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Fluorescens

Distribution by Scientific Domains
Life Sciences56%
Chemistry31%
Earth and Environmental Science7%
2 Other Domains6%
Distribution within Life Sciences
Microbial Ecology30%
Applied Microbiology21%
Plant Science7%

Kinds of Fluorescens

  • Pseudomona fluorescen
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  • p. fluorescen
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    Selected Abstracts

    Dynamic Chemical Devices: Photoinduced Electron Transfer and Its Ion-Triggered Switching in Nanomechanical Butterfly-Type Bis(porphyrin)terpyridines,

    CHEMISTRY - A EUROPEAN JOURNAL, Issue 7 2006
    Myriam Linke-Schaetzel Dr.
    Abstract A series of butterfly-type molecular constructs has been prepared in good yield by using a double Stille coupling synthetic protocol. They are composed of a terpyridine (terpy) scaffold and two wings composed of appended porphyrins that are capable of switching from an extended W geometry to a compact U geometry upon cation coordination of the terpy unit. The porphyrin moieties exist in the constructs either as free bases or they can be sequentially metallated, thus giving rise to wings of different "colours". Stationary and time-resolved emission studies of the HZn, ZnAu and Zn2Au constructs show that the electronic properties are strongly dependent on the geometry. In the extended W conformation an energy-transfer process is seen from the free base to the Zn-metallated porphyrin. In the U conformation in Zn2Au the donor luminescence resulting from the singlet excited state of the Zn wing is strongly, quenched not only due to the heavy atom effect but also due to a fast electron-transfer process to the ground state of the Au wing. Furthermore, the binding of (,,,)-diamine substrates to the ZnII,porphyrin sites can also influence the conformation of the system. For the Zn2Zn construct, single-crystal diffraction experiments with synchrotron radiation allowed the structure to be solved by direct methods and fully refined; it shows the expected U conformation. The central Zn atom is six-coordinate, whereby the zinc atom is coordinated by the ,3 -terpy ligand as well by monodentate and semi-chelating acetate anions. The structure is made rigid by hydrogen bonds involving the aqua ligands on the outer Zn centres and acetate oxygen atoms. The present system thus represents a double-trigger-modulated optomechanical switching device with selective substrate binding for either metal atoms or tailored ligands. Both energy- and electron-transfer processes can be controlled opening a means of improving the on/off ratio in future constructs. Une série d'architectures moléculaires, présentant une forme de papillon, a été préparée avec de bons rendements en utilisant une méthodologie synthétique comprenant comme étape clé un double couplage de Stille. Ces architectures sont composées d'un squelette terpyridine (terpy), qui compose le torse du papillon, sur lequel deux ailes porphyriniques ont été greffées; la géométrie peut varier entre une conformation étendue en forme de W, et une conformation compacte en forme de U, dû à la complexation du torse terpy par un cation de taille et coordination adéquate. Les ailes porphyriniques se présentent soit comme bases libres ou, peuvent être métallées successivement avec différentes métaux, pouvant ainsi avoir différentes "couleurs". Des études de fluorescence non seulement stationnaire mais aussi résolues dans le temps sur les architectures HZn, ZnAu et Zn2Au, montrent que les propriétés électroniques sont très dépendantes de la géométrie adoptée. Dans la conformation W étendue, nous avons mis en évidence un processus de transfert d'énergie de la porphyrine base libre vers la porphyrine metalée avec du Zn. Dans la conformation U de Zn2Au la luminescence de l'aile donneuse, à cause de l'état excité singulet, est fortement éteinte, non seulement à cause de l'effet d'atome lourd, mais aussi à cause d'un processus de transfert d'électron vers l'état fondamental de l'aile metalée avec de l'or. De plus, par compléxation avec des (,,,)-diamines des atomes de ZnIIdans les tetrapyrroles porphyrinques, la conformation induite du système peut être profondément influencée. Pour le composé Zn2Zn, que nous avons pu obtenir en monocristaux, des expériences de diffraction en utilisant comme source lumineuse un synchrotron, ont fourni des données qui ont permis de résoudre la structure par des méthodes directes et de la raffiner pour montrer la conformation en U attendue. L'atome central de Zn a une coordination de six dont trois provenant du ligand ,3 -terpy, et les autres de deux anions acetates, un monodenté et l'autre semi-chelatizé. La structure est ligotée par des multiples liaisons hydrogène entre des ligands aqueux sur les atomes de Zn externes et les atomes d'oxygène des anions acetates. Le système présenté est un double effecteur qui montre une commutation opto-mechanique dirigée soit par des ions métalliques, soit par d'autres ligands de taille adaptée. En même temps, les processus de transfert d'énergie et d'électrons peuvent être commuté en laissant de la place pour améliorer le rapport "on/off" dans de futures architectures. Abstract in Romanian:O serie de arhitecturi moleculare având o form, de fluture au fost preparate cu randamente bune utilizând o metodologie sintetic, cuprinzând ca etap, cheie un dublu cuplaj Stille. Aceste architecturi sunt compuse dintr-un schelet terpiridinic (terpy) alc,tuind trupul fluturelui, la care au fost implementate dou, aripi porfirinice care sunt capabile sa varieze între o conforma,ie extins, în forma de liter, W ,i o conformai,ie compact, în form, de litera U, datorit, complexarii trupului terpy printr-un cation de talie ,i coordina,ie adecvat,. Aripile porfirinice se prezintã fie ca base libere sau, datorita unei metalari succesive cu diferite metale, pot avea diferite "culori". Studii de fluorescen,a atât sta,ionar, cât ,i rezolvat, în timp, asupra arhitecturilor HZn, ZnAu ,i Zn2Au, arat, c, proprit,,ile electronice sunt foarte dependente de geometria adoptat,. In conforma,ia W extins,, am putut pune în eviden,, un proces de transfer de energie dinspre baza liber, c,tre porfirina metalat, cu Zn. In conforma,ia U a Zn2Au luminescen,a aripei donoare, datorate st,rii singulet excitate, este puternic stins, nu numai datorit, efectului de atom greu, cât ,i a unui proces de transfer de electron c,tre starea fundamental, a aripei metalat, cu aur. Pe deasupra, complexând (,,,)-diamine c,tre atomii de ZnIIîntre tetrapirolii porfirinici, sunt induse profunde influen,e asupra conforma,iei sistemului. Pentru compusul Zn2Zn, care a putut fi crescut monocristalin, experimente de difrac,ie folosind ca surs, luminoas, un sincrotron au condus la un set de date care a permis ca structura sa fie elucidat, prin metode directe ,i rafinat,, ar,tând conforma,ia în U a,teptat,. Atomul central de Zn are o coordina,ie de sase unde pe lang, lignadul ,3 -terpy, atomul de Zn este coordinat de c,tre doi anioni acetat, unul monodentat, iar cel,lalt semi-chelatizant. Structura este br,zdat, de leg,turi de hidrogen care implic, liganzii apo,i situa,i pe centrii de Zn exteriori, ,i atomii de oxigen din ionii acetat. Sistemul prezentat este un dutblu efector, ar,tând comutare opto-mecanic,, datorat, fie lig,rii prin ioni metalici, fie prin al,i liganzi perfect croitori,i. In acel,i timp, atât procese de transfer de energie, cât ,i de electroni, pot fi perfect comutate, l,sând loc pentru imbun,t,,irea raportului "on/off" în arhitecturi viitoare. [source]

