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First-order Kinetic Equation (first-order + kinetic_equation)

Distribution by Scientific Domains
Earth and Environmental Science80%

Selected Abstracts

Translocation of soils to stimulate climate change: CO2 emissions and modifications to soil organic matter

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOIL SCIENCE, Issue 6 2007
M. Rey
Summary The effect of climate change on CO2 emissions was studied on undisturbed soil monoliths (40-cm diameter, 25-cm high), which were translocated to warmer zones than their place of origin. Thirty-two months after the translocation, a climatic factor deduced from the moisture content of the soil and from the effective mean temperature (temperatures in excess of 5°C) revealed that translocation increased the potential of the climate to enhance the biological processes by between 73% and 26% compared with what the soil would support in its place of origin. At the end of the study, the transported soils had lost a large proportion of both total carbon and nitrogen (between 20 and 45%). During the experiment, the CO2 emissions from the soils, measured under field conditions, were quite variable, but were usually greater than from soils in situ. The variation in labile C in the soil throughout the experiment was calculated from a first-order kinetic equation for organic matter decay. The relative CO2 emissions, expressed in terms of the labile carbon fraction in the soils, were clearly greater in those translocated soils that underwent the most intensive climate change, which indicates that the variations in emissions over time are basically a function of the size of the labile organic matter pool. [source]

Temperature functions of the rate coefficients of net N mineralization in sandy arable soils.

JOURNAL OF PLANT NUTRITION AND SOIL SCIENCE, Issue 4 2004
Part I. Derivation from laboratory incubations
Abstract This study aimed to experimentally determine adequate temperature functions for the rate coefficients of net N mineralization in sandy arable soils from NW Germany. Long-term laboratory incubations were carried out in seven sandy arable soils at 3°C, 10°C, 19°C, 28°C, and 35°C in order to derive the rate coefficients of a simultaneous two-pool first-order kinetic equation. Thereby we differentiated between a small, fast mineralizable N pool, comprising mainly fresh residues, and a larger, slowly mineralizable N pool of old, humified organic matter. The rate coefficients were plotted against temperature, and fits of several different functions were tested: Arrhenius, Q10, and multiple non-mechanistic equations. The two derived rate coefficients showed very different temperature functions. Especially in critical temperature ranges (<5/10°C, >30/35°C) common Q10 functions failed to fit well, and, only below 10°C, the Arrhenius functions were in agreement with mean measured rate coefficients. Over the studied temperature range, only relatively complex, multiple equations could adequately account for the observed patterns. In addition, temperature functions that have been derived earlier from loess soils from NW Germany were found not to be transferable to the sandy arable soils studied. Thus, the results strongly question the use of the same Arrhenius or Q10 function or the same rate modifying factor for different N pools as well as for different soils as is generally done in models. Evaluations with field measurements of net N mineralization in part II of the paper (Heumann and Böttcher, 2004) will show which functions perform best in the field. Die Temperaturfunktionen der Reaktionskoeffizienten der N-Nettomineralisation in sandigen Ackerböde nI. Ableitung aus Laborinkubationen Untersuchungsziel war die experimentelle Bestimmung adäquater Temperaturfunktionen für die Reaktionskoeffizienten der N-Nettomineralisation in sandigen Ackerböden NW-Deutschlands. Anhand von Langzeit-Laborinkubationen bei 3, 10, 19, 28 und 35,°C wurden für sieben sandige Ackerböden die Reaktionskoeffizienten zweier N-Pools mit Reaktionskinetik erster Ordnung ermittelt. Dadurch konnte zwischen einem kleineren, schnell mineralisierbaren N-Pool, der hauptsächlich frische Residuen umfasst, und einem größeren, langsam mineralisierbaren N-Pool aus überwiegend alter humifizierter organischer Substanz unterschieden werden. Die ermittelten Reaktionskoeffizienten wurden gegen die Temperatur aufgetragen und verschiedene Funktionen angepasst: Arrhenius-, Q10 - und multiple nicht-mechanistische Gleichungen. Die Temperaturfunktionen der beiden Reaktionskoeffizienten unterschieden sich stark. Besonders innerhalb kritischer Temperaturbereiche (<5/10,°C, >30/35,°C) war die Übereinstimmung üblicher Q10 -Funktionen schlecht, und nur unterhalb von 10,°C stimmten die Arrhenius-Funktionen mit den mittleren gemessenen Reaktionskoeffizienten überein. Über den gesamten untersuchten Temperaturbereich konnten nur relativ komplexe, multiple Gleichungen die beobachteten Verläufe angemessen nachzeichnen. Weiterhin waren die Temperaturfunktionen, die ehemals an norddeutschen Lössböden ermittelt wurden, nicht auf die untersuchten sandigen Ackerböden übertragbar. Daher stellen die Ergebnisse den Gebrauch derselben Arrhenius- oder Q10 -Funktion sowie gleicher Ratenfaktoren für verschiedene N-Pools und auch für verschiedene Böden stark in Frage. In Teil II der Arbeit (Heumann and Böttcher, 2004) wird anhand einer Überprüfung mit Messungen der N-Nettomineralisation im Feld gezeigt, welche Funktionen die beste Übereinstimmung im Freiland erbringen. [source]

