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Al2O3
Terms modified by Al2O3 Selected AbstractsTissue response to titanium implantation in the rat maxilla, with special reference to the effects of surface conditions on bone formationCLINICAL ORAL IMPLANTS RESEARCH, Issue 6 2003Masaki Shirakura Abstract: Tissue responses to titanium implantation with two different surface conditions in our established implantation model in rat maxillae were investigated by light and transmission electron microscopy and by histochemistry for tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAPase) activity. Here we used two types of implants with different surface qualities: titanium implants sandblasted with Al2O3 (SA-group) and implants coated with hydroxyapatite (HA-group). In both groups, bone formation had begun by 5 days postimplantation when the inflammatory reaction had almost disappeared in the prepared bone cavity. In the SA-group, however, the bone formation process in the bone cavity was almost identical to that shown in our previous report using smooth surfaced implants (Futami et al. 2000): new bone formation, which occurred from the pre-existing bone toward the implant, was preceded by active bone resorption in the lateral area with a narrow gap, but not so in the base area with a wide gap. In the HA-group, direct bone formation from the implant toward the pre-existing bone was recognizable in both lateral and base areas. Many TRAPase-reactive cells were found near the implant surface. On the pre-existing bone, new bone formation occurred with bone resorption by typical osteoclasts. Osseointegration around the implants was achieved by postoperative day 28 in both SA- and HA-groups except for the lateral area, where the implant had been installed close to the cavity margin. These findings indicate that ossification around the titanium implants progresses in different patterns, probably dependent on surface properties and quality. Résumé Les réponses tissulaires à l'implantation du titane avec deux conditions de surfaces différentes dans le maxillaire du rat ont étéétudiées par microscopie optique et électronique à transmission et par histochimie pour l'activité de l'acide phosphatase résistant au tartrate (TRAPase). Deux types d'implants avec différentes qualité de surface ont été utilisés : des implants en titane sablés par du AL2O3 (groupe SA) et des implants couverts par de l'hydroxyapatite (groupe HA). Dans les deux groupes la formation osseuse avait démarré cinq jours après l'implantation, lorsque la réaction inflammatoire avait presque disparue de la cavité osseuse préparée. Cependant, dans le groupe SA le processus de formation osseuse de la cavité osseuse était quasi identique à celle montrée dans un rapport précédent utilisant des implants à surface lisse (Futami et al., 2000) : la néoformation osseuse qui démarre de l'os préexistant vers l'implant, était précédée par une résorption osseuse active dans l'aire latérale avec une brèche étroite, mais pas dans l'aire de base avec un espace large. Dans le groupe HA, une formation osseuse directe de l'implant vers l'os préexistant était reconnaissable tant dans les aires latérales qu'au niveau de la base. Beaucoup de cellules réactives au TRAPase ont été trouvées près de la surface de l'implant. Sur l'os préexistant une néoformation osseuse est apparue avec une résorption osseuse par des ostéoclastes typiques. L'ostéoïntégration autour des implants a été achevée au jour 28 après l'opération tant dans le groupe SA que HA excepté pour l'aire latérale où l'implant avait été inséré près du rebord de la cavité. Ces découvertes indiquent que l'ossification autour des implants en titane progresse de manière différente dépendant probablement de la qualité et des propriétés de surface. Zusammenfassung Die Gewebsantwort auf implantiertes Titan in einem Rattenoberkiefer. Spezielles Augenmerk auf die Einflüsse der Oberflächenbeschaffenheit auf die Knochenbildung. An unserem etablierten Implantationsmodell am Rattenoberkiefer wurde die Gewebsantwort nach der Titanimplantation von zwei Prüfkörpern mit verschiedener Oberfläche mit Hilfe der Licht- und Transmissionselektronenmikroskopie, sowie mittels Histochemie zum Aktivitätsnachweis der tartratresitenten sauren Phosphatase (TRAPase) untersucht. Wir benutzten hier zwei Implantattypen mit verschiedenen Oberflächen: Mit Al2O3 sandgestrahlte Titanimplantate (SA-Gruppe) und mit Hydroxylapatit beschichtete Implantate (HA-Gruppe). Bei beiden Gruppen begann die Knochenbildung 5 Tage nach der Implantation, sobald die Entzündungsreaktion im präparierten Knochenbett am verschwinden war. In der SA-Gruppe aber, zeigte sich im präparierten Implantatbett ein beinahe gleicher Knochenbildungsvorgang, wie in unseren früheren Berichten für glatte Implantatoberflächen beschrieben (Futami et al., 2000): Die vom bereits vorhandenen Knochen ausgehende Knochenneubildung gegen das Implantat hin erfolgte erst nach einer aktiven Knochenresorption im lateralen Bereich. Es entstand eine minime Spalte zwischen Knochen und Implantat, währenddem im apicalen Bereich eine breitere Spalte entstand. In der HA-Gruppe konnte man sowohl im lateralen, wie auch im apicalen Bereich eine direkt vom Implantat ausgehende Knochenbildung in Richtung des vorhandenen Knochens feststellen. In der Nähe der Implantatoberfläche fand man viele TRAPase-reaktive Zellen. Beim vorhandenen Knochen erfolgte die Knochenneubildung gleichzeitig mit der Knochenresorption durch typische Osteoklasten. Die Osseointegration rund um die Implantate herum erreichte man, ausser im lateralen Bereich gegen den Rand des Implantatbettes hin, in der SA-und der HA-Gruppe am 28igsten postoperativen Tag. Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Ossifikation um Titanimplantate in verschiedenen Mustern abläuft, wahrscheindlich in Abhängigkeit von der Oberflächeneigenschaft und -qualität. Resumen Se investigó las respuestas tisulares a la implantación con titanio con dos condiciones diferentes de superficie en nuestro modelo establecido de implantación en el maxilar de la rata por medio de microscopía óptica y electrónica de transmisión y por medio de histoquímica para la actividad de fosfatasa alcalina tartrato resistente (TRAPase). Hemos usado aquí dos tipos de implantes con diferentes calidades de superficies: Implantes de titanio pulverizados con Al2O3 (grupo-SA), e implantes cubiertos con hidroxiapatita (grupo-HA). En ambos grupos la formación de hueso comenzó a los 5 días de la implantación cuando la reacción inflamatoria hubo casi desaparecido en la cavidad ósea preparada. De todos modos, en el grupo SA, el proceso de formación de hueso en la cavidad ósea fue casi idéntico a aquel mostrado en nuestro informe previo usando implantes de superficies lisas (Futami et al., 2000): neoformación de hueso, que tuvo lugar desde el hueso preexistente hacia el implante, siendo precedida por reabsorción ósea activa en el área lateral con un espacio estrecho, pero no así en el área basal con espacio ancho. Se encontraron muchas células TRAPase reactivas cerca de la superficie del implante. En el hueso preexistente, la neoformación ósea tuvo lugar con reabsorción ósea con osteoclastos típicos. La osteointegración alrededor de los implantes se logró al día 28 tras la operación en ambos grupos SA y HA excepto para el área lateral, donde el implante se instaló cerca del margen de la cavidad. Estos hallazgos indican que la osificación alrededor de los implantes de titanio progresa con patrones diferentes, probablemente dependiendo de las propiedades y las calidades de la superficie. [source] Morphological, structural and optical study of quasi-1D SnO2 nanowires and nanobeltsCRYSTAL RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY, Issue 10-11 2005D. Calestani Abstract 0.1,0.3 mm thick entanglements of quasi-one-dimensional semiconducting Tin dioxide nanocrystals, in form of nanowires and nanobelts, are successfully grown by low cost Chemical Vapour Deposition directly on large area (100 mm2) Al2O3, SiO2 and Si substrates. Their lateral size ranges from 50 to 700 nm and their length can achieve several hundreds of micrometers. Transmission Electron Microscopy reveals either the nanowires and the nanobelts grow in the tetragonal Rutile structure. Diffraction contrast analyses and selected area diffraction investigations show the nanowires are single crystals without defects while the nanobelts sometimes present twins inside. An almost cylindrical shape and an average diameter of about 30,50 nm for the smallest nanowires is reported. X-ray diffraction investigations exclude the presence of spurious phases. A broad band structured in two emissions peaked at about 450 nm and 560 nm is revealed by large area Cathotoluminescence, while single nanocrystal spectroscopy shows that the reduction of the lateral dimension of the nanobelts from 1000 nm to 50 nm blue-shifts the main emission band at 560 nm of about 40 nm (at room temperature). These preliminary results suggest a possible role of oxygen vacancies and of the surface/volume ratio on the origin and the blue shift of Cathodoluminescence spectra. The near band edge emission, typical of bulk tin dioxide (,320 nm), is not found in nanobelts narrower than 1000 nm. (© 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Assessing the fate and effects of nano aluminum oxide in the terrestrial earthworm, Eisenia fetidaENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY & CHEMISTRY, Issue 7 2010Jessica G. Coleman Abstract Nano-sized aluminum is currently being used by the military and commercial industries in many applications including coatings, thermites, and propellants. Due to the potential for wide dispersal in soil systems, we chose to investigate the fate and effects of nano-sized aluminum oxide (Al2O3), the oxidized form of nano aluminum, in a terrestrial organism. The toxicity and bioaccumulation potential of micron-sized (50,200,µm, nominal) and nano-sized (11,nm, nominal) Al2O3 was comparatively assessed through acute and subchronic bioassays using the terrestrial earthworm, Eisenia fetida. Subchronic (28-d) studies were performed exposing E. fetida to nano- and micron-sized Al2O3 -spiked soils to assess the effects of long-term exposure. No mortality occurred in subchronic exposures, although reproduction decreased at ,3,000,mg/kg nano-sized Al2O3 treatments, with higher aluminum body burdens observed at 100 and 300,mg/kg; no reproductive effects were observed in the micron-sized Al2O3 treatments. In addition to toxicity and bioaccumulation bioassays, an acute (48-h) behavioral bioassay was conducted utilizing a soil avoidance wheel in which E. fetida were given a choice of habitat between control, nano-, or micron-sized Al2O3 amended soils. In the soil avoidance bioassays, E. fetida exhibited avoidance behavior toward the highest concentrations of micron- and nano-sized Al2O3 (>5,000,mg/kg) relative to control soils. Results of the present study indicate that nano-sized Al2O3 may impact reproduction and behavior of E. fetida, although at high levels unlikely to be found in the environment. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:1575,1580. © 2010 SETAC [source] Aerogel and Xerogel Catalysts Based on ,-Alumina Doped with Silicon for High Temperature ReactionsEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 3 2005Aurelien Florin Popa Abstract Numerous materials (supports and catalysts) based on alumina have been prepared using the sol-gel process and carbon dioxide supercritical drying. In this work two types of solids, i.e. xerogels and aerogels, were systematically compared and a way of introducing platinum metal with a content of 5% percent by weight was examined. The structural data, the surface area, Pt dispersion and catalytic activity for the decomposition of the propellant were measured for the various samples. The (Al2O3)0.88(SiO2)0.12 samples prepared show very interesting porosity values, especially for the aerogel. For this reason, they were chosen as supports for the synthesis of 5 wt% platinum on alumina catalysts. The results presented in this work allowed us to obtain an overall view of the influence of the preparation mode on the properties of platinum on alumina supported catalysts. The dispersion of the metal phase is directly dependent on the specific surface of the support. A significant value for the surface area implies a large amount of centers for interaction with the metal precursor and, consequently, the appearance of more centres of simultaneous germination. Although aerogels obtained by carbon dioxide supercritical drying always show superior properties compared with xerogels, for catalytic decompositions the xerogels still remain superior. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005) [source] Crystalline , -Alumina Deposited in an Industrial Coating Unit for Demanding Turning Operations,ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATERIALS, Issue 1-2 2010Kirsten Bobzin Crystalline PVD ,-Al2O3 - coatings offer great potential for their use in high-speed cutting operations. They promise high hot hardness and high oxidation resistance at elevated temperatures. This is important for coatings that are used for machining of materials with low thermal conductivity such as stainless steel or Inconel 718 because heat generated during cutting can barely be dissipated by the chip. Because of the prevailing bonding forces of alumina, adhesion-related sticking can be reduced even for dry cutting. Furthermore, the high formation enthalpy of alumina prevents chemical reactions with frictional partners. The present work gives an overview of the deposition of ,-Al2O3 thin films on WC/Co-cutting inserts by using pulsed MSIP (magnetron sputter ion plating) PVD technology. To improve adhesion, a (Ti,Al)N bond coat was employed. The samples were analyzed using common thin film test equipment. Cutting tests and pin-on-disk examinations were carried out to test the coating's performance. For turning operations, the difficult-to-machine austenitic steel 1.4301 (X5CrNi18-10) was used. In comparison to a state-of-the-art (Ti,Al)N coating, (Ti,Al)N/,-Al2O3 showed a longer tool life. [source] Neutron Diffraction Measurement of Residual Stresses in Friction Stir Processed Nanocomposite Surface Layer,ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATERIALS, Issue 8 2009Hanbing Xu FSP is used to introduce Al2O3 nano-sized particles to an Al 6061 alloy surface to form a hard, strong, and wear-resistant Al-Al2O3 nanocomposite layer. The residual stresses in the FSP zones (with and without Al2O3 particles) have been quantitatively analyzed using neutron diffraction. Results indicated tensile macro-level residual stresses in all three directions with peak values around 100 MPa longitudinally. [source] A study of the factors controlling the adsorption of Cr(III) on modified montmorillonitesEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOIL SCIENCE, Issue 4 2001A. Bakhti Summary We have examined the way that the metallic ion Cr(III) is held by Na-montmorillonite and alumina pillared clay. We used several physico-chemical methods of analysis (X-ray powder diffraction, infrared absorption spectrometry, thermal analysis and chemical composition) to determine the structural formula of the Na-montmorillonite, and to clarify the effect of the introduction of the Al13 polycations between the clay layers on its physico-chemical and structural properties. Our results show that the strength of chromium retention increases with pH. This effect is more marked in pillared than in unpillared clays. It seems that the mechanism of fixing of the metallic cations on pillared clays is more complex than a simple cationic exchange and involves the surface groups of the pillars. In other words, chromium adsorption on pillared montmorillonite is more like adsorption on an amphoteric oxide surface (such as Al2O3) than on a non-pillared clay. Etude des facteurs contrôlant l'adsorption de Cr(III) sur des montmorillonites modifiées Résumé Nous avons examiné les possibilités de fixation de l'ion métallique Cr(III) sur une montmorillonite sodique et pontée. Les différentes analyses physico-chimiques (Rayons-X, Spectroscopie Infrarouge, Analyse Thermique Différentielle et composition chimique) ont permis d'une part, d'établir la formule structurale de l'argile sodique et d'autre part de mettre en évidence l'effet du pontage de l'argile par des polycations hydroxyaluminiques sur ses propriétés physico-chimiques et structurales. Nos résultats montrent que le pouvoir de rétention du chrome augmente avec le pH. Ce paramètre affecte davantage son comportement dans les argiles pontées. Il apparaît que le mécanisme de fixation du Cr(III) sur les argiles à piliers est différent d'un simple échange cationique. L'adsorption dans ce cas met en jeu les groupements de la surface des piliers. En d'autres termes, le mécanisme d'adsorption des cations du chrome sur une montmorillonite pontée se rapproche de l'adsorption sur une surface d'oxyde amphotère (tel que Al2O3) plutôt que l'adsorption sur une argile non pontée. [source] Net-Shape Alumina Microcomponents by Conversion of Al PowderADVANCED ENGINEERING MATERIALS, Issue 1-2 2009Jung-Sik Kim This paper highlights the process to fabricate alumina microcomponents. It was achieved by firstly sintering Al microcomponents using micro/nanopowders, and then turning Al into alumina (Al2O3) through oxidation. In this way, the shrinkage occurring in sintering the Al powder is compensated by the expansion occurred when Al transforms into alumina. The process has proven successful. [source] Analyses of the Performance Potential of Oxidic PVD Wear-Protection Coatings on Cutting Tools Using the Example of Crystalline ,-Al2O3,ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATERIALS, Issue 7 2008F. Klocke This paper focuses on the high performance potential of oxidic PVD coatings on cutting tools using the example of crystalline ,-Al2O3. The materials used during the cutting processes were the nickel-based alloy, Inconel 718, in wet-cut drilling and milling as well as a quenched and tempered steel in dry-cut milling. The conclusion that may be drawn from these analyses is that oxidic PVD coatings are characterised by outstanding wear behaviour and can contribute to a significant increase in cutting performance. [source] Predicting Spray Processing Parameters from Required Coating Structural Attributes by Artificial Intelligence,ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATERIALS, Issue 7 2006A.