    Critical aspects of analysis of Micrococcus luteus, Neisseria cinerea, and Pseudomonas fluorescens by means of capillary electrophoresis

    ELECTROPHORESIS, Issue 18-19 2004
    Verena Hoerr
    Abstract Within the frame of our study we investigated Microccocus luteus, Neisseria cinerea, and Pseudomonas fluorescens by means of capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE). They form chains and clusters on a different scale, which can be reflected in the electropherograms. A low buffer concentration of Tris-borate and Na2 EDTA containing a polymeric matrix of 0.0125% poly(ethylene) oxide (PEO) was used. Key factors were the standardization and optimization of CE conditions, buffer solution, and pretreatment of bacterial samples, which are not transferable to different bacterial strains, in general. The different compositions of the cell wall of on the one hand Gram-positive (M. luteus) and Gram-negative (N. cinerea) cocci and on the other hand Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria (P.fluorescens), are probably responsible for the different pretreatment conditions. [source]

    Pseudomonas fluorescens orchestrates a fine metabolic-balancing act to counter aluminium toxicity

    ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 6 2010
    Joseph Lemire
    Summary Aluminium (Al), an environmental toxin, is known to disrupt cellular functions by perturbing iron (Fe) homeostasis. However, Fe is essential for such metabolic processes as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and oxidative phosphorylation, the two pivotal networks that mediate ATP production during aerobiosis. To counter the Fe conundrum induced by Al toxicity, Pseudomonas fluorescens utilizes isocitrate lyase and isocitrate dehydrogenase-NADP dependent to metabolize citrate when confronted with an ineffective aconitase provoked by Al stress. By invoking fumarase C, a hydratase devoid of Fe, this microbe is able to generate essential metabolites. To compensate for the severely diminished enzymes like Complex I, Complex II and Complex IV, the upregulation of a H2O-generating NADH oxidase enables the metabolism of citrate, the sole carbon source via a modified TCA cycle. The overexpression of succinyl-CoA synthetase affords an effective route to ATP production by substrate-level phosphorylation in the absence of O2. This fine metabolic balance enables P. fluorescens to survive the dearth of bioavailable Fe triggered by an Al environment, a feature that may have potential applications in bioremediation technologies. [source]

    DNA sequence-based analysis of the Pseudomonas species

    ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 6 2010
    Magdalena Mulet
    Summary Partial sequences of four core ,housekeeping' genes (16S rRNA, gyrB, rpoB and rpoD) of the type strains of 107 Pseudomonas species were analysed in order to obtain a comprehensive view regarding the phylogenetic relationships within the Pseudomonas genus. Gene trees allowed the discrimination of two lineages or intrageneric groups (IG), called IG P. aeruginosa and IG P. fluorescens. The first IG P. aeruginosa, was divided into three main groups, represented by the species P. aeruginosa, P. stutzeri and P. oleovorans. The second IG was divided into six groups, represented by the species P. fluorescens, P. syringae, P. lutea, P. putida, P. anguilliseptica and P. straminea. The P. fluorescens group was the most complex and included nine subgroups, represented by the species P. fluorescens, P. gessardi, P. fragi, P. mandelii, P. jesseni, P. koreensis, P. corrugata, P. chlororaphis and P. asplenii. Pseudomonas rhizospherae was affiliated with the P. fluorescens IG in the phylogenetic analysis but was independent of any group. Some species were located on phylogenetic branches that were distant from defined clusters, such as those represented by the P. oryzihabitans group and the type strains P. pachastrellae, P. pertucinogena and P. luteola. Additionally, 17 strains of P. aeruginosa, ,P. entomophila', P. fluorescens, P. putida, P. syringae and P. stutzeri, for which genome sequences have been determined, have been included to compare the results obtained in the analysis of four housekeeping genes with those obtained from whole genome analyses. [source]

    Biofilm formation and cellulose expression among diverse environmental Pseudomonas isolates

    ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 11 2006
    Susanne Ude
    Summary The ability to form biofilms is seen as an increasingly important colonization strategy among both pathogenic and environmental bacteria. A survey of 185 plant-associated, phytopathogenic, soil and river Pseudomonas isolates resulted in 76% producing biofilms at the air,liquid (A,L) interface after selection in static microcosms. Considerable variation in biofilm phenotype was observed, including waxy aggregations, viscous and floccular masses, and physically cohesive biofilms with continuously varying strengths over 1500-fold. Calcofluor epifluorescent microscopy identified cellulose as the matrix component in biofilms produced by Pseudomonas asplenii, Pseudomonas corrugata, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas marginalis, Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonas savastanoi and Pseudomonas syringae isolates. Cellulose expression and biofilm formation could be induced by the constitutively active WspR19 mutant of the cyclic-di-GMP-associated, GGDEF domain-containing response regulator involved in the P. fluorescens SBW25 wrinkly spreader phenotype and cellular aggregation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA01. WspR19 could also induce P. putida KT2440, which otherwise did not produce a biofilm or express cellulose, as well as Escherichia coli K12 and Salmonella typhimurium LT2, both of which express cellulose yet lack WspR homologues. Statistical analysis of biofilm parameters suggest that biofilm development is a more complex process than that simply described by the production of attachment and matrix components and bacterial growth. This complexity was also seen in multivariate analysis as a species-ecological habitat effect, underscoring the fact that in vitro biofilms are abstractions of those surface and volume colonization processes used by bacteria in their natural environments. [source]

