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Flame Ionization Detection (flame + ionization_detection)
Selected AbstractsUse of TLC-FID and GC-MS/FID to examine the effects of migratory state, diet and captivity on preen wax composition in White-throated Sparrows Zonotrichia albicollisIBIS, Issue 4 2010RAYMOND H. THOMAS Preen wax is important for plumage maintenance and other functions. Its chemical composition is complex, and separating and quantifying its components, commonly by gas chromatography (GC), can be challenging. We present a simple analytical system consisting of thin-layer chromatography/flame ionization detection (TLC-FID) using a solvent system of 100% toluene to analyse the complex compound classes present in preen wax. We used GC and TLC-FID to investigate the effects of migratory status, diet and captivity on the preen wax composition of White-throated Sparrows Zonotrichia albicollis, and to measure the quantity of preen wax on the head, primary and tail feathers. White-throated Sparrows produced preen wax containing only monoesters regardless of migratory state. The monoesters contained several isomers consisting of homologous series of fatty alcohols (C10,C20) and fatty acids (C13,C19) esterified together in different combinations to form monoesters with total carbon numbers ranging from C23 to C38. Weighted average monoester carbon number was greater in captive birds than in wild birds and was greater in captives fed a formulated diet enriched with sesame oil than in birds fed the same diet enriched with fish oil. Captivity and migratory state also affected the complexity of the mixture of monoesters. There was significantly more preen wax on head feathers compared with primary and tail feathers. We suggest that among its many functions, preen wax may play a role in drag reduction by affecting the physical properties of feathers, and/or the fluid flow at their surfaces. [source] Kinetics of the gas-phase reaction of n -C6,C10 aldehydes with the nitrate radicalINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL KINETICS, Issue 3 2003Jun Noda Rate coefficients for gas-phase reaction between nitrate radicals and the n -C6,C10 aldehydes have been determined by a relative rate technique. All experiments were carried out at 297 ± 2 K, 1020 ± 10 mbar and using synthetic air or nitrogen as the bath gas. The experiments were made with a collapsible sampling bag as reaction chamber, employing solid-phase micro extraction for sampling and gas chromatography/flame ionization detection for analysis of the reaction mixtures. One limited set of experiments was carried out using a glass reactor and long-path FTIR spectroscopy. The results show good agreement between the different techniques and conditions employed as well as with previous studies (where available). With butanal as reference compound, the determined values (in units of 10,14 cm3 molecule,1 s,1) for each of the aldehydes were as follows: hexanal, 1.7 ± 0.1; heptanal, 2.1 ± 0.3; octanal, 1.5 ± 0.2; nonanal, 1.8 ± 0.2; and decanal, 2.2 ± 0.4. With propene as reference compound, the determined rate coefficients were as follows: heptanal, 1.9 ± 0.2; octanal, 2.0 ± 0.3; and nonanal, 2.2 ± 0.3. With 1-butene as reference compound, the rate coefficients for hexanal and heptanal were 1.6 ± 0.2 and 1.8 ± 0.1, respectively. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 35: 120,129, 2003 [source] Encapsulation of naturally occurring flavonoids into liposomes: physicochemical properties and biological activity against human cancer cell linesJOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACOLOGY: AN INTERNATI ONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE, Issue 10 2004M. Goniotaki Liposomes consisting of egg phosphatidylcholine were prepared by a thin-film hydration method followed by sonication and were used to investigate the percentage encapsulation of four flavonoids (quercetin, rutin, isoscutellarein and isoscutellarein diglycoside). The lipid recovery and the flavonoid-to-lipid molar ratio were measured using high-performance thin-layer chromatography/flame ionization detection and UV-vis spectroscopy. Differential scanning calorimetry was used to study the effect of the flavonoids on the phase transition temperature and on the enthalpy of the main phase transition of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine bilayers, and their ability to influence the membrane fluidity. The final liposomal formulation incorporating flavonoids, as well as free flavonoids, were tested for their activity against human cancer cell lines using the sulforhodamine B assay. The results showed that the encapsulation efficiency varied from 95% (0.21 flavonoid-to-lipid molar ratio) to 37.5% (0.09 flavonoid-to-lipid molar ratio) for isoscutellarein