-F. Kanta Predicting processing parameters to manufacture a coating with the required structural attributes is of prime interest to reduce the associate development costs. Such an approach permits, among other advantages, to select the most appropriate scheme among several possible to implement. This paper intends to present such an approach. The specific case of predicting plasma spray process parameters to manufacture a grey alumina (Al2O3 -TiO2, 13% by wt.) coating was considered. [source] High Strength Lead-Free Composite Solder Materials using Nano Al2O3 as ReinforcementADVANCED ENGINEERING MATERIALS, Issue 11 2005X. Zhong High strength light weight lead-free composite solder materials containing varying amount of nano-alumina particulates were synthesized by powder metallurgy process employing different extrusion temperatures. The presence of nano Al2O3 particulates not only enhanced strength and improved dimensional stability but also reduced the weight of the solder alloy matrix. Fairly uniform distribution of the nano-alumina particulates was observed in the composites. [source] Sphere contact fatigue of a coarse-grained Al2O3 ceramicFATIGUE & FRACTURE OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES, Issue 11 2006T. FETT ABSTRACT The opposite sphere test is an appropriate tool to determine crack-growth exponents for fatigue under repeated contact loading. Lifetime measurements for a coarse-grained Al2O3 are reported. To explain the fatigue exponents that strongly deviated from those obtained in cyclic bending tests, a fracture mechanics analysis was carried out. It was aimed at determining the correct stress intensity factor solution for the tests, including limited dimensions of test specimens deviating from the case of a cone crack in a half space. Cone crack development was observed microscopically and the related stress intensity factors were computed for the observed crack shape. For modelling the fatigue behaviour, it is assumed that the fatigue effect is influenced by a reduction of the shielding term of crack growth resistance due to periodical friction between the grain-interlock bridges in coarse-grained alumina. This results in a loss of traction at the junctions, crack tip shielding is reduced, and the effective load at the crack tip is increased. [source] Capacitors with an Equivalent Oxide Thickness of <0.5 nm for Nanoscale Electronic Semiconductor MemoryADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 18 2010Seong Keun Kim Abstract The recent progress in the metal-insulator-metal (MIM) capacitor technology is reviewed in terms of the materials and processes mostly for dynamic random access memory (DRAM) applications. As TiN/ZrO2 -Al2O3 -ZrO2/TiN (ZAZ) type DRAM capacitors approach their technical limits, there has been renewed interest in the perovskite SrTiO3, which has a dielectric constant of >100, even at a thickness ,10 nm. However, there are many technical challenges to overcome before this type of MIM capacitor can be used in mass-production compatible processes despite the large advancements in atomic layer deposition (ALD) technology over the past decade. In the mean time, rutile structure TiO2 and Al-doped TiO2 films might find space to fill the gap between ZAZ and SrTiO3 MIM capacitors due to their exceptionally high dielectric constant among binary oxides. Achieving a uniform and dense rutile structure is the key technology for the TiO2 -based dielectrics, which depends on having a dense, uniform and smooth RuO2 layer as bottom electrode. Although the Ru (and RuO2) layers grown by ALD using metal-organic precursors are promising, recent technological breakthroughs using the RuO4 precursor made a thin, uniform, and denser Ru and RuO2 layer on a TiN electrode. A minimum equivalent oxide thickness as small as 0.45 nm with a low enough leakage current was confirmed, even in laboratory scale experiments. The bulk dielectric constant of ALD SrTiO3 films, grown at 370 °C, was ,150 even with thicknesses ,15 nm. The recent development of novel group II precursors made it possible to increase the growth rate largely while leaving the electrical properties of the ALD SrTiO3 film intact. This is an important advancement toward the commercial applications of these MIM capacitors to DRAM as well as to other fields, where an extremely high capacitor density and three-dimensional structures are necessary. [source] Preliminary study of the crack healing and strength recovery of Al2O3 -matrix compositesFATIGUE & FRACTURE OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES, Issue 2 2004L. JUN ABSTRACT This study focused on the crack-healing behaviour of three commercial Al2O3,ceramic-matrix composites: TiCP/Al2O3, ZrO2/Al2O3 and SiCW/Al2O3. Vickers indentation was used to introduce surface flaws with different loads of 49, 98 and 196 N. Then the cracked specimens were annealed in air for 1 h at 1000, 1200 and 1400 °C. The annealing treatment was also conducted at 1200 °C in vacuum for 1 h. Results showed that the annealing treatments increased the indentation strength, but the extent of the increase was different. When annealed in air, the main crack-healing mechanism of TiCP/Al2O3 and SiCW/Al2O3 composites was chemical reaction. When annealed in vacuum, stress relaxation caused much less strength recovery. The main crack-healing mechanism of ZrO2/Al2O3 was the existence of low melting eutectic and the rearrangement of grains caused by ZrO2(m), ZrO2(t) transformation in the crack-opening process zone. The effects of annealing temperature, atmosphere and indentation load on the degree of strength recovery were all related to the crack-healing mechanisms. [source] The effects of macrolocalization of deformation in Al-based composites with Al2O3 inclusionsFATIGUE & FRACTURE OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES, Issue 4 2003YE. YE. ABSTRACT Using a television optical TOMSC system, regular features of localization of macroplastic deformation are studied in composite aluminum-based materials with hard inclusions