    Cadmium-regulated gene fusions in Pseudomonas fluorescens

    ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 4 2000
    Silvia Rossbach
    To study the mechanisms soil bacteria use to cope with elevated concentrations of heavy metals in the environment, a mutagenesis with the lacZ -based reporter gene transposon Tn5 -B20 was performed. Random gene fusions in the genome of the common soil bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens strain ATCC 13525 were used to create a bank of 5000 P. fluorescens mutants. This mutant bank was screened for differential gene expression in the presence of the toxic metal cadmium. Fourteen mutants were identified that responded with increased or reduced gene expression to the presence of cadmium. The mutants were characterized with respect to their metal-dependent gene expression and their metal tolerance. Half the identified mutants reacted with differential gene expression specifically to the metal cadmium, whereas some of the other mutants also responded to elevated concentrations of copper and zinc ions. One of the mutants, strain C8, also showed increased gene expression in the presence of the solvent ethanol, but otherwise no overlap between cadmium-induced gene expression and general stress response was detected. Molecular analysis of the corresponding genetic loci was performed using arbitrary polymerase chain reaction (PCR), DNA sequencing and comparison of the deduced protein products with sequences deposited in genetic databases. Some of the genetic loci targeted by the transposon did not show any similarities to any known genes; thus, they may represent ,novel' loci. The hypothesis that genes that are differentially expressed in the presence of heavy metals play a role in metal tolerance was verified for one of the mutants. This mutant, strain C11, was hypersensitive to cadmium and zinc ions. In mutant C11, the transposon had inserted into a genetic region displaying similarity to genes encoding the sensor/regulator protein pairs of two-component systems that regulate gene expression in metal-resistant bacteria, including czcRS of Ralstonia eutropha, czrRS of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and copRS of Pseudomonas syringae. Although the P. fluorescens strain used in this study had not been isolated from a metal-rich environment, it nevertheless contained at least one genetic region enabling it to cope with elevated concentrations of heavy metals. [source]

    Chemotactic response of plant-growth-promoting bacteria towards roots of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal tomato plants

    FEMS MICROBIOLOGY ECOLOGY, Issue 3 2003
    Sushma Gupta Sood
    Abstract The chemotactic responses of the plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria Azotobacter chroococcum and Pseudomonas fluorescens to roots of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (Glomus fasciculatum) tomato plants were determined. A significantly (P=0.05) greater number of bacterial cells of wild strains were attracted towards vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal tomato roots compared to non-vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal tomato roots. Substances exuded by roots served as chemoattractants for these bacteria. P. fluorescens was strongly attracted towards citric and malic acids, which were predominant constituents in root exudates of tomato plants. A. chroococcum showed a stronger response towards sugars than amino acids, but the response was weakest towards organic acids. The effects of temperature, pH, and soil water matric potential on bacterial chemotaxis towards roots were also investigated. In general, significantly (P=0.05) greater chemotactic responses of bacteria were observed at higher water matric potentials (0, ,1, and ,5 kPa), slightly acidic to neutral pH (6, 6.5 and 7), and at 20,30°C (depending on the bacterium) than in other environmental conditions. It is suggested that chemotaxis of P. fluorescens and A. chroococcum towards roots and their exudates is one of the several steps in the interaction process between bacteria and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal roots. [source]

    Porins of Pseudomonas fluorescens MFO as fibronectin-binding proteins

    FEMS MICROBIOLOGY LETTERS, Issue 1 2002
    J. Rebière-Huët
    Abstract Bacterial adherence is a complex phenomenon involving specific interactions between receptors, including matricial fibronectin, and bacterial ligands. We show here that fibronectin and outer membrane proteins of Pseudomonas fluorescens were able to inhibit adherence of P. fluorescens to fibronectin-coated wells. We identified at least six fibronectin-binding proteins with molecular masses of 70, 55, 44, 37, 32 and 28 kDa. The presence of native (32 kDa) and heat-modified forms (37 kDa) of OprF was revealed by immuno-analysis and the 44-kDa band was composed of three proteins, their N-terminal sequences showing homologies with Pseudomonas aeruginosa porins (OprD, OprE1 and OprE3). [source]

    Elevated zinc induces siderophore biosynthesis genes and a zntA -like gene in Pseudomonas fluorescens

    FEMS MICROBIOLOGY LETTERS, Issue 1 2000
    Silvia Rossbach
    Abstract Zinc-regulated genes were analyzed in Pseudomonas fluorescens employing mutagenesis with a reporter gene transposon. Six mutants responded with increased gene expression to elevated concentrations of zinc. Genetic and biochemical analysis revealed that in four of the six mutants the transposon had inserted into genes essential for the biosynthesis of the siderophore pyoverdine. The growth of one of the mutants was severely impaired in the presence of elevated concentrations of cadmium and zinc ions. In this mutant, the transposon had inserted in a gene with high similarity to P-type ATPases involved in zinc and cadmium ion transport. Four mutants reacted with reduced gene expression to elevated concentrations of zinc. One of these mutants was sensitive to zinc, cadmium and copper ions. The genetic region targeted in this mutant did not show similarity to any known gene. [source]

    Mutualistic symbiosis between Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas

