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Floristic Differences (floristic + difference)
Selected AbstractsAssessing the relationship between forest types and canopy tree beta diversity in AmazoniaECOGRAPHY, Issue 4 2010Thaise Emilio Planning of conservation priorities has often taken mapped forest types as surrogates for biological complementarity. In the Brazilian Amazon, these exercises have given equal weight to each forest type as if they were all equally distinct. Here, we examine floristic similarity between forest types to assess the reliability of vegetation maps as a surrogate for canopy tree-community composition. We analyzed floristic differences at the genus level between twelve Amazonian forest types using 1184 one-hectare inventories of large trees with three complementary approaches. First, we compared a map of floristic composition, from a uni-dimensional NMDS ordination of the inventories, with a map of coarser-level forest types commonly recognized as distinct by classification systems across Amazonia. Using Mantel and means-difference tests, we next examined the distance-decay of floristic similarity for all paired samples and for the pairs drawn from within and between twelve more finely divided forest types. Finally, we examined the degree of floristic separation of each pair of the twelve forest types using non-parametric analysis of variance. Maps of floristic composition and coarse-level forest types were highly congruent. At the finer level of classification, similarity was only slightly higher when pairs were drawn from the same versus from different forest types. This was true for all geographic distances. Nonetheless, eighty percent of the 66 paired combinations of forest types were significantly different in the unreduced genus-space and nearly half showed little or no overlap in a two-dimensional ordination. Three types were most distinct from all others: white sand, seasonally dry, and bamboo-dominated forests. Here, we show that forest types exhibit variable degrees of separation. For this reason, treating all fine-level forest types as equally distinct results in poor representation of canopy tree beta diversity. We recommend explicitly considering the degree of floristic separation between all forest types , as presented here for Amazonian flora , as a way to improve the use of this biodiversity surrogate. [source] A comparison of taiga flora in north-eastern Russia and Alaska/YukonJOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY, Issue 7 2003David K. Swanson Abstract Aim, To understand the similarities and differences between the taiga floras of far north-eastern Asia and north-western North America in the light of their Tertiary and Quaternary histories. Does the taiga flora follow the tundra pattern (Asian,American commonality of species as a result of continuity through the Quaternary), the temperate forest pattern (distinct species because of late Tertiary disjunction), a combination of these two patterns, or some pattern unique to the taiga? Location, The taiga regions of interior Alaska and the Yukon in North America (the ,Alaskan taiga'), and the Kolyma and eastern Indigirka River basins in Russia (the ,Kolyma taiga'). The study areas include both forested and unforested habitats below elevational treeline. The two regions have similar climate and topography and were linked via the Bering Land Bridge in the Tertiary and for several extended periods during Quaternary cold periods. Methods, Systematic comparison of the vascular floras of the two regions from published sources; and review of palaeoecological literature for the region. Results, Of the 796 species found in the study areas, 27% occur only in the Alaskan taiga, 35% occur only in the Kolyma taiga, and 38% occur in both the regions. The following subsets of species show a high proportion of species in common between the study areas (subsets are not mutually exclusive): plants that occur on the tundra and the taiga, non-flowering plants, abundant taiga understory plants, and wetland and aquatic plants. A lower proportion of shared plants was noted for warm, south-facing steppe communities. No tree species are common to both areas. Main conclusions, The Bering Strait region in the Quaternary has acted as a biogeographical filter for taiga plants. Significant divergence between northeast Asia and northwest North America has developed among the more southerly ranging fraction of the flora (e.g. trees), while the more cosmopolitan and the most cold-adapted elements of the taiga flora are common to both areas. Many plants in the former group have been disjunct between Asia and North America for millions of years, while many plants in the latter group have probably maintained continuity between the study areas via the Bering Land Bridge through much of the late Tertiary and Quaternary periods. Repeated extirpation of the less cold-adapted species from both study areas during Pleistocene cold periods has probably enhanced floristic differences between the two regions. [source] Effects of mesoscale environmental heterogeneity and dispersal limitation on floristic variation in rain forest fernsJOURNAL OF ECOLOGY, Issue 1 2006MIRKKA M. JONES Summary 1Field studies to evaluate the roles of environmental variation and random dispersal in explaining variation in the floristic composition of rain forest plants at landscape to regional scales have yet to reach a consensus. Moreover, only one study has focused on scales below 10 km2, where the effects of dispersal limitation are expected to be easiest to observe. 