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Flexor Tendon (flexor + tendon)
Kinds of Flexor Tendon Selected AbstractsUltrasonographic Morphometric Measurements of Digital Flexor Tendons and Ligaments of the Palmar Metacarpal Region in Haflinger HorsesANATOMIA, HISTOLOGIA, EMBRYOLOGIA, Issue 4 2010S. Boehart With 2 figures and 3 tables Summary The aim of the study was to determine morphometric values of the superficial and deep digital flexor tendon, the inferior check ligament and the suspensory ligament in the palmar metacarpal region of sound Haflinger horses using ultrasonography and to assess the influence of different factors on them. The findings were compared with the literature. A total of 30 sound Haflinger mares aged 4,20 years were used. Transverse ultrasound images were obtained with an 8,10 linear MHz transducer and the cross-sectional area, the circumference and the dorsopalmar and lateromedial width were determined for each structure at six regions of interest (ROI) in both forelimbs. The coefficient of variation was <3%. The structures were compared between each other and the values of each structure at the ROIs. Age, height at the withers, body mass index, diameter of the Os metacarpale III and the circumference of the mid-metacarpal region showed significant influences on some of the parameters. Reference values for the tendons and ligaments in the palmar metacarpal region in sound Haflinger mares were obtained and the influence of different factors was tested. Description of the dimensional relationship between the structures and comparison of the data with the literature provide knowledge required for adequate veterinary care. [source] Size isn't everything: The importance of the hindlimb accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendonEQUINE VETERINARY EDUCATION, Issue 12 2008R. K. W. Smith No abstract is available for this article. [source] Collateral desmitis of the distal interphalangeal joint in conjunction with concurrent ossification of the cartilages of the foot in nine horsesEQUINE VETERINARY EDUCATION, Issue 9 2008T. S. Mair Summary The purpose of this study was to describe the frequency of occurrence of severe ossification of the collateral cartilages (sidebone) coexistent with collateral desmitis of the distal interphalangeal joint (DIPJ) in lame horses. Sidebone was diagnosed and graded on standard radiographs and soft tissue injuries of the foot were diagnosed using standing low-field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Of 15 horses with forelimb lameness and severe sidebone, 9 had evidence of concurrent collateral desmitis of the DIPJ. All 15 horses had damage to other structures (including the deep digital flexor tendon, distal sesamoidean impar ligament, collateral sesamoidean ligament, navicular bone and distal phalanx) within the affected feet as identified on MRI. The clinical and pathophysiological significance of concurrent collateral desmitis of the DIPJ and sidebone is currently uncertain. However, this study shows that injuries to multiple structures within the foot are common and that collateral desmitis of the distal interphalangeal joint is frequently seen in lame horses in conjunction with severe ossification of the collateral cartilages. [source] Injection of the insertion of the deep digital flexor tendon in horses using radiographic guidanceEQUINE VETERINARY EDUCATION, Issue 7 2008J. D. C. Anderson Summary Insertional tendinopathies of the DDFT have been reported both as the sole lesion and as part of a multifocal lesion (Dyson et al. 2003). Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging allow specific diagnosis of deep digital flexor tendon lesions within the hoof capsule; however, direct intralesional treatment of such lesions is difficult because of the hoof's rigid structure. A technique designed to mimic intralesional injection of insertional tendinopathies of the DDFT in the standing horse using radiographic guidance was assessed. Radiographic and contrast CT imaging and sectioning of the limbs confirmed accurate injection in all cases although inadvertant administration of injectate into adjacent structures was also evident. [source] Influence of the position of the foot on MRI signal in the deep digital flexor tendon and collateral ligaments of the distal interphalangeal joint in the standing horseEQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL, Issue 5 2009M. SPRIET Summary Reasons for performing study: Hyperintense signal is sometimes observed in ligaments and tendons of the equine foot on standing magnetic resonance examination without associated changes in size and shape. In such cases, the presence of a true lesion or an artifact should be considered. A change in position of a ligament or tendon relative to the magnetic field can induce increased signal intensity due to the magic angle effect. Objectives: To assess if positional rotation of the foot in the solar plane could be responsible for artifactual changes in signal intensity in the collateral ligaments of the distal interphalangeal joint and in the deep digital flexor tendon. Methods: Six isolated equine feet were imaged with a standing equine magnetic resonance system in 9 different positions with different degrees of rotation in the solar