of Al2O3 under tension. Before investigation, the specimens are subjected to cold rolling, tempering for 30 min at 500 °C with subsequent cooling in air, and annealing at 550 °C during 2 h with subsequent cooling in furnace. It is shown that the tempered and annealed alloys exhibit mobile centers of active macrolocalization long before the formation of a stationary neck preceding material fracture. Physical mesomechanics, relying on the concepts of the leading role of different-scale stress concentrators that relax and develop in a loaded heterogeneous material, is capable of providing a qualitative description of macrolocalization development. [source] Simultaneous Optimization of Luminance and Color Chromaticity of Phosphors Using a Nondominated Sorting Genetic AlgorithmADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 11 2010Asish Kumar Sharma Abstract Acquiring materials that simultaneously meet two or more conflicting requirements is very difficult. For instance, a situation wherein the color chromaticity and photoluminescence (PL) intensity of phosphors conflict with one another is a frequent problem. Therefore, identification of a good phosphor that simultaneously exhibits both desirable PL intensity and color chromaticity is a challenge. A high-throughput synthesis and characterization strategy that was reinforced by a nondominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA)-based optimization process was employed to simultaneously optimize both the PL intensity and color chromaticity of a MgO,ZnO,SrO,CaO,BaO,Al2O3,Ga2O3,MnO system. NSGA operations, such as Pareto sorting and niche sharing, and the ensuing high-throughput synthesis and characterization resulted in identification of promising green phosphors, i.e., Mn2+ -doped AB2O4 (A,=,alkali earth, B,=,Al and Ga) spinel solid solutions, for use in either plasma display panels or cold cathode fluorescent lamps. [source] Fully Transparent Non-volatile Memory Thin-Film Transistors Using an Organic Ferroelectric and Oxide Semiconductor Below 200,°CADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 6 2010Sung-Min Yoon Abstract A fully transparent non-volatile memory thin-film transistor (T-MTFT) is demonstrated. The gate stack is composed of organic ferroelectric poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) [P(VDF-TrFE)] and oxide semiconducting Al-Zn-Sn-O (AZTO) layers, in which thin Al2O3 is introduced between two layers. All the fabrication processes are performed below 200,°C on the glass substrate. The transmittance of the fabricated device was more than 90% at the wavelength of 550,nm. The memory window obtained in the T-MTFT was 7.5,V with a gate voltage sweep of ,10 to 10,V, and it was still 1.8,V even with a lower voltage sweep of ,6 to 6,V. The field-effect mobility, subthreshold swing, on/off ratio, and gate leakage currents were obtained to be 32.2,cm2 V,1 s,1, 0.45,V decade,1, 108, and 10,13 A, respectively. All these characteristics correspond to the best performances among all types of non-volatile memory transistors reported so far, although the programming speed and retention time should be more improved. [source] Highly Stable Au Nanoparticles with Tunable Spacing and Their Potential Application in Surface Plasmon Resonance BiosensorsADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 1 2010Shuyan Gao Abstract Colloidal Au-amplified surface plasmon resonance (SPR), like traditional SPR, is typically used to detect binding events on a thin noble metal film. The two major concerns in developing colloidal Au-amplified SPR lie in 1) the instability, manifested as a change in morphology following immersion in organic solvents and aqueous solutions, and 2) the uncontrollable interparticle distance, determining probe spacing and inducing steric hindrance between neighboring probe molecules. This may introduce uncertainties into such detecting techniques, degrade the sensitivity, and become the barricade hampering colloidal Au-based transducers from applications in sensing. In this paper, colloidal Au-amplified SPR transducers are produced by using ultrathin Au/Al2O3 nanocomposite films via a radio frequency magnetron co-sputtering method. Deposited Au/Al2O3 nanocomposite films exhibit superior stability, and average interparticle distances between Au nanoparticles with similar average sizes can be tuned by changing surface coverage. These characteristics are ascribed to the spacer function and rim confinement of dielectric Al2O3 and highlight their advantages for application in optimal nanoparticle-amplified SPR, especially when the probe size is smaller than the target molecule size. This importance is demonstrated here for the binding of protein (streptavidin) targets to the probe (biotin) surface. In this case, the dielectric matrix Al2O3 is a main contributor, behaving as a spacer, tuning the concentration of Au nanoparticles, and manipulating the average interparticle distance, and thus guaranteeing an appropriate number of biotin molecules and expected near-field coupling to obtain optimal sensing performance. [source] Pyrometamorphism of 19th-century kiln artifacts from Caledonia Springs, Ontario, CanadaGEOARCHAEOLOGY: AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL, Issue 8 2005J. Victor Owen Marked, 19th-century kiln bricks and rocks from Caledonia Springs (CS) have black glass coatings that can easily be mistaken for glass produced at the elusive CS glassworks (c. 1844,1846). The glass-on-brick material, however, is more aluminous (nearly 20% Al2O3) than virtually any analyzed historical glass, and the glass-on-rock is compositionally similar to the rock itself, which shows clear signs of having undergone extensive melting. Mineral thermometry (Cpx-Ol, Pl-melt) indicates that parts of the kiln-achieved temperatures of approximately 1200,1300°C. The CS samples show that caution must be exercised when identifying seemingly obvious waste glass near defunct glassworks sites. