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Fluoride Exposure (fluoride + exposure)
Selected AbstractsPrevalence and Severity of Dental Caries in Adolescents Aged 12 and 15 Living in Communities with Various Fluoride ConcentrationsJOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH DENTISTRY, Issue 1 2007América Patricia Pontigo-Loyola DrO Abstract Objectives: To determine the experience, prevalence, and severity of dental caries in adolescents naturally exposed to various fluoride concentrations. Methods: A cross-sectional census was conducted on 1,538 adolescents aged 12 and 15 years living at high altitude above sea level (>2,000 m or >6,560 ft) in above-optimal fluoridated communities (levels ranging from 1.38 to 3.07 ppm) of Hidalgo, Mexico. Sociodemographic and socioeconomic data were collected using questionnaires. Two previously trained and standardized examiners performed the dental exams. Results: Caries prevalence was 48.6 percent and mean of decay, missing, and filling teeth (DMFT) for the whole population was 1.15 ± 1.17. In terms of severity, 9.6 percent of the adolescents had DMFT , 4, and 1.7 percent had ,7. The significant caries index (SiC) was 2.41 in the group of 12-year-olds, and 3.46 in the 15-year-olds. Higher experience and prevalence were observed in girls, in children with dental visit in the past year, those in the wealthiest socioeconomic status (SES) (quartiles 2, 3, and 4), those whose locale of residence is in San Marcos and Tula Centro, and in fluorosis-free children and those with moderate/severe fluorosis. In an analysis of caries severity (DMFT , 4), both adolescents with very mild/mild and moderate/severe dental fluorosis have higher caries severity. Conclusions: The results indicated that caries experience, prevalence, and severity as well as SiC index among 12- and 15-year-old adolescents were relatively low. Sociodemographic and socioeconomic variables commonly associated with dental caries were also observed in Mexican adolescents. Unlike other studies, we found that caries increased with higher SES. Fluoride exposure (measured through fluorosis presence) does not appear to be reducing the caries prevalence (DMFT > 0) or caries severity (DMFT , 4) in these high-altitude communities. [source] Dental fluorosis in primary teeth: a study in rural schoolchildren in Shaanxi Province, ChinaINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PAEDIATRIC DENTISTRY, Issue 6 2005J. P. RUAN Summary. Objective. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and severity of fluorosis in the primary dentition of 7,8-year-old Chinese schoolchildren in areas with fluoride concentrations in the drinking water ranging from 0·35 to 7·6 mg L,1. Subjects and methods. Four hundred and seventy-two children from 13 different schools were divided into four groups according to the fluoride concentration of the drinking water: (A) , 1·0 mg L,1; (B) 1·1,2·0 mg L,1; (C) 2·1,3·8 mg L,1; and (D) 7·6 mg L,1. Clinical examinations were made under field conditions, and dental fluorosis on the buccal surfaces of all teeth was recorded using the Thylstrup,Fejerskov Index (TFI). Results. The prevalence of dental fluorosis in primary teeth varied from 6·2% to 96·6% according to the fluoride concentration of the drinking water. The differences of median of TFI scores between all groups were statistically significant (P < 0·001) except for groups B and C. No statistically significant difference in the severity of dental fluorosis was observed between genders. The second primary molars were most severely affected by dental fluorosis. Disregarding group A, TFI scores between 3 and 4 were most frequently recorded. Dental fluorosis was symmetrically distributed in both jaws. Conclusion. Dental fluorosis is prevalent in the primary teeth of children living in areas supplied with drinking water with fluoride concentrations higher than 1·0 mg L,1. The primary teeth may act as biomarkers of fluoride exposure. The examination of primary teeth may give an early warning of this condition, and thus, provide a basis for intervention to prevent dental fluorosis in the permanent teeth. [source] Proteomics analysis of liver samples from puffer fish Takifugu rubripes exposed to excessive fluoride: An insight into molecular response to fluorosisJOURNAL OF BIOCHEMICAL AND MOLECULAR TOXICOLOGY, Issue 1 2010Jian Lu Abstract Comparative proteomics was performed to identify proteins in the liver of Takifugu rubripes in response to excessive fluoride exposure. Sixteen fish were randomly divided into a control group and an experimental group. The control group was raised in soft water alone (F, = 0.4 mg/L), and the experimental group was raised in the same water with sodium fluoride at a high concentration of 35 mg/L. After 3 days, proteins were extracted from the fish livers and then subjected to two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis. The matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) was applied to identify the proteins