plane. Results: Rotation of the limb induced a linear hyperintense signal on all feet at the palmar aspect of one of the lobes of the deep digital flexor tendon and at the dorsal aspect of the other lobe. Changes in signal intensity in the collateral ligaments of the distal interphalangeal joint occurred with rotation of the limb only in those feet where mediolateral hoof imbalance was present. Conclusions: The position and conformation of the foot influence the signal intensity in the deep digital flexor tendon and in the collateral ligaments of the distal interphalangeal joint. Potential relevance: The significance of increased signal intensity in the deep digital flexor tendon and in the collateral ligaments of the distal interphalangeal joint should be interpreted with regard to the position and the conformation of the foot. [source] Influence of track surface on the equine superficial digital flexor tendon loading in two horses at high speed trotEQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL, Issue 3 2009N. Crevier-Denoix Summary Reasons for performing study: Although track surfaces are a risk factor of tendon injuries, their effects on tendon loading at high speed are unknown. Using a noninvasive ultrasonic technique, it is now possible to evaluate the forces in the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) in exercise conditions. Objectives: To compare the effects of an all-weather waxed track (W) vs. a crushed sand track (S), on the SDFT loading in the trotter horse at high speed. Methods: Two trotter horses were equipped with the ultrasonic device (1 MHz ultrasonic probe, fixed on the palmar metacarpal area of the right forelimb). For each trial, data acquisition was made at 400 Hz and 10 consecutive strides were analysed. In each session, the 2 track surfaces were tested in a straight line. The speed was imposed at 10 m/s and recorded. The right forelimb was also equipped with a dynamometric horseshoe and skin markers. The horse was filmed with a high-speed camera (600 Hz); all recordings were synchronised. Statistical differences were tested using the GLM procedure (SAS; P<0.05). Results: Maximal tendon force was significantly lower on W compared with S. In addition to maximal force peaks around mid-stance, earlier peaks were observed, more pronounced on S than on W, at about 13%(horse 2) and 30% (both horses) of the stance phase. Comparison with kinematic data revealed that these early peaks were accompanied by plateaux in the fetlock angle-time chart. For high tendon forces, the tendon maximal loading rate was significantly lower on W than on S. Conclusions and potential clinical relevance: The all-weather waxed track appears to induce a lesser and more gradual SDFT loading than crushed sand. The SDFT loading pattern at high speed trot suggests proximal interphalangeal joint movements during limb loading. [source] Superficial digital flexor tendon lesions in racehorses as a sequela to muscle fatigue: A preliminary studyEQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL, Issue 6 2007M. T. Butcher Summary Reasons for performing study: Racing and training related lesions of the forelimb superficial digital flexor tendon are a common career ending injury to racehorses but aetiology and/or predisposing causes of the injury are not completely understood. Objectives: Although the injury takes place within the tendon, the lesion must be considered within the context of the function of the complete suspensory system of the distal limb, including the associated muscles. Methods: Both muscle and tendon function were investigated in vivo using implanted strain gauges in 3 Thoroughbred horses walking, trotting and cantering on a motorised treadmill. These data were combined with assessments of muscle architecture and fibre composition to arrive at an overview of the contribution of each muscle-tendon unit during locomotion. Results: The superficial digital flexor muscle has fatigue-resistant and high force production properties that allow its tendon to store and return elastic energy, predominantly at the trot. As running speed increases, deep digital flexor tendon force increases and it stabilises hyperextension of the fetlock, thus reinforcing the superficial digital flexor in limb load support. The deep digital flexor muscle has fast contracting properties that render it susceptible to fatigue. Conclusion: Based on these measurements and supporting evidence from the literature, it is proposed that overloading of the superficial digital flexor tendon results from fatigue of the synergistic, faster contracting deep digital flexor muscle. Potential relevance: Future research investigating distal limb system function as a whole should help refine clinical diagnostic procedures and exercise training approaches that will lead to more effective prevention and treatment of digital flexor tendon injuries in equine athletes. [source] Magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of 264 horses with foot pain: The podotrochlear apparatus, deep digital flexor tendon and collateral ligaments of the distal interphalangeal jointEQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL, Issue 4 2007S. DYSON Summary Reasons for performing study: To improve understanding of the interrelationships