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] Re-creation of the 1744 Heylyn and Frye ceramic patent wares using Cherokee clay: Implications for raw materials, kiln conditions, and the earliest English porcelain productionGEOARCHAEOLOGY: AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL, Issue 7 2004W.R.H. Ramsay Porcelain wares have been produced following the directions contained in the Heylyn and Frye patent of 1744, using Cherokee clay and a lime-alkali glass frit. The wares were fired to the bisque (, 950°C), glazed using a clay-glass mixture, and then fired to a "heat-work" level of Orton cone 9,90° deflection at 150°C per hour (1279°C). Modal mineralogy comprises Caplagioclase and two glass phases, one relict frit and the other a melt phase. The bulk chemistry of the body comprises 64.3 wt % SiO2, 21.7 wt % Al2O3, and 5.6 wt % CaO. Molecular ratios are SiO2:Al2O3 5.0 and SiO2:CaO 10.7. It is concluded that the patent, whose significance has been questioned over many years, was a practical working recipe, that close comparison may be made with porcelains of the "A"-marked group, and that the patent represents a remarkable landmark in English ceramic history. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] From London to Liverpool: Evidence for a Limehouse,Reid porcelain connection based on the analysis of sherds from the Brownlow Hill (ca. 1755,1767) factory siteGEOARCHAEOLOGY: AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL, Issue 8 2003J. Victor Owen The diversity of Brownlow Hill porcelains of the Wm Reid & Co. era is due to the remarkably wide range in the composition of their pastes and glazes and inferred firing conditions relative to the initial vitrification temperature. Sixteen of 21 analyzed sherds from the factory site are bone-ash wares that display large variations in their bulk chemical composition. The remaining samples have silicious-aluminous (akin to "stone china" sensu Richard Pococke in 1750) and silicious-aluminous-calcic ("S-A-C") compositions that resemble Limehouse (London) and Pomona (Staffordshire) porcelains produced during the 1740s. The mineralogy of the Brownlow Hill S-A-C sherds suggests firing at a relatively high temperature (Tmax approaching 1400°C, based on relations on the SiO2 -Al2O3 -CaO phase diagram), thereby obscuring the identity of some of the ingredients (e.g., the source of CaO) used in their manufacture. Limehouse and Brownlow Hill may have been linked through the activities of William Ball, who is mentioned in connection with both factories, or indirectly via former Limehouse staff later employed at the Pomona factory, located not far from a Wm Reid & Co. branch factory in Shelton, Stoke-on-Trent. In terms of a time line, knowledge of these pastes appears to have spread first from London to Staffordshire, and then to Liverpool. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] Geochemical and mineralogical distinctions between Bonnin and Morris (Philadelphia, 1770,1772) porcelain and some contemporary British phosphatic waresGEOARCHAEOLOGY: AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL, Issue 7 2001J. Victor Owen The major element compositions of 15 ceramic sherds from the Bonnin and Morris factory site were determined by electron microprobe. Thirteen samples are phosphatic; the others consist of (a) "soapstone" (magnesian/plombian) and (b) true porcelain, and are interpreted as exotic artifacts, as is one compositionally distinct (relatively SiO2 -poor, P2O5+CaO-rich) phosphatic sample. Although long considered to be virtually indistinguishable from Bow porcelain (London: ca. 1747,1776), the phosphatic Philadelphia wares have a relatively low mean CaO/P2O5 ratio (3.3 versus 3.8; molecular proportions) and high alumina content (6.6 versus 5.4 wt % Al2O3). Furthermore, unlike Bow, the Bonnin and Morris samples contain calcic plagioclase (bytownite), and in some instances, an orthoclase-rich ternary feldspar. The preservation of calcic plagioclase indicates that Philadelphia porcelain was fired at (rather than above) the thermal minimum in the An-SiO2 -C3P system, although the presence of Na (and other fluxes) in these wares precludes the exact determination of the maximum firing temperature from this phase diagram. These wares are also distinctive insofar as the phosphate and melt phases can contain small amounts of lead; they have bulk lead contents of approximately 0.1,1.2 wt % PbO. This component has not been detected in the body of Bow or other contemporary British phosphatic porcelains. Their principal similarity lies in the fact that both wares contain sulfate. In addition, the glazes on Bonnin and Morris porcelain (e.g., PbO , 35,50 wt %; SnO2 , 1,2%) compositionally resemble those used at Bow. If feldspar is formed at all, then Al-poor phosphatic porcelain (or those with low CaO/P2O5 ratios) will have comparatively low modal calcic plagioclase contents, thereby allowing the rapid depletion of this mineral via resorption by the melt phase during vitrification. Such appears to have been the case for analyzed Bow porcelain, which is therefore interpreted to have been overfired (sensu lato) relative to its Philadelphia counterpart. Conceivably, calcic plagioclase could be preserved in low-Al wares that were fired only briefly at vitrification temperatures. Given the role of firing history in governing the mineralogy of porcelain, compositional criteria are more reliable for distinguishing these wares. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. [source] Compositional constraints on the equation of state and thermal properties of the lower mantleGEOPHYSICAL JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL, Issue 1 2001Frank D. Stacey SUMMARY By extrapolating the lower mantle equation of state (EoS) to P=0, T=290 K, we determine the EoS parameters that are compatible with a mixture of (Mg, Fe)SiO3 perovskite (with a small admixture of Al2O3), (Mg, Fe)O magnesiowüstite and CaSiO3 perovskite in arbitrary proportions and with arbitrary Fe/(Fe+Mg) ratio. The parameters fitted are density, ,, adiabatic incompressibility, KS, and its pressure derivative, K,S,(,KS/,P)S. The first stage is adiabatic extrapolation to P=0, T=T0, that is, to the foot of the lower mantle adiabat, at which K,0(T0) is allowed to have any value between 3.8 and 4.6, and 1500 K,T0,2000 K. It is important to use an equation for which the lower mantle fitting does not prescribe K,0(T0) and this rules out the third-order Birch theory, which gives a seriously wrong value. The further extrapolation to 290 K at P=0 uses thermodynamic relationships with maximum generality, allowing all of the following thermoelastic parameters to be arbitrary functions of temperature: K;,; Grüneisen parameter, ,;q=(, ln ,/, ln V)T, where V is volume; volume coefficient of thermal expansion, ,; adiabatic Anderson,Grüneisen parameter, ,S=(1/,) (, ln KS/,T)P; and the mixed P, T derivative (,K,S/,T)P. The heat capacity at constant volume, CV, is assumed to follow the Debye function, so , is controlled by that. The temperature dependences of the dimensionless parameters ,, q and ,S at P=0 are slight. We find , to be precisely independent of T at constant V. The parameter dK,0/dT increases strongly with T, as well as with the assumed value of K,0(T0), where K,0 is K,S at P=0. The fitting disallows significant parameter ranges. In particular, we find solutions only if K,0(T0),4.2 and the 290 K value of K,0 for Mg perovskite is less than 3.8. Conclusions about composition are less secure, partly because of doubt about individual mineral properties. The volume of magnesiowüstite is found to be between 10 and 25 per cent for respective T0 values of 2000 and 1500 K, but the Ca-perovskite volume is no more than 6 per cent and has little influence on the other conclusions. The resulting overall Fe/(Fe+Mg) ratio is 0.12 to 0.15. Although this ratio is higher than expected for a pyrolite composition, the ratio depends critically on the assumed mineral densities; some adjustment of the mineral mix may need to be considered. [source] Direct Current Plasma Emission Spectrometric Determination of Major, Minor and Trace Elements in Microwave Oven Acid Leachates of Powdered Whole Coal SamplesGEOSTANDARDS & GEOANALYTICAL RESEARCH, Issue 1 2005Sandro Fadda DCP-AES; échantillons de charbon; four à micro-ondes; éléments facilement ionisables; effets de matrice. Major concentrations of Al2O3, Fe2O3, MgO, CaO, Na2O and K2O, minor levels of TiO2, P2O5 and thirty petrologically, geochemically and environmentally significant trace elements have been determined in microwave oven acid leachates of whole powdered coal samples by direct current plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (DCP-AES). A single sample preparation procedure was suitable for all the determinations with no additional dilution step for major elements solution. Dried samples (0.5 g) were treated in low-pressure PFA digestion vessels with HF/HCl/HNO3/HClO4 acids to quantitatively extract the analytes from the bulk material, while leaving the major part of organic matrix as a residue. The major constituents of geological samples, in particular the easily ionised elements (EIEs) such as alkali and alkaline earths, may complicate the instrumental determinations in DCP-AES because of differential enhancements of elemental emission intensities and stray light interferences. Taking account of these factors, the coal matrix is considered to have very low major oxide totals as compared to many other common geo-environmental and related materials (rocks, sediments, soil, ashes etc.). The sample size employed here, while yielding a relatively concentrated solution to cover a wide range of elemental determinations, provided a sample matrix that significantly diminished interferences for DCP measurements. The need for closely matching the unknowns and calibrators was eliminated except for overall acidity and an excess quantity of caesium for EIE buffering. Calibration of the spectrometer was accomplished by simple aqueous single element solutions as high concentration calibrators in addition to a reagent blank as a low concentration calibrator. Two point working curves were established to allow for the maximum concentrations of each element expected in the unknowns. The precision of determinations under routine conditions as well as the reproducibility of the leaching and precision of instrumental measurements have been evaluated. Relative standard deviations (RSD) were of 1,2% for those elements whose concentrations in solid samples were well above the limits of quantification. Method detection limits in the buffered solutions were also evaluated. To evaluate the accuracy of the microwave oven-DCP method a suite of eight certified coal reference materials of differing rank, were analysed with good agreement with the certified and/or available published data. Results are presented for the uncertified major oxides in the AR series reference materials. Les concentrations en éléments majeurs: Al2O3, Fe2O3, MgO, CaO, Na2O et K2O, en éléments mineurs TiO2, P2O5 et en 30 éléments en trace dont le comportement est important en Pétrologie, en Géochimie et en Environnement, ont été analysées par spectrométrie d'émission atomique à plasma à courant direct (DCP-AES), dans des lessivages acides effectués dans un four à micro-ondes sur des échantillons de charbon mis en poudre. Ce mode préparatoire unique est adaptéà toutes les déterminations sans qu'il soit nécessaire d'effectuer une dilution supplémentaire pour l'analyse des éléments majeurs. Les échantillons préalablement desséchés (0.5 g) sont traités dans les pots de PFA de basse pression, avec un mélange d'acides HF/HCl/HNO3/HClO4, afin d'extraire quantitativement les analytes du matériel géologique, tout en laissant la plus grande part de la matrice organique sous forme résiduelle. Les constituants majeurs de ces échantillons géologiques, en particulier les éléments facilement ionisables (EIEs) tels que les alcalins et les alcalino-terreux, peuvent compliquer l'analyse en DCP-AES à cause des rendements variables des intensités d'émission élémentaires et des interférences de raies de lumière. Mais là dessus, la matrice de charbon se révèle être bien plus pauvre en oxydes majeurs que les autres matériaux géologiques, environnementaux ou de type proche (roches, sédiments, sols, cendres). La taille d'échantillon retenue ici, tout en fournissant une solution relativement concentrée qui permet la