that were differentially expressed from the two groups of fish. Among an average of 816 and 918 proteins detected in the control and treated groups, respectively, 16 proteins were upregulated and 35 were downregulated (P < 0.01) in the fluoride-treated group as compared with those in the control group. Twenty-four highly differentially expressed proteins were further analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS, and eight were identified by Mascot. These eight proteins include disulfide isomerase ER-60, 4SNc-Tudor domain protein, SMC3 protein, Cyclin D1, and mitogen-activated protein kinase 10, as well as three unknown proteins. Consistent with their previously known functions, these identified proteins seem to be involved in apoptosis and other functions associated with fluorosis. These results will greatly contribute to our understanding of the effects of fluoride exposure on the physiological and biochemical functions of Takifugu and the toxicological mechanism of fluoride causing fluorosis in both fish and human. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 24:21,28, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20308 [source] Fluoride release and uptake by four new fluoride releasing restorative materialsJOURNAL OF ORAL REHABILITATION, Issue 9 2003P. Dionysopoulos Summary, The present study compared the initial fluoride release and release following refluoridation of a conventional glass,ionomer Ketac-Molar (ESPE), a resin-modified glass,ionomer, Vitremer (3M), and two compomers F-2000 (3M) and Hytac (ESPE). Fifteen test specimens were prepared for each brand and immersed in deionized water. The fluoride released was measured every 2 days for 22 days. Refluoridation of the test specimens was done with solutions of 0·02, 0·04 and 0·2% NaF for 5 min on days 22, 30, 38 and 46. The fluoride released from recharged specimens was measured every 2 days until day 54. The fluoride release was highest during the first days after preparation, after which it decreased sharply and then more slowly. The four materials became ,recharged' with fluoride following repeated fluoride exposure in solution, the 0·2% solution being the most effective. From a clinical point of view, the results from this study imply that all the restorative materials tested may act as intra-oral devices for the controlled slow release of fluoride at sites at risk of recurrent caries. Fluoride release and uptake by four new fluoride releasing restorative materials. [source] Sources of Dietary Fluoride Intake in 6,7-Year-Old English Children Receiving Optimally, Sub-optimally, and Non-fluoridated waterJOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH DENTISTRY, Issue 4 2006Fatemeh V. Zohouri BSc, RPHNutr Abstract Objectives:Due to increased consumption of pre-packaged drinks, tap water may no longer be the principal source of water intake and consequently fluoride intake. Little is known about the importance of solid foods as fluoride sources and how the relative contribution of foods/drinks to fluoride intake is affected by residing in fluoridated or non-fluoridated areas. This study investigated the relative contributions of different dietary sources to dietary fluoride intake and compared this in children residing in optimally artificially fluoridated, sub-optimally artificially fluoridated, and non-fluoridated areas. Methods:Thirty-three healthy children aged 6 years were recruited from fluoridated and non-fluoridated communities and categorised into three groups based on fluoride content of home tap water: optimally fluoridated (<0.7 mgF/L), sub-optimally fluoridated (>0.3 to <0.7 mgF/L) and non-fluoridated (<0.3 mgF/L) drinking water. A 3-day dietary diary collected dietary information. Samples of foods/drinks consumed were collected and analyzed for fluoride content. Results:Drinks provided 59%, 55% and 32% of dietary fluoride intake in optimally, sub-optimally and non-fluoridated areas respectively. Tap water, fruit squashes and cordials (extremely sweet non-alcoholic fruit flavoured drink concentrates) prepared with tap water, as well as cooked rice, pasta and vegetables were important sources of fluoride in optimally and sub-optimally fluoridated areas. Carbonated soft drinks and bread were the most important contributors to dietary fluoride intake in the non-fluoridated area. Conclusion:The main contributory sources to dietary fluoride differ between fluoridated and non-fluoridated areas. Estimating total fluoride intake from levels of fluoride in tap water alone is unlikely to provide a reliable quantitative measure of intake. Studies monitoring dietary fluoride exposure should consider intake from all foods and drinks. [source] The Prevalence of Dental Caries and Fluorosis in Japanese Communities with Up to 1.4 ppm of Naturally Occurring FluorideJOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH DENTISTRY, Issue 3 2000Akihito Tsutsui DDS Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the concentration of fluoride in drinking