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Flat Sheet (flat + sheet)

Distribution by Scientific Domains

Medical Sciences	83%

Selected Abstracts

Comparative efficacy of two nit combs in removing head lice (Pediculus humanus var. capitis) and their eggs

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY, Issue 12 2007
Rick Speare BVS
Background, Fine tooth lice combs fall into two classes based on the material from which their teeth are made: plastic or metal. Metal combs are further divided into those that are made from a flat sheet of metal, and hence have rectangular teeth, and those that have cylindrical teeth embedded in a plastic base. Methods, The efficacy of two fine tooth combs [Lice Meister comb (metal) and Lady Jayne comb (plastic)] in removing head lice (Pediculus humanus var. capitis) and their eggs from the hair of children was evaluated after treatment with a viscous head lice product (Lice Blaster; Emerald Forest Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd, Currumbin, Qld, Australia). The hair of 27 children was divided into two sections sagitally, and each comb was randomly assigned to one half of the hair, and the lice and eggs removed by the combs were counted. Results, In 96% of subjects, the Lice Meister comb removed more eggs than the Lady Jayne comb, with an average of three to four times more hatched, dead, and live eggs removed. The Lice Meister comb removed more lice than the Lady Jayne comb in 10 subjects, the same in eight subjects, and less in nine subjects. Conclusion, Overall, the Lice Meister comb is recommended as a more effective comb for use in controlling head lice infestations, whether employed with conditioner or with insecticide treatment. This appears to be the first study investigating the efficacy of nit combs in vivo. Further research is needed to determine which characteristics of fine tooth combs are the most important in removing head lice eggs. [source]

Propagating contractions of the circular muscle evoked by slow stretch in flat sheets of guinea-pig ileum

NEUROGASTROENTEROLOGY & MOTILITY, Issue 6 2001
S. J. H. Brookes
Flat sheet preparations of guinea-pig ileum were stretched circumferentially and the propagation of circular muscle contractions along the preparation was investigated. Slow stretch, at 100 ,m s,1, of a 50-mm long flat sheet of intestine, evoked circular muscle contraction orally, which propagated, without decrement, for up to 30 mm. This occurred despite circular muscle shortening being prevented, and in the absence of propulsion of contents. Thus, propagation in this flat sheet preparation could not explained on the basis of neuro-mechanical interactions, as previously proposed. Irrespective of the length of preparations, contraction amplitude decreased significantly in the most aboral 10,15 mm of intestine. This was not due to descending inhibitory pathways, but was associated with interruption of ascending excitatory pathways near the aboral end. Slow waves were not detected in circular muscle cells in any preparation (n=8). Smooth muscle action potentials evoked in circular muscle cells, in the presence of tetrodotoxin (TTX, 0.6 ,mol L,1), did not propagate for more than 1 mm in the longitudinal axis. Propagation of circular muscle activity, evoked by slow stretch of flat sheet preparations, reveals the presence of a mechanism other than myogenic spread or the neuro-mechanical interactions previously proposed to account for propagation; the nature of this mechanism remains to be determined. [source]

Membrane bioreactors: overview of the effects of module geometry on mixing energy

ASIA-PACIFIC JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, Issue 3 2009
Yuan Wang
Abstract Membranes used in municipal membrane bioreactor (MBR) plants can be configured as flat sheet (FS) membranes or hollow fibre (HF) membranes. The HFs can be mounted either horizontally or vertically. The membranes can be immersed in their own vessel or within the aerobic vessel. These various configurations combine to give a unique reactor design. Current methods of design assume the mixing characteristics (e.g. each reactor vessel is completely mixed); hence the energy necessary to achieve complete mixing cannot be optimised. This paper presents an overview of mixing studies undertaken by the authors' research group on pilot- and full-scale MBRs through residence time distribution (RTD) analysis and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modelling. The drawbacks of current technique for the sizing of MBRs (e.g. compartmental modelling) are highlighted. The use of CFD as a design tool to evaluate the mixing and energy of MBRs with different configurations (e.g. HF vs FS, inside submerged vs outside submerged) is presented. The MBR CFD model was validated using field-measured RTD data and compared with compartmental model. Results from mixing studies suggest that HF membranes are more energy efficient in terms of creating completely mixed conditions than the FS membranes. Copyright © 2009 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

Sclerosing lobular hyperplasia of the breast: Fine-needle aspiration cytology findings,A case report

DIAGNOSTIC CYTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 5 2004
Nirupma Panikar M.D.
Abstract Sclerosing lobular hyperplasia (SLH) is an uncommon benign lesion seen in the juvenile breast. It presents as a palpable, firm, circumscribed nodular lump in the breast of a young woman. Histologically, it is characterised by prominent lobular hyperplasia and sclerosis of the intralobular connective tissue. We discuss the cytomorphology and differential diagnosis. A 16-yr-old female patient presented with a painless, firm, nodular, mobile mass in the right breast measuring 4 × 4 cm. The clinical and radiological diagnosis was fibroadenoma. Fine-needle aspiration smears showed round to oval ductal epithelial cells in flat sheets and round clusters with an acinar arrangement. A few bare nuclei were seen dispersed in a clean background but no stroma was visualised. A combination of clinical findings, imaging, and cytological features of SLH can help to differentiate this condition from other palpable juvenile breast diseases. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2004;31:340,341. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]

Augmentation of the ascending component of the peristaltic reflex and substance P release by glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor

NEUROGASTROENTEROLOGY & MOTILITY, Issue 7 2010
J. R. Grider
Abstract Background, Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is present in adult gut although its role in the mature enteric nervous system is not well defined. The aim of the present study was to examine the role of GDNF as neuromodulator of the ascending phase of the peristaltic reflex. Methods, Colonic segments were prepared as flat sheets and placed in compartmented chambers so as to separate the sensory and motor limbs of the reflex. Ascending contraction was measured in the orad compartment and mucosal stroking stimuli (two to eight strokes) were applied in the caudad compartment. GDNF and substance P (SP) release were measured and the effects of GDNF and GDNF antibody on contraction and release were determined. Mice with reduced levels of GDNF (Gdnf+/,) and wild type littermates were also examined. Key Results, GDNF was released in a stimulus-dependent manner into the orad motor but not caudad sensory compartment. Addition of GDNF to the orad motor but not caudad sensory compartment augmented ascending contraction and SP release. Conversely, addition of GDNF antibody to the orad motor but not caudad sensory compartment reduced ascending contraction and SP release. Similarly, the ascending contraction and SP release into the orad motor compartment was reduced in Gdnf+/, mice as compared to wild type littermates. Conclusions & Inferences, The results suggest that endogenous GDNF is released during the ascending contraction component of the peristaltic reflex where it acts as a neuromodulator to augment SP release from motor neurons thereby augmenting contraction of circular muscle orad to the site of stimulation. [source]