between injuries of the podotrochlear apparatus and deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT). Hypotheses: There is a difference in frequency of different types of lesions at different anatomical sites of the DDFT. Lesions of the collateral sesamoidean ligament (CSL), distal sesamoidean impar ligament (DSIL), distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint and navicular bursa are seen in association with lesions of the navicular bone. Methods: The magnetic resonance (MR) images of 264 horses with unilateral or bilateral foot pain were analysed and graded. Descriptive statistics were performed to establish the frequency of occurrence of DDFT lesion types at different anatomical levels, and lesions of the CSL, DSIL, navicular bursa, DIP joint and collateral ligaments (CLs) of the DIP joint. A Chi-square test was used to test for a difference in the proportion of navicular bone grades between limbs with and without DDFT lesions at each level, and to compare navicular bone grades for limbs with and without each of DSIL, CSL, navicular bursa or DIP joint lesions. Results: Lesions of the DDFT occurred in 82.6% of limbs, occurring most commonly at the level of the CSL (59.4%) and the navicular bone (59.0%). Core lesions predominated at the level of the proximal phalanx (90.3%), whereas at the level of the CSL and navicular bone core lesions, sagittal splits and dorsal abrasions were most common. There was a positive association between DDFT lesions and navicular bone pathology involving all aspects of the bone. Lesions of the DSIL (38.2% limbs) were more common than those of the CSL (10.5%), but the presence of either was associated with abnormalities of the navicular bone, especially involving the proximal or distal borders and the medulla. Conclusions and clinical relevance: There are close interactions between injuries of the components of the podotrochlear apparatus, the DDFT, the navicular bursa and the DIP joint. Further knowledge about the biomechanical risk factors for injury may have importance for both disease prevention and management. [source] Association of type of sport and performance level with anatomical site of orthopaedic injury diagnosisEQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL, Issue S36 2006R. C. MURRAY Summary Reason for performing study: Although anecdotal reports of increased orthopaedic injury risk in equine sports exist, there is little scientific evidence to support this. Objectives: To test whether horses undertaking a single competitive sport have increased risk of specific injuries compared to those used for general purpose riding (GP); and whether injury type varies with sport category and performance level. Methods: Data from 1069 records of horses undergoing orthopaedic evaluation (1998,2003) and meeting inclusion criteria were reviewed. Sport category (GP, showjumping, dressage, eventing, racing), level (nonelite or elite) and diagnosis were recorded. Effects of sport category and level on probability of a specific diagnosis were assessed using chisquared tests. Logistic regression was used to determine which competitive sports and levels increased risk of injury compared with GP. Results: Overall there was a significant effect of sport category and level on diagnosis (P<0.0001). There was significant difference between anatomical site injured and sport category (P<0.0001); a high risk of forelimb superficial digital flexor tendon injury in elite eventing (P<0.0001) and elite showjumping (P=0.02); distal deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT) injury in elite showjumping (P=0.002); and hindlimb suspensory ligament injury in elite (P<0.0001) and nonelite (P=0.001) dressage. There was a low risk of tarsal injury in elite eventing (P=0.01) and proximal DDFT injury in dressage (P = 0.01). Conclusions: Horses competing in different sports are predisposed to specific injuries; particular sports may increase the risk of injury at certain anatomical sites; and the type and site of injury may reflect the type and level of performance. Potential relevance: These findings could guide clinicians in the diagnosis of sport related injuries. [source] Two clinical manifestations of desmopathy of the accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon in the hindlimb of 23 horsesEQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL, Issue 6 2005E. ELIASHAR Summary Reasons for performing study: Desmopathy of the accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon (ALDDFT) in the hindlimb is an unusual cause of lameness in horses, and reports of the condition are sparse. Objectives: To describe the clinical and ultrasonographic findings, therapy and outcome of 23 horses treated for desmopathy of the ALDDFT in the hindlimb. Methods: Records of 23 horses with ultrasonographic evidence of desmopathy of the ALDDFT in one or both hindlimbs from 3 referral centres were reviewed retrospectively. Age, breed, sex, duration and nature of clinical signs, results of clinical and lameness examinations, treatment and outcome were recorded. Results: In 13 horses (Group A), there was an acute onset of unilateral lameness. Ten horses (Group B) had an insidious or sudden onset of postural abnormality. There were 10 cobs, 5 British native-breed