Temperature functions of the rate coefficients of net N mineralization in sandy arable soils.

JOURNAL OF PLANT NUTRITION AND SOIL SCIENCE, Issue 4 2004
Part II.
Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate experimentally derived temperature functions for the rate coefficients of net N mineralization in sandy arable soils from NW Germany via field measurements. In part I of this paper (Heumann and Böttcher, 2004), different temperature functions for the rate coefficients of a two-pool first-order kinetic equation were derived by long-term laboratory incubations at 3°C to 35°C. In this paper, field net N mineralization during winter of 25 plots was measured in undisturbed soil columns with a diameter of 20,cm to the depth of the Ap horizon. Mean simulated net N mineralization with the most adequate multiple functions corresponded also best with the mean of the measured values despite of an overestimation of about 10%. Distinctly larger deviations under use of other temperature functions (Arrhenius, Q10) were directly related to their deviations from mean, experimentally derived rate coefficients. Simulated net N mineralization in the soil columns was significantly correlated with measured values, regardless of the temperature functions. Yet the goodness of fit was generally relatively low due to the spatial variability of measured net N mineralization within replicate soil columns, although the mean CV (38%) was by far not extraordinary. The pool of slowly mineralizable N contributed considerably to net N mineralization during four to five winter months, on an average 10.0 kg N ha,1, about one third of total simulated N mineralization. Sometimes, it contributed even 21.3 kg N ha,1, which is almost sufficient to reach the EU drinking-water limit for nitrate in these soils. Simulations with widely used functions that were once derived from loess soils overestimated mineralization from pool Nslow in the studied sandy arable soils by a factor of two. Die Temperaturfunktionen der Reaktionskoeffizienten der N-Nettomineralisation in sandigen Ackerböde nII. Überprüfung anhand von Mineralisationsmessungen im Freiland Ziel dieser Untersuchung war die Überprüfung experimentell ermittelter Temperaturfunktionen für die Reaktionskoeffizienten der N-Nettomineralisation in sandigen Ackerböden NW-Deutschlands anhand von Freilandmessungen. In Teil I der Arbeit (Heumann and Böttcher, 2004) wurden verschiedene Temperaturfunktionen für die Reaktionskoeffizienten zweier N-Pools mit Reaktionskinetik erster Ordnung mittels Langzeit-Laborinkubationen bei 3 bis 35°C bestimmt. In diesem Artikel wurde von 25 Plots die winterliche N-Nettomineralisation im Freiland in ungestörten Bodensäulen mit einem Durchmesser von 20,cm bis zur Tiefe des Ap-Horizontes gemessen. Im Mittel gaben die Simulationen mit den am besten passenden, multiplen Funktionen die Messergebnisse auch am besten wieder, trotz einer Überschätzung um etwa 10%. Deutlich größere Abweichungen bei Benutzung anderer Temperaturfunktionen (Arrhenius, Q10) standen in direkter Beziehung zu deren Abweichungen von den mittleren, experimentell ermittelten Reaktionskoeffizienten. Die simulierte N-Nettomineralisation war unabhängig von den Temperaturfunktionen signifikant mit den Messergebnissen korreliert. Jedoch war die Güte der Anpassung im Allgemeinen relativ niedrig aufgrund der räumlichen Variabilität der gemessenen N-Nettomineralisation innerhalb der einzelnen Säulen eines Plots, obwohl der mittlere CV (38%) bei weitem nicht außergewöhnlich war. Der langsam mineralisierbare N-Pool trug beträchtlich zur N-Nettomineralisation innerhalb von vier bis fünf Wintermonaten bei, durchschnittlich 10,0 kg N ha,1, etwa ein Drittel der gesamten simulierten N-Mineralisation. In manchen Böden waren es sogar 21,3 kg N ha,1, was fast ausreicht, um den EU-Trinkwassergrenzwert für Nitrat in diesen Böden zu erreichen. Simulationen mit häufig benutzten Funktionen, die ursprünglich an Lössböden ermittelt wurden, überschätzten die Mineralisation aus dem Pool Nslow in den untersuchten Sandböden um den Faktor zwei. [source]

