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Filters Used (filter + used)
Selected AbstractsEffect of protective filters on fire fighter respiratory health during simulated bushfire smoke exposureAMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE, Issue 9 2006Annemarie J.B.M. De Vos RN Abstract Background Bushfire fighters are potentially subject to risks from bushfire smoke. Although many different protective masks and filters are available, it is not clear which is the most effective from a health and safety perspective. The effect of protective filters on the respiratory health of Western Australian urban career fire fighters under controlled simulated conditions is investigated. Methods Sixty-four healthy Fire and Emergency Services Authority of Western Australia (FESA) urban career fire fighters were subjected to controlled simulated bushfire smoke in an open smoke chamber for 15 min. The fire fighters were allocated one of the three types of protective filters: particulate only (P), particulate/organic vapor (POV), and a particulate/organic vapor/formaldehyde (POVF) filter using a double-blind randomized procedure. Personal air sampling inside the fire fighters' masks, spirometry, oximetry, and self-reported symptom data were collected at baseline and at two time intervals after the smoke exposure. Results A significant decline in oxygen saturation was seen immediately after exposure, however, the decline was small and no significant relationships could be established between this and the type of filter used. A significantly higher number of participants in the P and POV filter groups self-reported an increase in coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath compared to the POVF group. Air sampling demonstrated a significantly higher level of formaldehyde and acrolein inside the masks fitted with P filters compared to POV and POVF filters. Conclusions Testing the effectiveness of P, POV, and POVF filters under controlled conditions has demonstrated that the POVF filter provides statistically significant better protection for the fire fighters' airways in a simulated bushfire exposure chamber. Am. J. Ind. Med. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Retention of airborne latex particles by a bacterial and viral filter used in anaesthesiaANAESTHESIA, Issue 3 2001apparatus We have developed a series of laboratory tests to evaluate the efficiency of a heat and moisture exchanger filter (PallÔ BB25) in retaining latex particles in order to protect allergic patients during anaesthesia. Latex particles were nebulised with cornstarch as a support and collected for assay in a flask, with or without the filter integrated into the experimental circuit. With the Pall BB25 filter in the circuit, no natural latex proteins were detected by measurement of either total protein or antigenic latex proteins. The Pall BB25 filter may represent a useful means of preventing inhalation of latex particles during anaesthesia in susceptible patients. [source] Near-critical carbon dioxide extraction and liquid chromatography determination of UV filters in solid cosmetic samples: A green analytical procedureJOURNAL OF SEPARATION SCIENCE, JSS, Issue 17 2005Amparo Salvador Abstract Near-critical carbon dioxide extraction of four UV filters used as sunscreens in lipsticks and makeup formulations is reported. Extraction parameters were optimized. Efficient recoveries were obtained after 15 min of dynamic extraction with a 80:20 CO2/ethanol mixture at 300 atm and 54°C, using a 1.8 mL/min flow rate. Extracts were collected in ethanol, and appropriately diluted with ethanol and 1% acetic acid to obtain a 70:30 v/v ethanol/1% acetic acid solution. The four UV filters were determined by LC with gradient elution using ethanol/1% acetic acid as mobile phase. The accuracy of the analytical procedure was estimated by comparing the results with those obtained by methods based on classical extraction. The proposed method only requires the use of CO2, ethanol and acetic acid avoiding the use of more toxic organic solvents, thus it could be considered as both operator and environment friendly. [source] Protection from phototoxic injury during surgery and endoscopy in erythropoietic protoporphyriaLIVER TRANSPLANTATION, Issue 9 2008Staffan Wahlin Erythropoietic protoporphyria is an inherited condition characterized by pronounced solar photosensitivity and in a minority of patients severe liver disease that necessitates liver transplantation for survival. Phototoxic injury to abdominal organs and skin has been reported in several cases of liver transplantation surgery, including a few transplants in which protective light filters were used. This study discusses the optimal characteristics of light filters used during liver transplantation surgery. An experimental model is used to evaluate the relative protection of different filters, and the results are compared with theoretical calculations regarding the risk for phototoxic injury from light sources in health-care procedures. Whether protective measures are warranted in other illuminated procedures besides liver transplantation has been discussed often but never studied. This study elucidates the risk for phototoxic injury in endoscopy, laparoscopy, and non,liver transplant surgery. A theoretical model and epidemiological data are considered. Our findings indicate that endoscopy, laparoscopy, and surgical procedures other than liver transplantation are safe in the noncholestatic protoporphyria patient and that general recommendations for using filters in these situations are not warranted. Among the tested filters, a flexible yellow filter omitting wavelengths below 470 nm is recommended for liver transplant surgery. This filter has been readily accepted by surgeons and offers a good balance between protection and altered visual color perception. The experimental model, using hemolysis of protoporphyrin-loaded erythrocytes as a measure of phototoxicity, has substantiated theoretical findings on relative filter protection. Liver Transpl 14:1340,1346, 2008. © 2008 AASLD. [source] Passage of pathogenic microorganisms through breathing system filters used in anaesthesia and intensive careANAESTHESIA, Issue 7 2010D. H. T. Scott Summary Invasive ventilation poses a risk of respiratory infection that can be drug-resistant. One means of reducing transmission of infection is the use of a breathing system filter. Filters are intended to be used with dry gas. Current international standards do not require that filters prevent bacterial transfer when wet. It is not known whether microorganisms pass through wet filters, but theory predicts that this might occur. We tested six filters from three different manufacturers. We passed a suspension of microorganisms through the filters using the least pressure necessary, and incubated a sample of the filtrate on blood agar. All the filters tested allowed free passage of both Candida albicans and coagulase-negative staphylococci. The median (IQR [range]) pressure required for fluid to flow across the filter varied greatly between different filter types (20 (0,48 [0,138]) cmH2O). We conclude that even large microorganisms pass across moist breathing system filters in conditions that are found in clinical practice. [source] Release of (1,3)-,-D-Glucan from Depth-type Membrane Filters and Their In Vitro Effects on Proinflammatory Cytokine ProductionARTIFICIAL ORGANS, Issue 8 2003Atsushi Ohata Abstract:, To clarify the origin of (1,3)-,-D-glucan in blood products and assess the biological activity of filter extracts, we evaluated (1,3)-,-D-glucan extraction from depth filters used to process blood products and their in vitro effects on proinflammatory cytokine production from macrophages. Cellulose or nylon filters were analyzed for (1,3)-,-D-glucan using the Fungitec G test. To evaluate the biological activity of the filter extracts, Mono Mac 6 cells (a human macrophage cell line) were cultured with filter extracts with or without lipopolysaccharide, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-,) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1,) concentrations in the culture media were measured. (1,3)-,-D-Glucan was released from seven cellulose filters but the nylon filter level was undetectable. Proinflammatory cytokine production ranged from 74.3% to 119.0% of the control for TNF-, and 81.2% to 115.9% for IL-1,. TNF-, and IL-1, levels were low without lipopolysaccharide. The data indicate that (1,3)-,-D-glucan in blood products is contaminated with the depth filters and that these filter extracts modulate proinflammatory cytokine production from macrophages. [source] | ||||||||||