ponies and 8 horses of various larger breeds. Twenty horses were used for general purposes, and mean age was 12 years. Enlargement of the ALDDFT in the affected hindlimb(s) was identified in all horses. In 44% of horses, ultrasonographic abnormalities were localised to part of the ALDDFT. Treatment included box-rest and controlled exercise, and 10 horses were subjected to desmotomy or desmectomy of the ALDDFT. Seventy-three percent of horses in Group A returned to full function, while 90% of those in Group B remained lame. Conclusions: Two distinct clinical conditions are associated with the ALDDFT of the hindlimb. Traumatically induced injury resulting in acute onset lameness appears to have a favourable prognosis, with most horses returning to previous work. However, postural changes, once present, are irreversible and indicate a poor prognosis. Potential relevance: Desmopathy of the ALDDFT should be recognised as a potential cause of hindlimb lameness and this study provides clinical and prognostic information. Knuckling and/or semiflexion of the metatarsophalangeal joint may accompany the condition; therefore, if a horse is presented with a flexural deformity of this joint, desmopathy of the ALDDFT should be considered as a primary differential diagnosis. [source] Sulfated polysaccharides inhibit the catabolism and loss of both large and small proteoglycans in explant cultures of tendonFEBS JOURNAL, Issue 15 2006Tom Samiric This study investigated the effects of two highly sulfated polysaccharides, calcium pentosan polysulfate and heparin, on the loss of newly synthesized proteoglycans from the matrix of explant cultures of bovine tendon. The tensional region of deep flexor tendon was incubated with [35S]sulfate for 6 h and then placed in culture for up to 15 days. The amount of radiolabel associated with proteoglycans lost to the medium and retained in the matrix was determined for each day in culture. It was shown that both sulfated polysaccharides at concentrations of 1000 µg·mL,1 inhibited the loss of 35S-labeled large and small proteoglycans from the matrix and concomitant with this was a retention of chemical levels of proteoglycans in the explant cultures. In other explant cultures that were maintained in culture in the presence of both agents for more than 5 days after incubation with [35S]sulfate, inhibition of the intracellular catabolic pathway was evident, indicating that these highly sulfated polysaccharides also interfered with the intracellular uptake of small proteoglycans by tendon cells. [source] Large aggregating and small leucine-rich proteoglycans are degraded by different pathways and at different rates in tendonFEBS JOURNAL, Issue 17 2004Tom Samiric This work investigated the kinetics of catabolism and the catabolic fate of the newly synthesized 35S-labelled proteoglycans present in explant cultures of tendon. Tissue from the proximal region of bovine deep flexor tendon was incubated with [35S]sulfate for 6 h and then placed in explant cultures for periods of up to 15 days. The amount of radiolabel associated with proteoglycans and free [35S]sulfate lost to the medium and retained in the matrix was determined for each day in culture. It was shown that the rate of catabolism of radiolabelled small proteoglycans (decorin and biglycan) was significantly slower (T½ > 20 days) compared with the radiolabelled large proteoglycans (aggrecan and versican) that were rapidly lost from the tissue (T½ , 2 days). Both the small and large newly synthesized proteoglycans were lost from the matrix with either intact or proteolytically modified core proteins. When explant cultures of tendon were maintained either at 4 °C or in the presence of the lysosomotrophic agent ammonium chloride, inhibition of the cellular catabolic pathway for small proteoglycans was demonstrated indicating the involvement of cellular activity and lysosomes in the catabolism of small proteoglycans. It was estimated from these studies that approximately 60% of the radiolabelled small proteoglycans that were lost from the tissue were degraded by the intracellular pathway present in tendon cells. This work shows that the pathways of catabolism for large aggregating and small leucine-rich proteoglycans are different in tendon and this may reflect the roles that these two populations of proteoglycans play in the maintenance of the extracellular matrix of tendon. [source] Development of the shields for tendon injury repair using polyvinyl alcohol , hydrogel ( PVA-H)JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH, Issue 4 2001Masanori Kobayashi Abstract In recent years, marked advances have been made in repair techniques for tendon injury, but the treatment of finger flexor tendon injury is still one of the most difficult and important problems in the orthopedic field. The main problem in tendon repair is adhesion between the tendon and surrounding tissue. To prevent this adhesion and achieve tendon union, we developed adhesion preventive shields for tendon repair using polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel ( PVA-H) with 90% water content, and carried out an implant experiment using the deep flexor tendon of the third toe of domestic fowl. Injured tendons shielded with PVA-H showed union at about 3 weeks after the operation without adhesion to the surrounding tissue and good function such as gliding and range of motion. Neither breakage of the PVA-H shield itself nor infection, nor degeneration in the surrounding tissue were observed. These results confirmed that the tendon itself has repair ability, and the tendon is regenerated by synovial nutrition through PVA-H. High water content PVA-H may have clinically potential and be applicable to adhesion-preventive shields for tendon repair. However, re-rupture was observed, probably due to accidental tendon injury at an early period after the operation. In some cases, tendon immobilization methods to prevent re-rupture might be necessary. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res (Appl Biomater) 58: 344,351, 2001 [source] Enhanced flexor tendon healing through controlled delivery of PDGF-BBJOURNAL OF ORTHOPAEDIC RESEARCH, Issue 9 2009Stavros Thomopoulos Abstract A fibrin/heparin-based delivery system was used to provide controlled delivery of platelet derived growth factor BB (PDGF-BB) in an animal model of intrasynovial flexor tendon repair. We hypothesized that PDGF-BB, administered in this manner, would stimulate cell proliferation and matrix remodeling, leading to improvements in the sutured tendon's functional and structural properties. Fifty-six flexor digitorum profundus tendons were injured and repaired in 28 dogs. Three groups were compared: (1) controlled delivery of PDGF-BB using a fibrin/heparin-based delivery system; (2) delivery system carrier control; and (3) repair- only control. The operated forelimbs were treated with controlled passive motion rehabilitation. The animals were euthanized at 7, 14, and 42 days, at which time the tendons were assessed using histologic (hyaluronic acid content, cellularity, and inflammation), biochemical (total DNA and reducible collagen crosslink levels), and biomechanical (gliding and tensile properties) assays. We found that cell activity (as determined by total DNA, collagen crosslink analyses, and hyaluronic acid content) was accelerated due to PDGF-BB at 14 days. Proximal interphalangeal joint rotation and tendon excursion (i.e., tendon gliding properties) were significantly higher for the PDGF-BB-treated tendons compared to the repair-alone tendons at 42 days. Improvements in tensile properties were not achieved, possibly due to suboptimal release kinetics or other factors. In conclusion, PDGF-BB treatment consistently improved the functional but not the structural properties of sutured intrasynovial tendons through 42 days following repair. © 2009 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res [source] Influence of interleukin-1, and hyaluronan on proteoglycan release from equine navicular hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilageJOURNAL OF VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS, Issue 2 2000Frean Proteoglycan (PG) release, in response to recombinant human interleukin-1, (rh-IL-1,), was measured in cartilage explants obtained from the equine distal sesamoid bone (navicular bone). Fibrocartilage from the surface of the navicular bone apposing the deep digital flexor tendon and hyaline cartilage from the surface of the navicular bone articulating with the middle phalanx were labelled with 35SO4. Hyaline cartilage from the distal metacarpus was used as a control tissue. Following radiolabel incorporation, the three cartilage types were treated with rh-IL-1, (100 U/mL) in the presence of hyaluronan (0.2, 2, 20, 200 and 2000 ,g/mL). rh-IL-1,-Induced PG release was measured by scintillation assay of PG-bound radiolabel. Increases in PG release of 94% (P < 0.01), 101% (P < 0.05) and 122% (P < 0.05), in response to rh-IL-1,, were noted in fibrocartilage, navicular hyaline cartilage and metacarpal hyaline cartilage, respectively. Hyaluronan (0.2 ,g/mL) significantly reduced rh-IL-1,-induced PG release in metacarpal hyaline cartilage (P < 0.01). In fibrocartilage and navicular hyaline cartilage, hyaluronan did not reduce PG release and at some concentrations appeared to increase PG release, although this was not statistically significant. These experiments show that (i) fibrocartilage and hyaline cartilage of the navicular bone release PGs in response to rh-IL-1,, and (ii) hyaluronan does not prevent rh-IL-1,-induced breakdown of navicular bone cartilage. [source] Middle phalanx skeletal morphology in the hand: Can it predict flexor tendon size and attachments?AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY, Issue 2 2007Mary W. Marzke Abstract Specific sites on the palmar diaphysis of the manual middle phalanges provide attachment for the flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) tendon. It has been assumed in the literature that lateral palmar fossae on these bones reflect locations for these attachments and offer evidence for relative size of the flexor tendon. This assumption has led to predictions about relative FDS muscle force potential from sizes of fossae on fossil hominin middle phalanges. Inferences about locomotor capabilities of fossil hominins in turn have been drawn from the predicted force potential of the flexor muscle. The study reported here provides a critical first step in evaluating hypotheses about behavioral implications of middle phalangeal morphology in fossil hominins, by testing the hypothesis that the lateral fossae reflect the size of the FDS tendon and the location of the terminal FDS tendon attachments on the middle phalanx. The middle phalangeal region was dissected in 43 individuals from 16 primate genera, including humans. Qualitative observations were made of tendon attachment locations relative to the lateral fossae. Length measurements of the fossae were tested as predictors of FDS tendon cross-sectional area and of FDS attachment tendon lengths. Our results lead to the conclusion that the hypothesis must be rejected, and that future attention should focus on functional implications of the palmar median bar associated with the lateral fossae. