeozoology at the Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet in Stockholm, he formed the so-called ,Stockholm School' with his students and foreign researchers. Twice many foreign researchers worked together in the department; in the 1930s the group was composed of European nationals, whereas the group in the 1960s comprised researchers from China, Europe and North America. These people have carried on the ,message' in their countries. In contrast, palaeoichthyology faded out at the Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, because Stensiö and his followers persisted with the definitions attained without accepting new ideas from outside. The ,Stockholm School' therefore had its continuation outside Sweden, and it has only recently returned to Sweden, from England. [source] The temptations of cult: Roman martyr piety in the age of Gregory the GreatEARLY MEDIEVAL EUROPE, Issue 3 2000Conrad Leyser Pope Gregory the Great (590,604) was arguably the most important Roman writer and civic leader of the early middle ages; the Roman martyrs were certainly the most important cult figures of the city. However modern scholarship on the relationship between Gregory and the Roman martyrs remains curiously underdeveloped, and has been principally devoted to comparison of the gesta martyrum with the stories of Italian holy men and women (in particular St Benedict) told by Gregory in his Dialogues; in the past generation the Dialogues have come to be understood as a polemic against the model of sanctity proposed by the Roman martyr narratives. This paper explores Gregory's role in the development of Roman martyr cult in the context of the immediate social world of Roman clerical politics of the sixth and seventh centuries. Gregory's authority as bishop of Rome was extremely precarious: the Roman clerical hierarchy with its well-developed protocols did not take kindly to the appearance of Gregory and his ascetic companions. In the conflict between Gregory and his followers, and their opponents, both sides used patronage of martyr cult to advance their cause. In spite of the political necessity of engaging in such ,competitive generosity', Gregory was also concerned to channel martyr devotion, urging contemplation on the moral achievements of the martyrs , which could be imitated in the present , as opposed to an aggressive and unrestrained piety focused on their death. Gregory's complex attitude to martyr cult needs to be differentiated from that which was developed over a century later, north of the Alps, by Carolingian readers and copyists of gesta martyrum and pilgrim guides, whose approach to the Roman martyrs was informed by Gregory's own posthumous reputation. [source] GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION IN CHILD REARING: GOVERNING INFANCYEDUCATIONAL THEORY, Issue 3 2010Robert A. Davis In this essay, Robert Davis argues that much of the moral anxiety currently surrounding children in Europe and North America emerges at ages and stages curiously familiar from traditional Western constructions of childhood. The symbolism of infancy has proven enduringly effective over the last two centuries in associating the earliest years of children's lives with a peculiar prestige and aura. Infancy is then vouchsafed within this symbolism as a state in which all of society's hopes and ideals for the young might somehow be enthusiastically invested, regardless of the complications that can be anticipated in the later, more ambivalent years of childhood and adolescence. According to Davis, the understanding of the concept of infancy associated with the rise of popular education can trace its pedigree to a genuine shift in sensibility that occurred in the middle of the eighteenth century. After exploring the essentially Romantic positions of Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi and Friedrich Fröbel and their relevance to the pattern of reform of early childhood education in the United Kingdom and the United States, Davis also assesses the influence of figures such as Stanley Hall and John Dewey in determining the rationale for modern early childhood education. A central contention of Davis's essay is that the assumptions evident in the theory and practice of Pestalozzi and his followers crystallize a series of tensions in the understanding of infancy and infant education that have haunted early childhood education from the origins of popular schooling in the late eighteenth century down to the policy dilemmas of the present day. [source] Notes for a Cultural History of Family Therapy,FAMILY PROCESS, Issue 1 2002C. Christian Beels M.D. The official history of family therapy describes its beginnings as a daring technical and philosophical departure from traditional individual treatment in the 1960s, inspired especially by the "system thinking" of Gregory Bateson. This celebrated origin story needs to be supplemented with a longer and larger history of both practice and thought about the family, and that is the subject of this article. The longer history goes back to the founding of social work by Mary Richmond, of pragmatism by William James, and of the organic view of social systems intervention by John Dewey. Seen against this background, family therapy is, among other things, a consequence of the development of persistent elements of American professional culture, experience, and philosophy. The taking of this historical-anthropological view discloses also the origins of two other histories that have made their contribution to the development of family therapy: a science of observing communication processes that starts with Edward Sapir and leads to contemporary conversation analysis, and a history of mesmerism in the United States that culminates in Milton Erickson and his followers. [source] The Politics of Violent Opposition in Collapsing StatesGOVERNMENT AND OPPOSITION, Issue 2 2005William Reno In violent conflicts in places like Congo, Liberia and Sierra Leone, economic interests have crowded out ideologically articulate mass-based social movements for reform or revolutionary change to a degree that was not apparent during earlier anti-colonial struggles. Some scholars offer a ,looting model' of rebellion that explains the predations of politicians and warlords but it is not clear why people who receive few benefits from this , or even suffer great harm from them , fail to support ideologues instead, or why self-interested violent entrepreneurs do not offer political