2In the present study, we estimate the importance of differences in some key environmental variables (describing canopy openness, soils and topography) relative to the geographical distances between sample plots as determinants of differences in pteridophyte (ferns and fern allies) species composition between plots within a c. 5.7 km2 lowland rain forest site in Costa Rica. 3To assess the relative importance of environmental vs. geographical distances in relation to the length of environmental gradient covered, we compared the results obtained over the full range of soil types, including swamps, with those for upland soils alone. 4Environmental variability was found to be a far stronger predictor of changes in floristic differences than the geographical distance between sample plots. In particular, differences in soil nutrient content, drainage and canopy openness correlated with floristic differences. 5The decline in mean floristic similarity with increasing geographical distance was stronger than proposed by the random dispersal model over short distances (up to c. 100 m), which is probably attributable to both dispersal limitation and environmental changes. The scatter around the mean was large at all distances. 6Our initial expectation was that the effects of dispersal limitation (represented by geographical distance) on observed patterns of floristic similarity would be stronger, and those of environmental differences weaker, than at broader spatial scales. Instead, these results suggest that the niche assembly view is a more accurate representation of pteridophyte communities at local to mesoscales than the dispersal assembly view. [source] Post-fire regeneration of Mediterranean plant communities at a regional scale is dependent on vegetation type and drynessJOURNAL OF VEGETATION SCIENCE, Issue 1 2007Xavier Arnan Abstract Question: We tested whether (1) the change in composition and structure of whole plant communities after fire is directly related to regeneration of the dominant tree species in the canopy; (2) the change in structure and composition of plant communities several years after fire decreases with the proportion of obligate seeders and (3) the proportion of obligate seeders in plant communities increases with the dryness gradient. Location: Catalonia (NE Spain) Methods: We measured floristic differences between burned and long-since burned sites in eight vegetation types across a climate gradient. We compared 22 sites burnt in 1994 in paired plots with 22 sites that had not been burnt since the 1940s. In each site we placed plots in burned and long-since burned areas, where we identified the presence and abundance of all plant species. Results: When the tree canopy recovers, structure and composition of the vegetation also return to the long-since burned community; when tree canopy does not recover, composition of the post-fire community varies compared to the long-since burned one. A higher proportion of obligate seeders in the pre-fire community promotes quicker regeneration of the original community. The proportion of obligate seeders increased along the dryness gradient. Conclusions: Regeneration of plant communities after fire depends on the vegetation type before the fire. Regeneration increases when the dominant tree or shrub species persists after fire and with a higher proportion of obligate seeders in the pre-fire community. The proportion of obligate seeders varies along the dryness gradient, which suggests that vegetation in drier areas (when seeders are more abundant) recovers earlier than in moister areas. [source] Riqueza y Distribución Ecológica de Especies de Pteridofitas en la Zona del Río Yavarí-Mirín, Amazonía PeruanaBIOTROPICA, Issue 5 2007Glenda G. Cárdenas ABSTRACT We studied the ecological distribution of pteridophytes (ferns and fern allies) along eight 8-km transects covering 12.7 ha in Peruvian Amazonia. Subunits of 200 m2 of the transects have previously been classified into four different forest types, and here we document and quantify the floristic differences among these forest types. Pteridophytes have been suggested as an indicator group to classify rain forest habitats, but this requires