Home About us Contact
|
Home About us Contact | ||
|
|
||
Financial Rewards (financial + reward)
Selected AbstractsEvaluating Living Kidney Donors: Relationship Types, Psychosocial Criteria, and Consent Processes at US Transplant ProgramsAMERICAN JOURNAL OF TRANSPLANTATION, Issue 10 2007J. R. Rodrigue We conducted a survey of 132 US kidney transplant programs to examine how they evaluate and select potential living kidney donors, focusing on donor-recipient relationships, psychosocial criteria, and consent processes. There is heterogeneity in donor-recipient relationships that are considered acceptable, although most programs (70%) will not consider publicly solicited donors. Most programs (75%) require a psychosocial evaluation for all potential living donors. Most programs agree that knowledge of financial reward (90%), active substance abuse (86%), and active mental health problems (76%) are absolute contraindications to donation. However, there is greater variability in how other psychosocial issues are considered in the selection process. Consent processes are highly variable across programs: donor and recipient consent for the donor evaluation is presumed in 57% and 76% of programs, respectively. The use of 13 different informed consent elements varied from 65% (alternative donation procedures) to 86% (description of evaluation, surgery and recuperative period) of programs. Forty-three percent use a ,cooling off' period. Findings demonstrate high variability in current practice regarding acceptable donor-recipient relationships, psychosocial criteria, and consent processes. Whether greater consensus should be reached on these donor evaluation practices, especially in the context of more expansive use of living donor kidney transplantation, is discussed. [source] Detecting concealed information with reaction times: Validity and comparison with the polygraphAPPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 7 2010Bruno Verschuere The Concealed Information Test is used to assess recognition of information that the examinee cannot or does not want to reveal. Physiological measures recorded with the polygraph have shown to be highly valid measures of concealed information. Research suggests that a reaction-time (RT) based test may also successfully reveal concealed information. Due to its simplicity, an RT-based test has great advantages for applied testing. In the present study, we assessed the validity of the RT-based test for concealed information detection, and compared its discriminative power with the polygraph. Thirty two participants in a feigned amnesia study were promised a financial reward when successfully concealing autobiographical information. Participants performed an RT-based test, and a polygraph test. The data support the validity of the RT-based test for concealed information detection, and indicate its discriminative power is similar to the polygraph. Our data confirm the potential of the RT-based test. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] BENEFITS TO RESEARCH SUBJECTS IN INTERNATIONAL TRIALS: DO THEY REDUCE EXPLOITATION OR INCREASE UNDUE INDUCEMENT?DEVELOPING WORLD BIOETHICS, Issue 3 2008ANGELA BALLANTYNE ABSTRACT There is an alleged tension between undue inducement and exploitation in research trials. This paper considers claims that increasing the benefits to research subjects enrolled in international, externally-sponsored clinical trials should be avoided on the grounds that it may result in the undue inducement of research subjects. It proceeds from the premise that there are good grounds for thinking that, at least some, international research sponsors exploit trial participants because they do not provide the research population with a fair share of the benefits of research. This provides a prima facie argument for increasing the benefits for research participants. Concern over undue inducement is a legitimate moral concern; however, if this concern is to prevent research populations from receiving their fair share of benefits from research there must be sufficient evidence that these benefits will unduly influence patients' decision-making regarding trial participation. This article contributes to the debate about exploitation versus undue inducement by introducing an analysis of the available empirical research into research participants' motivations and the influence of payments on research subjects' behaviour and risk assessment. Admittedly, the available research in this field is limited, but the research that has been conducted suggests that financial rewards do not distort research subjects' behaviour or blind them to the risks involved with research. Therefore, I conclude that research sponsors should prioritise the prevention of exploitation in international research by providing greater benefits to research participants. [source] The Impact of Research and Teaching Quality Inputs on the Employment Outcomes of PostgraduatesHIGHER EDUCATION QUARTERLY, Issue 4 2005Peter Urwin In this paper we analyse the extent to which the quality of teaching and research inputs, as measured by Quality Assurance Agency (QAA) and Research Assessment Exercise (RAE) scores, can account for variations in the employability of taught postgraduates. Pooling data from the 1997, 1998 and 1999 First Destinations Surveys we estimate regression equations for male and female UK postgraduates. Our results suggest that the lack of direct financial rewards associated with a higher QAA score may have persuaded many institutions to adopt a ,threshold' approach to Subject Review. However, the impact of RAE score suggests that students in institutions with a stronger research culture do have enhanced levels of