and its glycoside, respectively. The differential scanning calorimetry data showed close thermal and dynamic effects depending on the structure of the flavonoids, and suggest that there is a relationship between flavonoid molecular structure and the interaction with model membranes. Liposomal isoscutellarein showed improved growth inhibiting activity against all cell lines tested in comparison with that of its free form, which was inactive (>100 ,M). [source] Quantification of free and esterified steryl glucosides in vegetable oils and biodieselEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF LIPID SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, Issue 8 2009Florence Lacoste Dr. Abstract Steryl glucosides (SG) are minor components that dramatically modify the low temperature performance of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) used as biodiesel. SG are naturally present in vegetable oils but they may also be the result of the transesterification of esterified steryl glucosides (ESG). These are present in vegetable oils at a level of a few hundred milligrams per kilogram, depending on the nature of the feedstock. We developed an analytical method to quantify SG and ESG in vegetable oils and in FAME. The purification of SG and ESG was performed by liquid chromatography on silica gel, and the analysis of the trimethylsilyl derivatives was achieved by gas chromatography and flame ionization detection. The filterability of biodiesel is affected when the SG content is higher than 20,mg/kg. Therefore, the sensitivity of this new method is adapted for this purpose since the quantification limit is 10,mg/kg of SG and ESG. The recoveries are acceptable, between 75% and 90% depending on the species and content, and the reproducibility relative standard deviation, evaluated at 10%, is comparable to other studies. [source] Determination of phthalate esters in cosmetics by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection and mass spectrometric detectionINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COSMETIC SCIENCE, Issue 4 2005Huiming Chen GC-FID; GC-MS; Produits cosmétiques; Esters Phtaliques Synopsis A gas chromatography coupled with flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and mass spectrometric detection (MSD) method was developed to determine the six kinds of phthalate esters [dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), di- n -butyl phthalate (DBP), benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP), di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and di- n -octyl phthalate (DOP)] in cosmetics (solid, cream and liquid cosmetics). The cosmetics were extracted with methanol by ultrasonic and then separated with high-speed centrifugation. The upper clear layer was dried and filtered through a 0.45 ,m pore diameter filter. The filtrate was injected into GC-FID/GC-MS for detection. GC-FID chromatogram was applied for qualitative analysis, external standard method was used for quantitative analysis. Confirmation of phthalate presence was undertaken by GC-EI-MS. The recovery range of all phthalates were between 92.0 and 110.0% with relative standard deviations between 1.95 and 5.92%. The low detection limits of the method were: 0.1 ng for DMP, DEP, DBP and BBP, 0.5 ng for DEHP and DOP. The method had advantages of high precision and sensitivity, simplicity of pretreatment. The method can be used to test the six kinds of phthalate esters in cosmetics. Resume Une méthode d'analyse par chromatographie gazeuse couplée à une détection par ionization de flamme (GC - FID) et une détection spectrométrique de masse (MSD) a été développée pour analyser 6 sortes d'esters phtaliques (phtalate de diméthyle (DMP), phtalate de diéthyle (DEP), phtalate de di- n -butyle (DBP), phtalate de benzylbutyle (BBP), phtalate de di-2-éthylhexyle (DEHP) et phtalate de di- n -octyle (DOP)) dans des produits cosmétiques (solides, crèmes et liquides). Les produits cosmétiques sont extraits au méthanol sous ultrason, puis séparés par ultracentrifugation. La phase supérieure limpide est déshydratée et filtrée sur un filtre de diamètre de pore moyen égal à 0,45 ,m. Le filtrat est injecté dans le système GC - FID/GC-MS pour analyse. Les chromatogrammes GC-FID sont utilisés pour l'analyse qualitative, des standards externes ont été utilisés pour l'analyse quantitative. La GC-EI-MS permet de confirmer la présence des esters phtaliques. Le taux de récupération de tous les esters est compris entre 92 et 110% avec une déviation standard allant de 1,95%à 5,92%. La limite de détection par cette méthode est de 0,1 ng pour DMP, DEP, DBP et BBP, 0,5 ng pour DEHP et DOP. Les avantages de cette méthode sont sa haute précision, sa sensibilité et la simplicité du prétraitement. Cette méthode peut être