water and the prevalence of dental caries and fluorosis in seven Japanese communities with different concentrations of fluoride occurring naturally in the drinking water. Methods: A total of 1,060 10- to 12-year-old lifetime residents were examined to determine the prevalence of dental caries and fluorosis in communities with trace amounts to 1.4 ppm fluoride in the drinking water in 1987. Systemic fluorides (drops or tablets) have never been available in Japan and the market share of fluoride-containing toothpaste was 12 percent at the time of the study. Results: The prevalence of dental caries was inversely related and the prevalence of fluorosis was directly related to the concentration of fluoride in the drinking water. The mean DMFS in the communities with 0.8 to 1.4 ppm fluoride was 53.9 percent to 62.4 percent lower than that in communities with negligible amounts of fluoride. Multivariate analysis showed that water fluoride level was the strongest factor influencing DMFS scores. The prevalence of fluorosis ranged from 1.7 percent to 15.4 percent, and the increase in fluorosis with increasing fluoride exposure was limited entirely to the milder forms. Conclusions: The findings of this study conducted in 1987 in Japan parallel those reported by Dean et al. in the early 1940s. [source] The association between fluoride in drinking water and dental caries in Danish children.COMMUNITY DENTISTRY AND ORAL EPIDEMIOLOGY, Issue 3 2010Linking data from health registers, administrative registers, environmental registers Kirkeskov L, Kristiansen E, Břggild H, von Platen-Hallermund F, Sckerl H, Carlsen A, Larsen MJ, Poulsen S. The association between fluoride in drinking water and dental caries in Danish children. Linking data from health registers, environmental registers and administrative registers. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2010; 38: 206,212. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S Abstract,,, Objectives:, To study the association between fluoride concentration in drinking water and dental caries in Danish children. Methods:, The study linked registry data on fluoride concentration in drinking water over a 10-year period with data on dental caries from the Danish National Board of Health database on child dental health for 5-year-old children born in 1989 and 1999, and for 15-year-old children born in 1979 and 1989. The number of children included in the cohorts varied between 41.000 and 48.000. Logistic regression was used to assess the correlations, adjusting for gender and taxable family income as a proxy variable for socioeconomic status. Results:, Fluoride concentration in drinking water varied considerably within the country from very low (<0.10 mg/l) to more than 1.5 mg/l. Only little variation was found over the 10-year study period. Dental caries in both 5-year-olds and 15-year-olds decreased over the study period. An inverse relation between the risk of dental caries and fluoride concentration in drinking water was found in both primary and permanent teeth. The risk was reduced by approximately 20% already at the lowest level of fluoride exposure (0.125,0.25 mg/l). At the highest level of fluoride exposure (>1 mg/l), a reduction of approximately 50% was found. Similar findings were found if analysis was limited to children residing in the same place during the entire study period. Conclusions:, The study confirmed previous findings of an inverse relation between fluoride concentration in the drinking water and dental caries in children. This correlation was found in spite of the extensive use of fluoridated toothpaste and caries-preventive programs implemented by the municipal dental services in Denmark. Linking Danish health registers with environmental and administrative registers offers an opportunity for obtaining sample sizes large enough to identify health effect, which otherwise could not be identified. [source] Changing risk factors for fluorosis among South Australian childrenCOMMUNITY DENTISTRY AND ORAL EPIDEMIOLOGY, Issue 3 2008A. John Spencer Abstract,,, Background:, Research in the last decade has shown changing exposure patterns to discretionary fluorides and declining prevalence of fluorosis among South Australian children, raising the question of how risk factors for fluorosis have changed. Objective:, To examine and compare risk factors for fluorosis among representative samples of South Australian children in 1992/1993 and 2002/2003. Methods:, Similar sampling strategies and data collection methods were employed in the Child Fluoride Study (CFS) Marks 1 (1992/1993) and 2 (2002/2003). Participants in each CFS round were examined for fluorosis using the Thylstrup and Fejerskov (TF) Index. Exposure history was collected for fluoride in water, toothpaste, fluoride supplements and infant formula, allowing for a fluorosis risk assessment analysis. Data were re-weighted to represent the child population at each time. Changes in prevalence of fluorosis, defined as having a TF score of 1+ on