employability. This is in line with the strong emphasis on active research input mandated by many professional bodies at the postgraduate level. When considered alongside recent policy pronouncements, this suggests that many institutions choosing to become teaching-only, may ultimately risk becoming undergraduate-only. [source] The Limits of Organizational Theory and Incentives (Or, Why Corporate Success Is Not Just About Money)JOURNAL OF APPLIED CORPORATE FINANCE, Issue 4 2005Ronald Schmidt Most economists begin their study of organizational behavior by taking for granted that incentive compensation influences behavior. Managers and employees are assumed to have "utility functions" that reflect a very basic set of "preferences",preferences for things like money and leisure and job security. And, as clearly simplistic as it is, this "model" of human behavior has been shown to have considerable predictive power. But it is equally clear that financial incentives and rewards are not all that matters in motivating people within large organizations. What economists have failed to recognize is the important subjective consequences for employees of acting in accord with well-designed incentives that have been "internalized",viewed not just as leading to financial rewards and corporate success, but as "the right thing to do." In the language of economists, a well-designed incentive program can end up influencing not only people's behavior, but their underlying "preferences," or what non-economists like to call "values." And it is these preferences and values that are at the core of an organization's "culture." [source] Superstar Effects in Deluxe Gastronomy , An Empirical Analysis of Value Creation in German Quality RestaurantsKYKLOS INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF SOCIAL SCIENCES, Issue 4 2009Thomas Ehrmann Summary We analyze whether superstar effects (disproportionate income effects) exist in the deep-pocket market for quality gastronomy in Germany, and what factors determine the stars' rents. In quality gastronomy, the stars can be the restaurant chefs. Building on Rosen's (1981) and Adler's (1985) central theories on star effects, we explore two potential sources of stardom. Following Rosen (1981), we test if quality differences between the chefs' performances have a direct effect on financial rewards ("direct superstar effect"). Following Adler (1985), we assess the income effect of a media presence of chefs ("classical Superstar effect"). Through this, we deal with an economic issue of general interest: does it pay more to develop your skills in your core business to perfection, or to maintain the current level of skills and invest in self-marketing? Analyzing a sample of 288 restaurants, for potential star effects by differences in quality, we find that higher quality increases chefs' revenues. Yet, revenues do not increase disproportionately, and achieving higher quality requires substantial investments in exquisite ingredients, excellent staff and prime ambience. This problem, also called the "agony of the stars", has manifested itself in the bankruptcies of European three-star restaurants in recent years. As regards potential star effects by differences in media presence, we observe a positive impact of TV appearances on financial rewards. Yet, these income effects are moderate as well, so there is neither a direct, nor a classical superstar effect in quality gastronomy. We argue that although both perfection of skills and self-marketing have similarly positive income effects, self-marketing seems both the less risky and the less stressful way to enhance income. [source] An academy of surgical educators: sustaining education , enhancing innovation and scholarshipANZ JOURNAL OF SURGERY, Issue 1-2 2010John P. Collins Abstract Context:, The aims of surgical education, training and professional development programmes are to ensure surgeons will provide high quality health care throughout their professional lives. Development and delivery of these programmes requires a mixture of surgeons with a different but complimentary range of competencies in medical education, all eager to facilitate learning and support educational scholarship. Methods:, The Royal Australasian College of Surgeons has undertaken a major review of the challenges, risks and opportunities surrounding the development and delivery of its education and continuing professional development programmes. Results:, Conflicting demands on surgeons' time have compromised their availability for educational activities. At the same time, a decline has occurred in the recognition and value of teaching and educational scholarship as a consequence of financial rewards and prestige now coming principally from patient care and biomedical research. New educational methods have been introduced which have added to the complexities involved and the level of commitments required. In response, the College and its surgical specialty partners have established an Academy of Surgical Educators as a resource for the nine specialties of surgery. It will promote high quality patient care by providing expert educational leadership, guidance and advice and through the advancement and application of educational scholarship. Conclusion:, The establishment of the Academy serves as a powerful symbol of the importance the College places on its core responsibility as an educational body. Working in association with the University Departments of Surgery throughout Australia and New Zealand, the Academy will better equip the College and its partner Specialist Societies and Associations to meet and sustain the increasingly sophisticated requirements involved in higher education. [source] | |||||||||||||