    FOREST PATHOLOGY, Issue 5 2005
    B. G. Zhao
    Summary Interactions between the pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, and bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas were examined by cultivating axenic PWN and bacterial strains using callus of Pinus thunbergii. Ten (Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonas cepacia and Pseudomonas spp.) of the 29 bacterial strains tested, significantly increased the reproduction of PWN. The rest of the bacteria (19 strains of 10 species) inhibited the reproduction of PWN completely. The growth of 18 of the 29 bacterial strains tested, including the 10 strains promoting PWN reproduction, was significantly increased by the presence of PWN. It indicated a mutualistic symbiotic relationship between PWN and the 10 bacterial strains in the genus Pseudomonas. The bacterial mutualistic symbionts are organisms, which may have co-evolved with PWN rather than being accidentally associated. The finding provides further evidence for our hypothesis that pine wilt disease is complex, induced by both PWN and associated phytotoxin-producing bacteria. Résumé Les interactions entre le nématode des pins Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (PWN) et des bactéries du genre Pseudomonas ont étéétudiées en cultivant de manière axénique PWN et des souches bactériennes sur des cals de Pinusthunbergii. Dix souches bactériennes (Pseudomonas fluorescens, P. putida, P. cepacia et Pseudomonas spp.) sur les 29 testées ont significativement augmenté la reproduction de PNW. Le reste des bactéries (19 souches de 10 espèces) ont complètement inhibé la reproduction de PNW. La croissance de 18 souches bactériennes sur 29, incluant les 10 favorisant la reproduction de PNW, a été significativement augmentée en présence de PNW. Ceci indique une relation symbiotique mutualiste entre PNW et 10 souches bactériennes du genre Pseudomonas. Les symbiontes bactériens mutualistes pourraient être des organismes ayant coévolué avec PNW plutôt qu'associés de façon fortuite. Ces observations renforcent l'hypothèse selon laquelle le flétrissement des pins est une maladie complexe induite par PWN en association avec des bactéries productrices de phytotoxines. Zusammenfassung Die Interaktionen zwischen dem Kiefernsplintholznematoden (PWN, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) und Bakterien der Gattung Pseudomonas wurden in axenischen Kulturen des Nematoden mit verschiedenen Bakterienstämmen und Kallus von Pinus thunbergii untersucht. Zehn Bakterienstämme (Pseudomonas fluoreszens, Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonas cepacia und Pseudomonas spp.) von 29 getesteten Isolaten erhöhten die Reproduktion des PWN signifikant. Die übrigen Isolate (19 Stämme von 10 Arten) hemmten die Vermehrung des Nematoden vollständig. Das Wachstum von 18 der 29 getesteten Bakterienstämme (inkl. der 10 Stämme, welche die Vermehrung des Nematoden förderten), wurde durch die Präsenz des Nematoden signifikant erhöht. Dieser Befund deutet auf eine mutualistische Beziehung zwischen dem PWN und 10 Pseudomonas -Isolaten hin. Die mutualistischen bakteriellen Symbionten dürften sich wahrscheinlich in Coevolution mit dem Nematoden entwickelt haben. Dieser Befund unterstützt die Hypothese, dass die Kiefernwelke eine Komplexkrankheit darstellt, die sowohl durch B. xylophilus als auch die damit assoziierten phytotoxinbildenden Bakterien ausgelöst wird. [source]

    Screening wild cherry (Prunus avium) for resistance to bacterial canker by laboratory and field tests

    FOREST PATHOLOGY, Issue 6 2004
    F. Santi
    Summary Currently, bacterial canker caused by Pseudomonas syringae is a major cause of dieback and tree death in wild cherry (Prunus avium) plantations. The evaluation of breeding collections is needed to produce less susceptible clones or cultivars. Resistance tests were performed using excised shoots (1 and 2 years old) from 79 clones in the laboratory. A subset of 10 clones was also tested in the field. The clones were inoculated with four to seven isolates of a set of 15 isolates of P. s. pv. morsprunorum, P. s. pv. syringae, P. s. pv. persicae, P. syringae pv. avii and P. fluorescens. In the laboratory tests, older and larger shoots were more susceptible. In the field test, size and age of the shoots were not related to girdling by the bacterial canker. Two-year-old shoots were best for clonal discrimination. Correlations between 1 and 2-year-old shoots were significant but not high. The isolates varied a lot between experiments, but as the clone × isolate interactions were always low, breeding could thus be facilitated. The ranking of clones was conserved quite well between two laboratory tests, but not between two others. Good agreement was found for the best clones in the laboratory tests and in the field test. However, the two worst clones in the latter were among the best in one laboratory test. At least two independent tests in the laboratory are needed to evaluate resistance/susceptibility of clones. Broad sense heritability for resistance varied from 0.27 to 0.51. Although moderate, such heritability clearly encourages a breeding approach to reduce the problem of bacterial canker. Résumé Le chancre bactérien (Pseudomonas syringae) est une cause majeure de dépérissement dans les plantations de merisier du nord de la France. Nous devons évaluer les collections pour produire des variétés moins sensibles. Des branches coupées de un ou deux ans de 79 clones ont été testées au laboratoire. Dix de ces clones ont également été testés dans un test en extérieur. Les clones ont été inoculés avec un total de 15 isolats de P. s. pv. morsprunorum, P. s. pv. syringae, P. s. pv. persicae, P. s. pv. avii et P. fluorescens. Les plus fortes infections, mesurées par la longueur du chancre, ont été observées sur les branches les plus âgées et les plus épaisses, mais la taille et l'âge des branches n'ont eu aucune influence sur la note de ceinturation du test au champ. Les branches de deux ans se sont révélées meilleures pour discriminer les clones. Les corrélations entre moyennes de clones avec les branches de un et deux ans étaient significatives mais pas très élevées. Les isolats variaient beaucoup entre expériences, mais comme les interactions clone × bactérie étaient toujours faibles, la sélection clonale en devrait être facilitée. Le classement des clones était bien conservé entre deux tests de laboratoire, mais pas entre deux autres. Le classement entre tests au laboratoire et au champ se trouvait conservé, mais les deux plus mauvais clones dans ce dernier ont été bien classés dans un test de laboratoire, ce qui signifie qu'un seul test a laboratoire est insuffisant pour l'évaluation des clones. Les héritabilités au sens large variaient de 0.27 à 0.51. Bien que modérées, de telles héritabilités encouragent clairement à sélectionner des génotypes moins sensibles pour solutionner le problème du chancre bactérien. Zusammenfassung Der durch Pseudomonas syringae verursachte Bakterienkrebs ist eine der häufigsten Ursachen für das Absterben von Süsskirschen (Prunus avium) in Pflanzungen. Die Prüfung von Zuchtformen auf Resistenz ist nötig, um weniger anfällige Klone und Sorten zu fördern. Die Resistenz von 79 Klonen wurde im Labor an abgeschnittenen ein- und zweijährigen Trieben getestet. Zehn Klone wurden auch im Feld getestet. Die Klone wurden mit je vier bis sieben von insgesamt 15 Isolaten von P. s. pv. morsprunorum, P. s. pv. syringae, P. s. pv. persicae, P. s. pv. avii und P. fluorescens inokuliert. In den Labortests waren die älteren, dickeren Triebe anfälliger, währenddem in den Feldversuchen weder Alter noch Dicke der Triebe eine Rolle spielten. Zweijährige Triebe eigneten sich zur Differenzierung der Klone hinsichtlich ihrer Resistenz besser. Korrelationen zwischen ein- und zweijährigen Trieben waren signifikant aber nicht hoch. Die Reaktionen auf die Isolate variierten stark zwischen den Experimenten, aber die statistisch nachgewiesenen Wechselwirkungen zwischen Klonen und Isolaten waren stets schwach, was die Züchtung neuer Klone erleichtern dürfte. In zwei Labortests erzielten die Klone analoge Bewertungen, währenddem sie in zwei anderen Labortests unterschiedlich reagierten. Die Resultate aus Labor- und Feldversuchen stimmten für die resistentesten Klone gut überein, die anfälligsten Klone im Feldversuch waren jedoch unter den resistentesten in den Laborversuchen. Es sind also mindestens zwei unabhängige Labortests nötig, um den Grad der Resistenz eines Klones zu bestimmen. Der Vererbarkeit der Resistenz variierte zwischen 0.27 und 0.51. Obschon diese Werte moderat sind, sollen sie dazu ermuntern, mittels Züchtung auf eine Reduktion von durch den Bakterienkrebs bedingten Ausfällen hinzuarbeiten. [source]