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Ultrasonographic Morphometric Measurements of Digital Flexor Tendons and Ligaments of the Palmar Metacarpal Region in Haflinger HorsesANATOMIA, HISTOLOGIA, EMBRYOLOGIA, Issue 4 2010S. Boehart With 2 figures and 3 tables Summary The aim of the study was to determine morphometric values of the superficial and deep digital flexor tendon, the inferior check ligament and the suspensory ligament in the palmar metacarpal region of sound Haflinger horses using ultrasonography and to assess the influence of different factors on them. The findings were compared with the literature. A total of 30 sound Haflinger mares aged 4,20 years were used. Transverse ultrasound images were obtained with an 8,10 linear MHz transducer and the cross-sectional area, the circumference and the dorsopalmar and lateromedial width were determined for each structure at six regions of interest (ROI) in both forelimbs. The coefficient of variation was <3%. The structures were compared between each other and the values of each structure at the ROIs. Age, height at the withers, body mass index, diameter of the Os metacarpale III and the circumference of the mid-metacarpal region showed significant influences on some of the parameters. Reference values for the tendons and ligaments in the palmar metacarpal region in sound Haflinger mares were obtained and the influence of different factors was tested. Description of the dimensional relationship between the structures and comparison of the data with the literature provide knowledge required for adequate veterinary care. [source] Palmaris profundus: One name, several subtypes, and a shared potential for nerve compressionCLINICAL ANATOMY, Issue 6 2009Elena Pirola Abstract The palmaris profundus is a rare, but known anatomic variation which may lead to compression of the median nerve and/or its branches. Two patients with carpal tunnel syndrome are presented in whom a palmaris profundus was discovered at operation. In these cases, median nerve compression at the wrist was attributed to the course of the extra tendon and its local mass effect on the nerve (i.e., the palmaris profundus and median nerve shared a common sheath); more commonly, the resultant decreased available space for the median nerve within the carpal tunnel due to the presence of an accessory (10th) flexor tendon is thought to be responsible. Postoperative 3 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed to demonstrate the full course of the variant muscle; despite variations in the size and longitudinal extent of the accessory musculotendinous unit, an important similarity was noted: the intimate relationship of the median nerve and the palmaris profundus. These two cases and our review of the literature highlight the fact that one name (i.e. palmaris profundus) reflects several anatomic subtypes. However, the close relationship of the palmaris profundus with the median nerve in the forearm and the palm is a common theme which emphasizes the potential pathoanatomic consequences of this relationship: nerve compression. Clin. Anat. 22:643,648, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Joint moments in the distal forelimbs of jumping horses during landingEQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL, Issue 4 2001L. S. MEERSHOEK Summary Tendon injuries are an important problem in athletic horses and are probably caused by excessive loading of the tendons during demanding activities. As a first step towards understanding these injuries, the tendon loading was quantified during jump landings. Kinematics and ground reaction forces were collected from the leading and trailing forelimbs of 6 experienced jumping horses. Joint moments were calculated using inverse dynamic analysis. It was found that the variation of movement and loading patterns was small, both within and between horses. The peak flexor joint moments in the coffin and fetlock joints were larger in the trailing limb (,0.62 and ,2.44 Nm/kg bwt, respectively) than in the leading limb (,0.44 and ,1.93 Nm/kg bwt, respectively) and exceeded literature values for trot by 82 and 45%. Additionally, there was an extensor coffin joint moment in the first half of the stance phase of the leading limb (peak value 0.26 ± 0.18 Nm/kg bwt). From these results, it was concluded that the loading of the flexor tendons during landing was higher in the trailing than in the leading limb and that there was an unexpected loading of the extensor tendon in the leading limb. [source] | |||||||||||||