programmes to attract more followers. Yet some groups defy this ,looting model'. Explaining why armed groups vary so greatly in their behaviour provides a means to address important questions: is it possible to construct public authorities out of collapsed states in the twenty-first century, or do local predations and global conditions preclude indigenous state-building in these places? Why do social movements for reform there seem so ineffective? What conditions have to be present for them to succeed? This article considers the nature of rebellion in failing states, focusing on Nigeria to find clues to explain variations in the organization of armed groups. [source] The State of Christendom: history, political thought and the Essex circle*HISTORICAL RESEARCH, Issue 213 2008Alexandra Gajda The State of Christendom, published in 1657, is a forgotten Elizabethan treatise, and a significant but neglected work of late Elizabethan scholarship and political thought. It is argued that the treatise was authored by members of the circle of Robert Devereux, second earl of Essex in the mid fifteen-nineties, and that it reflects the political and scholarly concerns of Essex and his followers, especially Anthony Bacon, and their engagement with Catholic politics and polemic. The scholarly methodology of the author and the political arguments of the treatise are analysed, in particular the author's interest in tyranny and the remedies for the restraint of tyrants, which shed light on the contexts that shaped the discussion of political ideas in late Elizabethan England and the mental world of the Essex circle. [source] Avian distribution in treefall gaps and understorey of terra firme forest in the lowland AmazonIBIS, Issue 1 2005JOSEPH M. WUNDERLE JR We compared the bird distributions in the understorey of treefall gaps and sites with intact canopy in Amazonian terra firme forest in Brazil. We compiled 2216 mist-net captures (116 species) in 32 gap and 32 forest sites over 22.3 months. Gap habitats differed from forest habitats in having higher capture rates, total captures, species richness and diversity. Seventeen species showed a significantly different distribution of captures between the two habitats (13 higher in gap and four higher in forest). Gap habitats had higher capture rates for nectarivores, frugivores and insectivores. Among insectivores, capture rates for solitary insectivores and army ant followers did not differ between the two habitats. In contrast, capture rates were higher in gaps for members of mixed-species insectivore flocks and mixed-species insectivore,frugivore flocks. Insectivores, especially members of mixed-species flocks, were the predominant species in gap habitats, where frugivores and nectarivores were relatively uncommon. Although few canopy species were captured in gap or forest habitats, visitors from forest mid-storey constituted 42% of the gap specialist species (0% forest) and 46% of rare gap species (38% forest). Insectivore, and total, captures increased over time, but did so more rapidly in gap than in forest habitats, possibly as a response to gap succession. However, an influx of birds displaced by nearby timber harvest also may have caused these increases. Avian gap-use in Amazonian terra firme forests differs from gap-use elsewhere, partly because of differences in forest characteristics such as stature and soil fertility, indicating that the avian response to gaps is context dependent. [source] CMOS digitally programmable quadrature oscillatorsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CIRCUIT THEORY AND APPLICATIONS, Issue 8 2008Hussain A. Alzaher Abstract CMOS digitally programmable quadrature oscillators based on digitally controlled current followers and voltage followers are proposed. The proposed designs provide the advantage of programmability similar to the operational transconductance amplifier-based oscillators while offering improved linearity. In mixed analog/digital systems, the digital tuning feature allows direct interfacing with the digital signal processing part. Novel realizations that provide both voltage-mode and current-mode quadrature sinusoidal signals are presented. Employing only grounded capacitors the designs achieve independent control of the frequency and condition of oscillation that can be tuned digitally. Experimental results obtained from a 0.35,µm CMOS chip fabricated using standard CMOS process are given. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] ,Justified by the Spirit': Soteriological Reflections on the ResurrectionINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC THEOLOGY, Issue 1 2001D. Lyle Dabney Justification of the Spirit has been too often overlooked in Protestant theology. This article asserts that the recovery of this aspect of New Testament theology offers the possibility of a fuller and more adequate soteriology than has often been the case in western theology. Part I provides a survey of the New Testament's witness to the resurrection and of the soteriological implications for the followers of Jesus. The focus of this survey is the relation of resurrection to justification. Part II develops some implications which follow for a theology of salvation today. The article here suggests a threefold possibility for a soteriology which reclaims the relation of Spirit to resurrection: first, soteriology could speak of the whole of the life, death and resurrection of Christ; second, soteriology could speak of the salvation of the whole of our life and death in resurrection; and third, soteriology could be concerned with the material, social and embodied from the outset. [source] The Intra-National Struggle to Define "US": External Involvement as a Two-Way StreetINTERNATIONAL STUDIES QUARTERLY, Issue 3 2001Andrea Grove Three perspectives on the causes of communal conflict are visible in extant work: a focus on ancient hatreds, on leaders, or on the context that leaders "find" themselves in. Leaders therefore have all the power to mobilize people to fight (or not to) or leaders are driven by circumstantial opportunities or the primordial desires of the masses to resist peace or coexistence with historical enemies. Analysts who focus on leaders or context recognize that external actors affect internal conflicts, but little systematic research has explored the processes relating the domestic politics of nationalist mobilization to factors in the international arena. How does the international arena affect