    Mobilization of metals from uranium mine waste: the role of pyoverdines produced by Pseudomonas fluorescens

    GEOBIOLOGY, Issue 4 2010
    F. EDBERG
    Microorganisms produce chelating agents, such as siderophores and other ligands, which allow them to mobilize and scavenge essential elements from the environment when bioavailability is low. To better understand the effects of biologically mediated leaching of metals from mine waste, Pseudomonas fluorescens was cultivated in the presence of processed ore from the former uranium mine in Ranstad, southern Sweden. Light conditions, the concentration of the mineral source and oxygen availability were varied. The presence of ore in the culture flasks enhanced bacterial growth and raised the pH of the culture medium. Increasing the amount of ore or enhancing aeration of the medium further encouraged cell growth and pH rise. Bacteria mobilized Fe, Ni and Co from the ore. Fe-siderophore complexes were detected and estimated to be present at approximately 9 ,m. In the presence of bacteria and light, dissolved Fe and U concentrations were higher compared to dark conditions. Increasing the amount of ore resulted in higher dissolved Ni concentrations but lower dissolved Fe, most likely due to precipitate formation. Data from this study support siderophore production by bacteria that allowed mobilization of essential nutrients from the processed ore. However, the availability of potentially toxic metals like Ni and U may also be enhanced. Microbial-promoted mobilization could contribute to leaching of toxic metals in current and historic mining areas. This process should be considered during design and implementation of remediation projects where trace metals are of environmental concern. [source]

    Comparative genomics-guided loop-mediated isothermal amplification for characterization of Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola

    JOURNAL OF APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 3 2009
    X. Li
    Abstract Aims:, To design and evaluate a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) protocol by combining comparative genomics and bioinformatics for characterization of Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola (PSP), the causal agent of halo blight disease of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Methods and Results:, Genomic sequences of Pseudomonas syringae pathovars, P. fluorescens and P. aeruginosa were analysed using multiple sequence alignment. A pathovar-specific region encoding pathogenicity-related secondary metabolites in the PSP genome was targeted for developing a LAMP assay. The final assay targeted a polyketide synthase gene, and readily differentiated PSP strains from other Pseudomonas syringae pathovars and other Pseudomonas species, as well as other plant pathogenic bacteria, e.g. species of Pectobacterium, Erwinia and Pantoea. Conclusion:, A LAMP assay has been developed for rapid and specific characterization and identification of PSP from other pathovars of P. syringae and other plant-associated bacteria. Significance and Impact of the Study:, This paper describes an approach combining a bioinformatic data mining strategy and comparative genomics with the LAMP technology for characterization and identification of a plant pathogenic bacterium. The LAMP assay could serve as a rapid protocol for microbial identification and detection with significant applications in agriculture and environmental sciences. [source]

    Degradation of naphthenic acids by sediment micro-organisms

    JOURNAL OF APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 5 2006
    L.F. Del Rio
    Abstract Aims:, Naphthenic acids (NAs) are naturally occurring, linear and cyclic carboxylic surfactants associated with the acidic fraction of petroleum. NAs account for most of the acute aquatic toxicity of oil sands process-affected water (OSPW). The toxicity of OSPW can be reduced by microbial degradation. The aim of this research was to determine the extent of NA degradation by sediment microbial communities exposed to varying amounts of OSPW. Methods and Results:, Eleven wetlands, both natural and process-affected, and one tailings settling pond in Northern Alberta were studied. The natural wetlands and process-affected sites fell into two distinct groups based on their water chemistry. The extent of degradation of a 14C-labelled monocyclic NA surrogate [14C-cyclohexane carboxylic acid (CCA)] was relatively uniform in all sediments (approximately 30%) after 14 days. In contrast, degradation of a bicyclic NA surrogate [14C-decahydronaphthoic acid (DHNA)]was significantly lower in non process-affected sediments. Enrichment cultures, obtained from an active tailings settling pond, using commercially available NAs as the sole carbon source, resulted in the isolation of a co-culture containing Pseudomonas putida and Pseudomonas fluorescens. Quantitative GC,MS analysis showed that the co-culture removed >95% of the commercial NAs, and partially degraded the process NAs from OSPW with a resulting NA profile similar to that from ,aged wetlands'. Conclusions:, Exposure to NAs induced and/or selected micro-organisms capable of more effectively degrading bicyclic NAs. Native Pseudomonas spp. extensively degraded fresh, commercial NA. The recalcitrant NAs resembled those found in process-affected wetlands. Significance and Impact of the Study:, These results suggest that it may be possible to manipulate the existing environmental conditions to select for a microbial community exhibiting higher rates of NA degradation. This will have significant impact on the design of artificial wetlands for water treatment. [source]

    The role of host organism, transcriptional switches and reporter mechanisms in the performance of Hg-induced biosensors

    JOURNAL OF APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 6 2004
    M. Harkins
    Abstract Aims:, The purpose of this study was to comprehensively compare the response of nine biosensors capable of being induced by Hg. Induction by Hg was based upon the insertion of merR, merB, zntA and zntR promoter genes. LuxCDABE or lucFF reporter genes expressed luminescence, and host organisms were Escherichia coli, Vibrio anguillarum and Pseudomonas fluorescens. The role of transcriptional switches, reporter mechanism and host organism was to be investigated. Methods and Results:, All biosensors were subjected to the same assay conditions. Sensors had their own individual growth characteristics and response to the doses of Hg tested. Maximum bioluminescence response was induced by concentrations of Hg between 2·5 nm and 5 ,m. E. coli pRB28 was found to detect levels of Hg as low as 1·6 nm and yet was capable of operating in a concentration range of up to 12·5 ,m. Conclusions:, The response of the sensors demonstrated their suitability for analysis under environmentally relevant concentrations. The sensitivity of the sensors, the optimum range and the expediency of the assay could not be related to a single sensor trait. It may be concluded that biosensor performance is dependent on more than one of the single factors studied. Significance and Impact of the Study:, The results show that comparative testing of sensors is an important step in evaluating the relevance and performance of biosensors prior to routine environmental application. [source]

    Intrinsic and acquired resistance to quaternary ammonium compounds in food-related Pseudomonas spp.