that the ecological preferences of the species are well documented and consistent across geographic regions. Here we analyzed in detail the distribution and diversity patterns of 130 species across the four rain forest types. Relative species abundance and species diversity were similar among some of the forest types and differed among others, but the species composition differed markedly. Our results largely confirmed the earlier interpretation of the edaphic preferences of the pteridophyte species in western Amazonia. This supports the proposition that deterministic processes have an important role in influencing the floristic composition of Amazonian forests. RESUMEN Estudiamos la distribución ecológica de las pteridofitas (helechos y plantas afines) a lo largo de ocho transectos de 8 km cada uno, cubriendo un área total de 12.7 ha en la Amazonía peruana. Subunidades de 200 m2 de los transectos fueron anteriormente clasificadas en cuatro tipos diferentes de bosques, y aquí documentamos y cuantificamos las diferencias florísticas entre estos tipos de bosques. Las pteridofitas han sido recomendadas como un grupo indicador para clasificar los hábitat del bosque húmedo tropical, pero esto requiere que las preferencias ecológicas de las especies sean bien documentadas y consistentes a través de las regiones geográficas. Aquí analizamos en detalle los patrones de distribución y diversidad de 130 especies a través de los cuatro tipos de bosques. La abundancia relativa y la diversidad de especies fueron similares entre algunos de los tipos de bosque y diferentes entre otros, pero la composición florística difirió marcadamente. Nuestros resultados confirmaron en gran parte la previa interpretación de las preferencias edáficas de las especies de pteridofitas en la Amazonía occidental. Esto apoya la propuesta de que procesos deterministas influyen de manera importante en la composición florística de los bosques amazónicos. [source] Avian Foraging Behavior in Two Different Types of Coffee Agroecosystem in Chiapas, MexicoBIOTROPICA, Issue 2 2007Thomas V. Dietsch ABSTRACT This study describes the foraging ecology of birds during summer and winter in two different types of coffee agroecosystems in Chiapas, Mexico. Avian foraging behavior is documented in two agroecosystems of differing management intensity, structurally similar but with different levels of floristic diversity, during summer and winter seasons. The distribution of tree species used by birds was more even, and birds used a greater diversity of tree species, in the more diverse coffee shade system. Much of the variation in resource use derived from shifts in the use of flowers and fruit, highlighting the importance in resource phenology for birds. Insectivory was more frequent in winter than summer for the coffee layer, and in summer for the shade layer. Given the vegetative structural similarity of the two coffee agroecosystems included in this study, floristic differences probably accounted for much of the difference in the bird communities between the management systems, especially given the strong seasonal response to flowering and fruiting. This work suggests that plentiful and diverse food resources associated with the high diversity of plant species may facilitate coexistence of the high number of bird species found in shade-grown coffee agroecosystems. RESUMEN Este estudio describe la ecología de forraje de las aves durante el verano y el invierno en dos tipos diferentes de agroecosistemas de café en Chiapas, México. En este estudio se documenta el comportamiento de forraje de aves en dos agroecosistemas con intensidades de manejo diferentes, similares estructuralmente pero con niveles diferentes de diversidad florística, durante la temporada de verano e invierno. En el sistema más diverso de café con sombra las aves utilizaron una mayor diversidad de especies de árboles y estos estaban distribuídos mas uniformememnte que en el sistema con menor diversidad florística. La mayor parte de la variabilidad en el uso de recurso se debió a cambios en la utilización de flores y frutos, acentuando la importancia que tiene la fenología de las plantas para las aves. Al nivel de los cafetos, el consumo de insectos fué más frecuente en el invierno que en el verano, pero al nivel del dosel de los árboles de sombra el consumo fue mayor en el verano. Dada la similitud en la estructura vegetativa de estos dos agroecosistemas y dada la fuerte respuesta de las aves a la producción de flores y frutos, es muy probable que las diferencias observada se deban principalmente a las diferencias en la diversidad florística entre los dos sistemas. Este trabajo sugiere que la gran abundancia y diversidad de recursos alimentarios asociados a una alta diversidad de plantas facilita la coexistencia de un grán número de especies de aves in los agroecosistemas de café con sombra. [source] | ||||||||||