the competition among leaders? How do skillful leaders draw in external actors to lend credibility to their own views? This article asserts that leaders compete to frame identity and mission, and explores the degree to which international factors affect whose "definitions of the situation" are successful in precipitating mobilization shifts among potential followers. A unique finding of this longitudinal study of Northern Ireland is that the role played by international institutions and actors is affected by how domestic actors perceive, cultivate, and bring attention to the linkages between the two spheres. [source] Market Share and Religious Competition: Do Small Market Share Congregations and Their Leaders Try Harder?JOURNAL FOR THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF RELIGION, Issue 4 2009Jonathan P. Hill A central claim of the religious economies model is that religious competition affects levels of religious participation and commitment primarily because religious competition pushes the suppliers of religion (religious leaders and organizations) to market their faith more vigorously and effectively. We examine whether U.S. congregations experiencing greater religious competition measured by their smaller religious market share do more to recruit new members, offer more services to current followers, and whether their clergy work longer hours. The efforts of congregations and clergy do vary substantially, but this variation is not related to their denomination's market share. The variations are also not due to religious pluralism, intradenominational competition, or evangelical market share. Members of small market share congregations are more committed, but this higher commitment does not appear to arise because religious suppliers are responding to religious competition. Several alternative explanations for the higher commitment levels of small market share groups are offered with a discussion of the implications for theories of religious competition. [source] Competitive Pricing in Markets with Different Overhead Costs: Concealment or Leakage of Cost Information?JOURNAL OF ACCOUNTING RESEARCH, Issue 4 2008EDDY CARDINAELS ABSTRACT This paper experimentally investigates how leaders and followers in a duopoly set prices for two product markets that have different overhead costs. In a fully crossed two-by-two design, we manipulate the participants' private cost report quality as either low or high, representing the extent to which these reports reveal that product markets have different overhead costs. We show that when only the leader is given a high-quality cost report, private cost information of higher quality is better incorporated into market prices (that are observable to participants). Both the leader and follower improve in profits and their prices better reflect the differences in overhead costs because the follower infers information from the leader's prices (information leakage). In contrast, when only the follower receives a high-quality cost report, the leader's profits and prices do not improve. This occurs because the follower conceals cost information when the leader has a low-quality cost report. [source] Essentialism and attribution of monstrosity in racist discourse: Right-wing internet postings about Africans and JewsJOURNAL OF COMMUNITY & APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 6 2009Peter Holtz Abstract We investigated a total of 4997 postings on an extreme right-wing Internet discussion board with regard to the groups and themes mentioned. The most frequently mentioned target groups were Africans, Jews, Muslims, Poles, and Turks; the most prominent themes and contexts were conspiracy, criminality, exploitation, threats to German identity, infiltration, mind control and harassment, procreation, rape, and sex. We analysed in detail postings about Africans/Blacks and Jews, that is target groups that were the most clearly connected to particular themes. The analysis reveals that extreme right-wing discourse essentializes the target groups of Jews and Africans/Blacks and ascribes them immutable group-specific attributes that effectively make them ,natural kinds'. The group of Jews appears as a kind of their own with super-human powers and influence. Africans and Blacks are despised, firstly because their essential characteristics prohibit them to be categorically mixed with Germans (i.e. to become German by nationality) due to their incompatible essence, and secondly when they procreate with Whites. Such procreation produces ,bastards' that are met with disgust. We argue that essentialist thinking about social and ethnic groups explains a good part of their rejection by right-wing followers. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Contrasting Burns and Bass: Does the transactional-transformational paradigm live up to Burns' philosophy of transforming leadership?JOURNAL OF LEADERSHIP STUDIES, Issue 3 2007Dmitry Khanin Both proponents and critics view the transactional-transformational paradigm (Bass, 1997, 1998) as the brainchild of Burns' (1978) philosophy of transforming leadership. However, Burns (2003) has criticized the paradigm's narrow managerialist orientation and the claim that it is uniformly applicable to any culture and organization. In this article, I first summarize and articulate Burns' (1978, 2003) and Bass' (1985, 1998) approaches toward leadership, then compare them by using a new four-dimensional framework. Extending previous research (Yukl, 2006), the framework represents a useful tool for detecting the commonalities and differences between leadership theories with respect to the core dimensions, categories, and aspects of leadership. My inspection indicates that Burns' and Bass' conceptions stem from disparate contexts and differ in their applicability. Thus, Burns' (1978) ideas stem from political movements ideally characterized by mutual quest for shared meaning and active collaboration between leaders and followers. Conversely, Bass' (1985) approach springs from military training in which leaders transfer existing knowledge to followers and stimulate their activity by using a variety of tools from inspirational motivation to individualized consideration. This study has important practical implications as it delineates the boundary conditions of the transactional-transformational paradigm and warns against its uncritical adoption in incongruent leadership contexts. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||