    JOURNAL OF APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 4 2003
    S. Langsrud
    Abstract Aims: To determine the sensitivity of a strain used for disinfectants testing (Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15442) and food-associated isolates to benzalkonium chloride and didecyl dimethylammonium chloride (DDAC). To determine whether the increase in bacterial resistance after adaptation to DDAC can be associated with phenotypic changes. To test the activity of alternative disinfectants to eliminate resistant Pseudomonas spp. Methods and Results:Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15442 was among the most resistant strains tested using a bactericidal suspension test. Growth of a sensitive Ps. fluorescens in gradually higher concentrations of DDAC resulted in stable higher resistance and to some cross-resistance to several antibacterial agents, with the exception of disinfectants containing chloramine T, glutaraldehyde or peracetic acid. It was shown by microscopy that adaptation was followed by loss of flagella, and slime formation. Removal of the slime by sodium dodecyl sulphate resulted in partial loss of the acquired resistance. Conclusions:Pseudomonas spp. may adapt to survive against higher concentrations of quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs), but resistant strains can be eliminated with chemically unrelated disinfectants. Significance and Impact of the Study: The work supports the rotation of disinfectants in food processing environments for avoiding the development of bacterial resistance to QACs. The alternating disinfectants should be chosen carefully, because of possible cross-resistance. [source]

    Performance characteristics of cholesterol oxidase for kinetic determination of total cholesterol

    JOURNAL OF CLINICAL LABORATORY ANALYSIS, Issue 6 2005
    Pornpen Srisawasdi
    Abstract The enzymatic method for cholesterol determination can use either an endpoint or a kinetic method. Not much is known concerning the properties (Km and Vmax) of the commercial enzyme for the kinetic method. We measured the Km and Vmax of Brevibacterium, Streptomyces, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Cellulomonas cholesterol oxidase. Brevibacterium gave the highest Km value (230.3×10,4,M), followed by Streptomyces (2.17×10,4,M), Cellulomonas (0.84×10,4,M), and Pseudomonas (0.61×10,4,M). The Km values and the linearity obtained from Streptomyces (2.6,mmol/L), Pseudomonas (2.1,mmol/L), or Cellulomonas (2.1,mmol/L) were too low. Dichlorophenol isomers, acting as inhibitors, increased the enzyme's Km. The addition of 3,4-dichlorophenol raised the Km of Streptomyces from 2.17×10,4 to 24.89×10,4,M. The linearity was increased from 2.6 to 13.0,mmol/L. The high Km of Brevibacterium resulted in an insensitive reaction and low cholesterol linearity (7.8,mmol/L). An increase in the sample-to-reagent ratio from 1:100 to 1:10 enhanced the reaction rate and the linearity from 7.8 to 20.7,mmol/L. We suggest that Brevibacterium and Streptomyces cholesterol oxidase (with the addition of 3,4 dichlorophenol) are good sources for serum cholesterol determination by the kinetic method. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 19:247,252, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]

    MHC-linked susceptibility to a bacterial infection, but no MHC-linked cryptic female choice in whitefish

    JOURNAL OF EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY, Issue 1 2004
    C. Wedekind
    Abstract Non-random gamete fusion is one of several potential cryptic female choice mechanisms that have been postulated and that may enhance the survival probability of the offspring. Previous studies have found that gamete fusion in mice is influenced by genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region. Here we test (i) whether there is MHC-dependent gamete fusion in whitefish (Coregonus sp.) and (ii) whether there is a link between the MHC and embryo susceptibility to an infection by the bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens. We experimentally bred whitefish and reared sibships in several batches that either experienced or did not experience strong selection by P. fluorescens. We then determined the MHC class II B1 genotype of 1016 surviving larvae of several full sibships. We found no evidence for MHC-linked gamete fusion. However, in one of seven sibships we found a strong connection between the MHC class II genotype and embryo susceptibility to P. fluorescens. This connection was still significant after correcting for multiple testing. Hence, the MHC class II genotype can considerably influence embryo survival in whitefish, but gamete fusion seems to be random with respect to the MHC. [source]

    MICROBIOLOGICAL AND PATHOGENIC CONTAMINANTS OF SEAFOOD IN GREECE

    JOURNAL OF FOOD QUALITY, Issue 1 2007
    C. PAPADOPOULOU
    ABSTRACT A total of 360 samples, including 105 marine fish, 25 prawns, 50 squid, 50 octopus, 30 mussels and 100 freshwater fish were examined microbiologically for the presence of microorganisms potentially pathogenic. All samples were examined following standard microbiological procedures. The isolated microorganisms were: Aeromonas hydrophilia (38,93%), Klebsiella ozonae (1,40%), Escherichia coli (14,87%), Yersinia enterocolitica (0,40%), Hafnia alvei (0,36.6%), Enterobacter agglomerans (0,42%), Citrobacter freundii (0,46%), Proteus vulgaris (15,80%), Proteus mirabilis (7,82%), Morganella morganii (0,30%), Pseudomonas fluorescens (0,34%), Pseudomonas putida (0,6%), Plesiomonas shigelloides (0,4%), Listeria innocua (1,3.3%), Vibrio parahaemolyticus (0,2%), Clostridium perfringens (0,1%), Staphylococcus aureus (0,80%) and Candida quillermondi (0,1%), Candida albicans (0,1%), Penicillium oxalicum (0,1%) and Penicillium italicum (0,12%). [source]

    ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY AND BINDING ABILITY OF BOVINE LACTOFERRIN AGAINST PSEUDOMONAS SPP.

