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Flow Map (flow + map)
Selected AbstractsInvestigation of multiphase hydrogenation in a catalyst-trap microreactorJOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY, Issue 3 2009S. McGovern BACKGROUND: Multiphase hydrogenation plays a critical role in the pharmaceutical industry. A significant portion of the reaction steps in a typical fine chemical synthesis are catalytic hydrogenations, generally limited by resistances to mass and heat transport. To this end, the small-scale and large surface-to-volume ratios of microreactor technology would greatly benefit chemical processing in the pharmaceutical and other industries. A silicon microreactor has been developed to investigate mass transfer in a catalytic hydrogenation reaction. The reactor design is such that solid catalyst is suspended in the reaction channel by an arrangement of catalyst traps. The design supports the use of commercial catalyst and allows control of pressure drop across the bed by engineering the packing density. RESULTS: This paper discusses the design and operation of the reactor in the context of the liquid-phase hydrogenation of o-nitroanisole to o-anisidine. A two-phase ,flow map' is generated across a range of conditions depicting three flow regimes, termed gas-dominated, liquid-dominated, and transitional, all with distinctly different mass transfer behavior. Conversion is measured across the flow map and then reconciled against the mass transfer characteristics of the prevailing flow regime. The highest conversion is achieved in the transitional flow regime, where competition between phases induces the most favorable gas,liquid mass transfer. CONCLUSION: The results are used to associate a mass transfer coefficient with each flow regime to quantify differences in performance. This reactor architecture may be useful for catalyst evaluation through rapid screening, or in large numbers as an alternative to macro-scale production reactors. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Volumetric flow mapping for microvascular networks by bimodality imaging with light microscope and laser doppler imagerMICROSCOPY RESEARCH AND TECHNIQUE, Issue 3 2004Ying Sun Abstract A method was developed to produce a composite image of microvascular networks with grayscales proportional to volumetric flows. Velocities in arterioles and venules were assessed with a high-resolution laser Doppler imager (LDI). The vascular structures were quantified from the micrograph with a computerized vessel detection algorithm. After registering the detected vascular network with the LDI scan, volumetric flows were calculated along the centerlines of the vessels. In vivo data were obtained from the hamster cheek pouch in 6 studies. Flow continuity of the flow map was evaluated by comparing the main flow (Q) with the sum of branch flows (Qs), averaging over the respective vessel segments incident to each bifurcation. The method was reproducible across the 6 studies with the correlation coefficient (r) between Qs and Q ranging from 0.913 to 0.986. In all, over 20,000 flow estimates from 360 vessel segments (24,160 ,m in diameter) at 166 bifurcations were analyzed. With flow normalized between 0 and 1, the linear regression yielded: Qs = 1.03 Q + 0.006; r = 0.952, n = 166, P < 0.0005. The bimodality imaging method exploits a large amount of velocity and diameter data, and therefore should be useful for studying heterogeneous flows in the microvasculature. Microsc. Res. Tech. 65:130,138, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Fluid flow in an impacting symmetrical tee junction III: three-phase air/water/oil flowASIA-PACIFIC JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, Issue 4 2009A. P. Doherty Abstract Results are presented on three-phase air/oil/water horizontal flow in a 0.026 m i.d. symmetrical impacting tee junction. The flow regimes observed agreed with an existing three-phase flow map. The inversion from water-dominated (WD) to oil-dominated (OD) flow was at an oil-to-liquid volumetric ratio of fo = 0.285. The inversion was at a low fo value because of the relatively tranquil conditions studied. Retention of oil on the pipe wall at the air/water two-phase condition at fo = 0 resulted in a dramatic increase in the pressure drop above that expected for the two-phase flow. The pressure drop in the tee junction arms increased with liquid-flow rate. The actual tee junction pressure drop showed a similar pattern to that observed in the inlet arm. The pressure drop was relatively constant in the OD region but showed a dramatic increase in the WD and inversion regions at low fo values. Non-dimensionalising the junction pressure drop as le/d gave a similar pattern but the scatter of data increased. The tee pressure loss data were modelled using the Lockhart-Martinelli ,G parameter and gave similar but different correlations for the WD and OD regions. Copyright © 2009 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Heat Flow Pattern in the Mainland of China and Its Geodynamic SignificanceACTA GEOLOGICA SINICA (ENGLISH EDITION), Issue 2 2000WANG Yang Abstract On the basis of 723 heat flow measurements in the mainland of China and over 2000 data from the global heat flow data set, the authors compiled the heat flow map of the mainland of China and its adjacent areas to exhibit the overall variation of the heat flow pattern in the mainland. The heat flow pattern of the mainland is complex, and can not be simply summarized as "low in the north and west and high in the south and east". Significant difference exists between eastern and western China in the spatial pattern of heat flow. Divided by the 105°E meridian, heat flow values in eastern China show a westward-decreasing trend; and a northward variation is observed in western China. The high-heat flow regions correspond to tectonically active belts such as Cenozoic orogens and extensional basins, where mantle heat flow is high; and the low-heat flow regions correspond to stable units such as the Tarim and Yangtze platforms. This heat flow pattern is controlled by India-Asia collision in the west and Pacific plate subduction in the east. The lateral variation in lithospheric strength corresponds to the heat flow variation, and there is a generally reversely proportional relation between heat flow and lithospheric strength in the mainland of China. The mosaic pattern of present deformation in the mainland results from lateral rheological heterogeneity. The good coincidence between weak strength domains and seismic zones demonstrates the intrinsic relation between the strength heterogeneity and regional seismicity pattern in the mainland of China. [source] Characterizing the diffusion/perfusion mismatch in experimental focal cerebral ischemiaANNALS OF NEUROLOGY, Issue 2 2004Xiangjun Meng MD Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and perfusion-weighted imaging (PWI) can rapidly detect lesions in acute ischemic stroke patients. The PWI volume is typically substantially larger than the DWI volume shortly after onset, that is, a diffusion/ perfusion mismatch. The aims of this study were to follow the evolution of the diffusion/ perfusion mismatch in permanent and 60- minute temporary focal experimental ischemia models in Sprague-Dawley rats using the intraluminal middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) method. DWI and arterial spin-labeled PWI were performed at 30, 60, 90, 120, and 180 minutes after occlusion and lesion volumes (mm3) calculated At 24 hours after MCAO, and infarct volume was determined using triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. In the permanent MCAO group, the lesion volume on the ADC maps was significantly smaller than that on the cerebral blood flow maps through the first 60 minutes after MCAO; but not after 90 minutes of occlusion. With 60 minutes of transient ischemia, the diffusion/perfusion mismatch was similar, but after reperfusion, the lesion volumes on ADC and cerebral blood flow maps became much smaller. There was a significant difference in 24- hour infarct volumes between the permanent and temporary occlusion groups. [source] | |||||||||||||