Synthesis and properties of the polythiourethanes obtained by the cationic ring-opening polymerization of cyclic thiourethanes

JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE (IN TWO SECTIONS), Issue 16 2006
Daisuke Nagai
Abstract The cationic ring-opening polymerization of a five-membered thiourethane [3-benzyl-1,3-oxazolidine-2-thione (BOT)] with boron trifluoride etherate afforded the corresponding polythiourethane with a narrow molecular weight distribution in an excellent yield. The molecular weight of the polymers could be controlled by the feed ratio of the monomer to the initiator. A kinetic study of the polymerization revealed that the polymerization rate of BOT (1.3 × 10,2 L mol,1 min,1) was two times larger than that of the six-membered thiourethane [3-benzyltetrahydro-1,3-oxazolidine-2-thione (BTOT); 6.8 × 10,3 L mol,1 min,1], and the monomer conversion obeyed the first-order kinetic equation. These observations, along with the successful results in the two-stage polymerization, supported the idea that this polymerization proceeded in a controlled manner. Block copolymerizations of BOT with BTOT were also carried out to afford the corresponding di- and triblock copolymers with narrow molecular weight distributions. The order of the 5% weight loss temperatures was as follows: poly(3-benzyltetrahydro-1,3-oxazolidine-2-thione) [poly(BTOT)] > poly(BTOT54 - b -BOT46) > poly(3-benzyl-1,3-oxazolidine-2-thione) [poly(BOT)]. This indicated that an increase in the BTOT unit content raised the decomposition temperature. The order of the refractive indices was poly(BOT) > poly(BTOT54 - b -BOT46) > poly(BTOT54 - b -BOT46 - b -BTOT50) > poly(BTOT); this was in accord with the order of the sulfur content in the polymer chain. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 4795,4803, 2006 [source]

Settling velocity and total ammonia nitrogen leaching from commercial feed and faecal pellets of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L. 1758) and seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax L. 1758)

AQUACULTURE RESEARCH, Issue 15 2009
María Asunción Piedecausa
Abstract The physico-chemical characteristics of particulate wastes of Sparus aurata and Dicentrarchus labrax were investigated. Changes in the dimensions, settling velocity and total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) leached from commercial feed pellets were investigated after soaking. Also, the settling velocity and TAN leached from faecal pellets of these fish were assessed at 15 and 25 °C. The settling velocity of feed pellets was influenced positively by pellet weight and negatively by immersion length as a result of changes in pellet dimensions after soaking. The settling velocity of faecal pellets was determined by pellet weight. The experimental design did not allow identification of any consistent effect of water temperature on settling velocity. Total ammonia nitrogen leaching over time from feed and faecal pellets was successfully explained by means of a first-order kinetic equation. For feed pellets, water temperature significantly affected the speed of the process and the time at which the maximum TAN leached was reached, but did not influence the maximum TAN leached. Leaching was related to feed pellet size, and so the smaller the pellet, the higher the leaching. Total ammonia nitrogen leaching from faecal pellets was greater per unit weight than in feed pellets. However, neither water temperature nor fish species influenced TAN leaching from faeces. [source]