maxillary central incisors, fluoride exposure and risk factors between the two rounds were evaluated. Result:, A total of 375 and 677 children participated in the 1992/1993 and 2002/2003 rounds respectively. Prevalence of fluorosis declined significantly from 45.3% to 25.9%. Reduced use of fluoride supplements and increased use of 400,550-ppm children F toothpaste were the most substantial fluoride exposure changes. Early toothpaste use, residence in fluoridated areas and fluoride supplement use were the risk factors in 1992/1993. Early toothpaste use and fluoride supplement use were not risk factors, leaving fluoridated water as the only risk factor among the common variables in 2002/2003. In an analysis stratified by the type of fluoridated toothpaste in 2002/2003, the large amount of toothpaste used was a risk factor in those who used 1000-ppm fluoridated toothpaste, and eating/licking toothpaste when toothpaste use started was a risk factor among children who used either 1000-ppm or 400,550-ppm fluoridated toothpaste. Conclusion:, Introduction of the 400,550-ppm F toothpaste and use of smaller amount of toothpaste restricted risk associated with early toothpaste use. Less use and possibly a stricter fluoride supplements regimen also restricted fluorosis risk. Periodic monitoring of risk of fluorosis is required to adjust guidelines for fluoride use in caries prevention. [source] The change from water to salt as the main vehicle for community-wide fluoride exposure in Basle, SwitzerlandCOMMUNITY DENTISTRY AND ORAL EPIDEMIOLOGY, Issue 6 2003J. Meyer No abstract is available for this article. [source] Longitudinal Study of Non-cavitated Carious Lesion Progression in the Primary DentitionJOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH DENTISTRY, Issue 2 2006John J. Warren DDS Abstract Objectives: This study reports changes in non-cavitated tooth surface diagnoses after a 4-year period. Methods: Dental examinations were conducted for Iowa Fluoride Study cohort children who had non-cavitated lesions in the primary dentition and were also examined an average of 4 years later in the mixed dentition. Comparison of fluoride exposures, socioeconomic factors, and beverage consumption patterns were made between children who had lesions progress and those who did not. Results: Of 129 non-cavitated pit and fissure lesions in the first exams, 40 (31%) progressed to either frank decay or filled status, while among 132 non-cavitated smooth surface lesions, 7 (5%) were filled and none had frank decay in the second exam. No fluoride, socioeconomic status or beverage variables were significantly Associated with lesion progression. Conclusions: Non-cavitated smooth surface lesions rarely progressed in this age group, but nearly one-third of pit and fissure lesions progressed. [source] Determining the optimal concentration of fluoride in drinking water in PakistanCOMMUNITY DENTISTRY AND ORAL EPIDEMIOLOGY, Issue 3 2004Ayyaz Ali Khan Abstract , Objectives:,This study was designed to determine the optimal concentrations of fluoride for drinking water in Pakistan. Clinical dental examination of 1020 school children aged 12 years was carried out in 19 cities of Pakistan. Correlation between concentrations of water fluoride, caries and fluorosis was investigated by analyzing the data on fluoride concentrations in drinking water in the sampled population for which the caries and the fluorosis levels were also measured. Methods:,The optimal level of fluoride in drinking water is universally calculated by applying the equation of Galagan and Vermillion, which permits the calculation of water intake as a function of temperature. The annual mean maximum temperatures (AMMT) recorded during the last 5 years were collected from the meteorological centres of the 28 divisional headquarter stations. The average AMMT of Pakistan is 29°C at which the optimal fluoride in drinking water of Pakistan was calculated to be 0.7 ppm. As drinking habits differ in various parts of the world, determination of optimal concentration of fluoride for drinking water in Pakistan was performed using a modified Galagan and Vermillion equation, which applies a correction factor of 0.56 to the equation. The optimal fluoride in drinking water in Pakistan using this modified equation was determined to be 0.39 ppm. Results:,Observation of the correlation showed that a fluoride concentration of 0.35 ppm in drinking water was associated with maximum reduction in dental caries and a 10% prevalence of fluorosis. Conclusions:,Determining the most appropriate concentrations of fluoride in drinking water is crucial for communities. It is imperative that each country calculates its own optimal level of fluoride in drinking water based on the dose,response relationship of fluoride in drinking water with the levels of caries and fluorosis. Climatic conditions, dietary habits of the population and other possible fluoride exposures need to be considered in formulating these recommendations. [source] | ||||||||||