utilisée pour doser la présence des six sortes d'esters phtaliques dans des produits cosmétiques. [source] Shock tube pyrolysis of thiopheneINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENERGY RESEARCH, Issue 3 2003Hafeez Ur Rahman Memon Abstract The kinetics of the thermal decomposition of thiophene diluted in argon have been studied behind reflected shock waves in a single pulse shock tube over the temperature range 1598,2022 K and pressures between 2.5 and 3.44 bar. Product yields and composition were determined using capillary column gas chromatography with flame ionization detection and flame photometric sulphur selective detection. The principal hydrocarbon product at all temperatures was ethyne. Ethanethiol was found to be the major sulphur product together with H2S formed in significant concentrations at lower temperatures. Carbon disulphide was also formed at higher temperatures. Additional reaction products were CH4, C2H4, C3H4, C4H3, C4H6, C4H4, C6H6 and C4H2 with some traces were found of C5 and C6H5 species. It was concluded that pyrolysis of thiophene is initiated by C,S bond fission to form the C4H4S radical which reacts to give C4H3 + SH together with the reaction giving C3H4 + CS. The rate expression obtained for the pyrolysis reaction was k (C4H4S)=2.2×1011 exp (270 kJ mol,1) s,1. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Characterization of biodiesel and biodiesel blends using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatographyJOURNAL OF SEPARATION SCIENCE, JSS, Issue 14 2008Warawut Tiyapongpattana Abstract In this work the development of a comprehensive 2-D GC flame ionization detection (GC×GC FID) method for biodiesel fuels is reported. This method is used for the analysis of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) in both biodiesel (B100) and biodiesel blend (B5) samples. The separation of FAME was based on component boiling point in the first dimension and polarity in the second dimension by using a BPX5/BP20 column set to provide a measure of ,orthogonality' in the 2-D space. Here the columns are coupled with a cryogenic modulator operating in a novel temperature programmed mode (TM) whereby the cryotrap is progressively incremented in temperature as the oven temperature is increased. The final method employs eight cryotrap temperature settings. The developed GC×GC method is able to successfully characterize and identify both B100 and B5 FAME components, which are produced from a variety of vegetable oils, animal fats and waste cooking oils, with high precision. The method is capable of analysing FAME with carbon numbers C4,C24, and is particularly suitable to characterize various types of biodiesel, making it possible to differentiate the origin and type of FAME used in the biodiesel samples. [source] Gas chromatography,mass spectrometry analyses of volatile organic compounds from potato tubers inoculated with Phytophthora infestans or Fusarium coeruleumPLANT PATHOLOGY, Issue 4 2001B. P. J. De Lacy Costello Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) collected from potato tubers inoculated with Phytophthora infestans (late blight), Fusarium coeruleum (dry rot) or sterilized distilled water (as a control) were analysed using gas chromatography,mass spectrometry (GC,MS) and gas chromatography,flame ionization detection (GC,FID). A total of 52 volatiles were identified by GC,MS in the headspaces above P. infestans- and F. coeruleum- inoculated tubers after incubation for 42 days in the dark at 10°C. Of these VOCs, the six most abundant were common to both pathogens. These were benzothiazole (highest abundance), 2-ethyl-1-hexanol (second highest abundance), and at approximately equal third abundance, hexanal, 2-methylpropanoic acid-2,2-dimethyl-1-(2-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-propyl ester, 2-methylpropanoic acid-3-hydroxy-2,4,4-trimethyl-pentyl ester and phenol. In addition, styrene also occurred at approximately equal third abundance in the headspace of F. coeruleum- inoculated tubers, but at lower abundance in the headspace of P. infestans- inoculated tubers. Some VOCs were specific to each pathogen. Butanal, 3-methylbutanal, undecane and verbenone were found at low levels only in the headspace of tubers inoculated with P. infestans, while 2-pentylfuran and copaene were found only in the headspace of tubers inoculated with F. coeruleum. Additionally GC,FID analysis identified ethanol and 2-propanol in the liquid exudate from both P. infestans - and F. coeruleum -inoculated tubers after incubation for 35 days, and in the headspace after incubation for 42 days. These data provide key information for developing a sensor-based early warning system for the detection of postharvest diseases in stored potato tubers. [source] | ||||||||||||||||