    JOURNAL OF FOOD SAFETY, Issue 1 2008
    WOAN-SUB KIM
    ABSTRACT The antibacterial activity of bovine lactoferrin was tested against Pseudomonas fluorescens and Pseudomonas syringae. The activity was studied by monitoring the growth of a Pseudomonas spp. in the presence or absence of bovine apo-lactoferrin, bovine holo-lactoferrin or native-lactoferrin in liquid media at different concentrations. Lactoferrin-binding proteins in the membrane fractions of Pseudomonas spp. were detected using far-Western blot analysis. The addition of bovine lactoferrin to the medium inhibited the growth of all tested strains. Furthermore, the growth of P. fluorescens and P. syringae was strongly inhibited by bovine apo-lactoferrin. The estimated molecular weights of lactoferrin-binding proteins in P. fluorescens were 70, 49, 47 and 25 kDa, and 70, 48 and 28 kDa in P. syringae. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Pseudomonas fluorescens is an important psychrotrophic bacterium responsible for undesirable flavors in milk and dairy products. Thus, flavor and texture defects, such as bitterness and running paste, were also reported. In addition, Pseudomonas syringae causes various diseases on many different susceptible plant species, generally producing chlorotic and necrotic lesions on leaves and fruits. The resultant bacterial spoilage causes considerable economic losses for the food and dairy industries. At present, antiseptics and agricultural chemicals are used for defense of foods and vegetables from these bacteria, but such substances are known to deleteriously affect the human body. The results of this study demonstrate that bovine lactoferrin significantly inhibits the growth of P. fluorescens and P. syringae. The results indicate that the incorporation of bovine lactoferrin is expected to protect dairy products, food and fruits from pathogenic bacteria. [source]

    Use of Bean Sprout Enterobacteriaceae Isolates as Biological Control Agents of Pseudomonas fluorescens

    JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 1 2004
    K. ENOMOTOArticle first published online: 28 JUN 200
    ABSTRACT: Bean sprouts were cultivated under in vitro conditions as a model system to study the mechanism of bacteria-mediated spoilage in bean sprouts. Pseudomonas fluorescens, or Erwinia spp., were inoculated onto sprouts at several stages during cultivation. Five strains of Enterobacteriaceae isolated from the native microflora of sprouts prevented Pseudomonas -mediated spoilage by co-inoculating these cultures on seeds that were soaking in water. The population of P. fluorescens in co-inoculated liquid medium culture with a strain (B1) decreased slightly. The results indicated that the Enterobacteriaceae isolates tested played an important role in preventing Pseudomonas -mediated spoilage by growing competitively with P. fluorescens. [source]

    Microbial and Sensory Assessment of Milk with an Electronic Nose

    JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 2 2002
    F. Korel
    ABSTRACT: An electronic nose (e-nose) was used to assess milk odor inoculated with Pseudomonas fluorescens or Bacillus coagulans, and odors were correlated with microbial loads and sensory scores. Sterile whole, reduced-fat, and fat-free milk were inoculated, stored at 1.7, 7.2, and 12.8 °C, and evaluated at d 0, 3, 5, 7, and 10 by e-nose and sensory panel. Aerobic plate counts were performed. E-nose readings, microbial counts, and sensory data were analyzed using discriminant function analysis. The e-nose discriminated differences in odor due to microbial load and sensory data. This may lead to a rapid method for determining sensory evaluation and microbial loads of milk. [source]

    Development of Biogenic Amines in Yellowfin Tuna (Thunnus albacares): Effect of Storage and Correlation with Decarboxylase-Positive Bacterial Flora

    JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 1 2002
    W.-X. Du
    ABSTRACT: The effects of storage at 0,4,10, and 22°C for 0,1,3,5, and 9 d on the quality of yellowfin tuna fillets as determined by microbiological assessment, development of some biogenic amines, and sensory analysis were studied. Tuna fillets stored at 22 °C for 3 d, 10 °C for 5 d, and 4 °C for 9 d were rated unacceptable for consumption. Those stored at 22 °C for 3 d had total aerobic bacterial count of > 8 log10 CFU/g, a histamine-producing bacterial population of 7 log10 CFU/g, and 832 ppm of histamine, 35.8 ppm of putrescine, and 147 ppm of cadaverine. A comparison of the capillary electrophoresis, AOAC fluorometric method, and gas chromatography showed a very good correlation (r2 > 0.99) among these 3 methods for histamine quantitation in tuna samples. Morganella morganii, Enterobacter agglomerans, Enterobacter intermedium, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Proteins vulgaris, and Serratia liquefaciens were the decarboxylase-positive bacterial species isolated by using the Niven's medium and identified during storage, which were responsible for histamine production in test tuna fillets. [source]

    Inactivation Kinetics of Foodborne Spoilage and Pathogenic Bacteria by Ozone

    JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 3 2000
    J.-G. Kim
    ABSTRACT: Ozone was tested against Pseudomonas fluorescens, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, and Listeria monocytogenes. When kinetic data from a batch reactor were fitted to a dose-response model, a 2-phased linear relationship was observed. A continuous ozone reactor was developed to ensure a uniform exposure of bacterial cells to ozone and a constant concentration of ozone during the treatment. Survivors plots in the continuous system were linear initially, followed by a concave downward pattern. Exposure of bacteria to ozone at 2.5 ppm for 40 s caused 5 to 6 log decrease in count. Resistance of tested bacteria to ozone followed this descending order: E. coli O157:H7, P. fluorescens, L. mesenteroides, and L. monocytogenes. [source]

    Antibacterial activities and total phenolic contents of grape pomace extracts

    JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, Issue 14 2004
    Gülcan Özkan
    Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the total phenolic contents and antibacterial effects of grape pomace extracts (cultivars Emir and Kalecik karasi) against 14 bacteria, and the effects of the extracts on the growth and survival of two of the bacteria during storage. The total phenolic contents of grape pomace of Emir and Kalecik karasi cultivars extracted with acetone/water/acetic acid (90:9.5:0.5) were 68.77 and 96.25 mg GAE g,1, respectively. The agar well diffusion method was used to test the antibacterial activity of the extracts at 1, 2.5, 5, 10 and 20% (w/v) concentrations in methanol on spoilage and pathogenic bacteria including Aeromonas hydrophila, Bacillus cereus, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli O157:H7. Mycobacterium smegmatis, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus and Yersinia enterocolitica. All the bacteria tested were inhibited by extract concentrations of 2.5, 5, 10 and 20%, except for Y enterocolitica which was not inhibited by the 2.5% concentration. However, pomace extracts at 1% concentration had no antibacterial activity against some of the bacteria. According to the agar well diffusion method, E coli O157:H7 was the most sensitive of the bacteria. Generally, using the serial dilution method, while the extracts at 0.5% concentration had bacteriostatic activities on E coli O157:H7 and S aureus, the extracts appeared to have bactericidal effects at 1 and 2.5% concentrations. In accordance with this method, S aureus was more sensitive than E coli O157:H7 to the extracts. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry [source]