détermination de beaucoup d'éléments, fournit une matrice qui diminue significativement les interférences lors de la mesure par DCP-AES. Le besoin d'avoir les solutions d'échantillons et les solutions de calibration avec des matrices très proches est donc éliminé, mis à part pour l'acidité totale et la quantité excessive de Césium pour tamponner les EIE. La calibration du spectromètre est faite avec des solutions mono- élémentaires aqueuses, pour déterminer les points de concentrations élevées et avec le blanc de réactifs pour le point de concentration basse. Les courbes de calibrations sont déterminées avec 2 points, pour autoriser l'analyse de concentrations maximales pour chaque élément dans les échantillons inconnus. La précision des déterminations en conditions de routine ainsi que la reproductibilité de l'opération de lessivage et la précision instrumentale des analyses ont étéévaluées. Les déviations standards relatives (RSD) sont de 1,2% pour tout élément dont les concentrations dans le solide sont au dessus des limites de quantification. Les limites de détection de la méthode dans les solutions tamponnées ont aussi étéévaluées. Enfin, pour évaluer la justesse de cette méthode "micro-ondes - DCP" huit charbons certifiés matériaux de référence de différents types ont été analysés, et sont en bon accord avec les données certifiées ou seulement disponibles publiées. Les données sur un certain nombre d'oxydes d'éléments majeurs actuellement non certifiés sont présentées pour les matériaux de référence AR. [source] Extremely High Silver Ionic Conductivity in Composites of Silver Halide (AgBr, AgI) and Mesoporous Alumina,ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 4 2006H. Yamada Abstract The silver ionic conductivity in heterogeneous systems of AgBr:Al2O3 and AgI:Al2O3 is highly enhanced by utilizing mesoporous Al2O3 as the insulating phase. The highest Ag+ conductivity of 3.1,×,10,3,,,1,cm,1 (at 25,°C) has been obtained for the AgI:Al2O3 composite with an Al2O3 volume fraction of 0.3. For AgBr:Al2O3, the enhancement of the conductivity is satisfactorily explained in the framework of the ideal space-charge model, while in the case of AgI:Al2O3 stacking disorder is also considered to contribute to the ionic conductivity. [source] Ultrathin Direct Atomic Layer Deposition on Composite Electrodes for Highly Durable and Safe Li-Ion BatteriesADVANCED MATERIALS, Issue 19 2010Yoon Seok Jung Direct atomic layer deposition (ALD) on composite electrodes leads to ultrathin conformal protective coatings without disrupting inter-particle electronic pathways. Al2O3 -coated natural graphite (NG) electrodes obtained by direct ALD on the as-formed electrode show exceptionally durable capacity retention even at an elevated temperature of 50,°C. In sharp contrast, ALD on powder results in poorer cycle retention than bare NG. [source] Al2O3/ZrO2 Nanolaminates as Ultrahigh Gas-Diffusion Barriers,A Strategy for Reliable Encapsulation of Organic ElectronicsADVANCED MATERIALS, Issue 18 2009Jens Meyer Highly efficient gas-diffusion barriers based on nanolaminates of alternating Al2O3 and ZrO2 layers grown at 80,°C by atomic-layer deposition are presented. Ultralow water-vapor permeation rates are reported, and a dramatic reduction of statistical defects on larger areas was found compared to single Al2O3 layers. This study provides a concept for the encapsulation of organic optoelectronic devices. [source] Alumina Optical Surface Heat Shield for Use in Near-Solar EnvironmentINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF APPLIED CERAMIC TECHNOLOGY, Issue 3 2009Don E. King Experiments indicate that coating a heat shield with alumina can significantly reduce spacecraft temperature during operation near the sun. A thin alumina (Al2O3) coating applied to carbon,carbon (C,C) reflects the majority of the visible solar irradiance while reemitting absorbed energy in the infrared. Testing on Al2O3 -coated C,C coupons using visible and NIR lasers (from ambient to 1773 K) show that the solar-absorptance-to-IR emittance ratio (,S/,IR) of the Al2O3 -coated heat shield was 0.6 or less. Compared with an uncoated carbon,carbon heat shield, the coated version is at least 12% cooler, enabling thermal insulation mass reductions, improved scientific measurements, and the use of less exotic thermal protection materials. [source] Near-Net Shape ,-Si4Al2O2N6 Parts by Hydrolysis Induced Aqueous Gelcasting ProcessINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF APPLIED CERAMIC TECHNOLOGY, Issue 1 2009Ibram Ganesh In this paper, a new net-shaping process, an hydrolysis-induced aqueous gelcasting (GC) (GCHAS) has been reported for consolidation of ,-Si4Al2O2N6 ceramics from aqueous slurries containing 48,50 vol%,-Si3N4, ,-Al2O3, AlN, and Y2O3 powders mixture. Dense ceramics of same composition were also consolidated by aqueous GC and hydrolysis assisted solidification routes. Among three techniques used, the GCHAS process was found to be superior for fabricating defect-free thin wall ,-Si4Al2O2N6 crucibles and tubes. Before use, the as purchased AlN powder was passivated against hydrolysis. The sintered ,-Si4Al2O2N6 ceramics exhibited comparable properties with those reported for similar materials in the literature. [source] Water-Based Method for Processing Aluminum Oxynitride (AlON)INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF APPLIED CERAMIC TECHNOLOGY, Issue 6 2008Lior Miller A water-based method for producing aluminum oxynitride (AlON) green bodies with a relatively high density is described. While alcohol is usually the medium for ball milling, this approach utilizes water to form a rigid network of aluminum hydroxide in Al2O3,AlN preforms. Al2O3,AlN preforms were prepared by four different routes based either on alcohol or water-based slips, and underwent identical sintering procedures. Samples prepared using the water-based method and pressure filtration reached a green density of 67%, compared with 52% and 47% for samples prepared from alcohol-based slips and formed using pressure filtration and dry pressing, respectively. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||