    Regulation of pyrimidine nucleotide formation in Pseudomonas reptilivora

    LETTERS IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 2 2004
    T.P. West
    Abstract Aims:, To study the regulation of de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis in the pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas reptilivora ATCC 14836. Methods and Results:, The pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway enzymes were assayed in extracts of Ps. reptilivora ATCC 14836 cells and of cells from an auxotroph lacking aspartate transcarbamoylase activity. Pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway enzyme activities in ATCC 14836 were influenced by the addition of pyrimidine bases to the culture medium with orotic acid addition inducing dihydroorotase activity. Pyrimidine starvation of the transcarbamoylase mutant strain increased its de novo enzyme activities suggesting that the de novo pathway was also subject to repression by a pyrimidine-related compound. Aspartate transcarbamoylase activity in ATCC 14836 was inhibited in vitro by pyrophosphate and ATP. Conclusions:, Regulation of pyrimidine biosynthesis in Ps. reptilivora was observed at the level of enzyme synthesis and at the level of activity for aspartate transcarbamoylase. Its regulation of enzyme synthesis seemed to be more highly controlled than what was observed in the related species Ps. fluorescens. Significance and Impact of the Study:, This investigation found that pyrimidine biosynthesis is controlled in Ps. reptilivora. This could prove helpful to future studies exploring its pathogenicity. [source]

    Synthesis of Polycaprolactone Using Free/Supported Enzymatic and Non-Enzymatic Catalysts

    MACROMOLECULAR RAPID COMMUNICATIONS, Issue 24 2004
    María Laura Foresti
    Abstract Summary: Polymerization of caprolactone using lipases from Candida antarctica B, Rhizomucor meihei, Candida rugosa, and Pseudomonas fluorescens is highly effective, with 97% conversion into polycaprolactone. Poly(propylene)-supported Candida rugosa lipase achieves higher conversion values (85,92%) than free lipase (75%). Acidic and basic non-conventional catalysis with butanol yields 50,85% conversion. Simple UV/visible techniques gave the same results for measuring conversion than other studies. Applications are opened for the non-conventional catalysts. Mechanism of the polymerization of caprolactone polymerization using a basic catalyst. [source]

    Disease resistance to bacterial pathogens affected by the amount of ferredoxin-I protein in plants

    MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY, Issue 1 2007
    HSIANG-EN HUANG
    SUMMARY Ferredoxin-I (Fd-I) is a fundamental protein that is involved in several metabolic pathways. The amount of Fd-I found in plants is generally regulated by environmental stress, including biotic and abiotic events. In this study, the correlation between quantity of Fd-I and plant disease resistance was investigated. Fd-I levels were increased by inoculation with Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae but were reduced by Erwinia carotovora ssp. carotovora. Transgenic tobacco over-expressing Fd-I with the sense sweet pepper Fd-I gene (pflp) was resistant to E. carotovora ssp. carotovora and the saprophytic bacterium P. fluorescens. By contrast, transgenic tobacco with reduced total Fd-I and the antisense pflp gene was susceptible to E. carotovora ssp. carotovora and P. fluorescens. Both of these transgenic tobaccos were resistant to P. syringae pv. syringae. By contrast, the mutated E. carotovora ssp. carotovora, with a defective harpin protein, was able to invade the sense- pflp transgenic tobacco as well as the non-transgenic tobacco. An in vitro kinase assay revealed that harpin could activate unidentified kinases to phosphorylate PFLP. These results demonstrate that Fd-I plays an important role in the disease defence mechanism. [source]

    Role of 2,4-Diacetylphloroglucinol-Producing Fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. in the Defense of Plant Roots

    PLANT BIOLOGY, Issue 1 2007
    D. M. Weller
    Abstract: Plants have evolved strategies of stimulating and supporting specific groups of antagonistic microorganisms in the rhizosphere as a defense against diseases caused by soilborne plant pathogens owing to a lack of genetic resistance to some of the most common and widespread soilborne pathogens. Some of the best examples of natural microbial defense of plant roots occur in disease suppressive soils. Soil suppressiveness against many different diseases has been described. Take-all is an important root disease of wheat, and soils become suppressive to take-all when wheat or barley is grown continuously in a field following a disease outbreak; this phenomenon is known as take-all decline (TAD). In Washington State, USA and The Netherlands, TAD results from the enrichment during monoculture of populations of 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (2,4-DAPG)-producing Pseudomonas fluorescens to a density of 105 CFU/g of root, the threshold required to suppress the take-all pathogen, Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici. 2,4-DAPG-producing P. fluorescens also are enriched by monoculture of other crops such as pea and flax, and evidence is accumulating that 2,4-DAPG producers contribute to the defense of plant roots in many different agroecosystems. At this time, 22 distinct genotypes of 2,4-DAPG producers (designated A - T, PfY and PfZ) have been defined by whole-cell repetitive sequence-based (rep)-PCR analysis, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of phlD, and phylogenetic analysis of phlD, but the number of genotypes is expected to increase. The genotype of an isolate is predictive of its rhizosphere competence on wheat and pea. Multiple genotypes often occur in a single soil and the crop species grown modulates the outcome of the competition among these genotypes in the rhizosphere. 2,4-DAPG producers are highly effective biocontrol agents against a variety of plant diseases and ideally suited for serving as vectors for expressing other biocontrol traits in the rhizosphere. [source]

    In vitro antibacterial effect of berberine hydrochloride and enrofloxacin to fish pathogenic bacteria

    AQUACULTURE RESEARCH, Issue 7 2010
    Defeng Zhang
    Abstract Berberine the main antibacterial substance in the rhizome of Coptis chinensis Franch, is used as an antimicrobial agent for a long time. This study was carried out to investigate the potential of berberine alone or in combination with enrofloxacin against six common fish pathogens for use in fish disease management in aquaculture. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of berberine hydrochloride against Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Vibrio vulnificus, Edwardsiella ictaluri, Escherichia coli and Streptococcus agalactiae were determined and to be >500, >500, >500, 300, 400 and 100 ,g mL,1 respectively. The minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) of berberine hydrochloride to E. coli, E. ictaluri and S. agalactiae were 300,500 ,g mL,1. In combination with enrofloxacin, the MICs and MBCs of berberine hydrochloride significantly decreased against E. coli and E. ictaluri but not against Streptococcus dysgalactiae. These results demonstrated that the berberine hydrochloride enhanced the bactericidal effect of enrofloxacin and vice versa. The synergistic bactericidal effect of berberine hydrochloride and enrofloxacin suggest its potential use in fish disease management in aquaculture. This is the first study on the inhibitory effect of berberine hydrochloride against fish pathogenic bacteria. [source]