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Few Exceptions (few + exception)
Selected AbstractsA quantitative approach to probe the dependence and correlation of food-effect with aqueous solubility, dose/solubility ratio, and partition coefficient (Log P) for orally active drugs administered as immediate-release formulationsDRUG DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH, Issue 2 2005Brahma N. Singh Abstract The purpose of the present review was to systematically evaluate if aqueous solubility, dose/solubility ratio, and partition coefficient (Log P) could be used as useful parameters to quantitatively probe the dependence and correlation of in vivo food effects with these physicochemical properties of orally active drugs administered as immediate-release (IR) formulations. Mean AUC data obtained under fasted and fed states of over 100 structurally diverse orally active drugs with different physicochemical properties were obtained from the primary literature. Correlations of AUC ratio (Fed/Fasted) with aqueous solubility, dose/solubility ratio, and Log P were derived and statistically evaluated by Pearson's correlation test (two-tailed). A negative correlation was obtained between the logarithm of the aqueous solubility and the AUC ratio (r=,0.5982, N=93), whereas a positive correlation existed between AUC ratio and Log P (r=0.5147, N=110) and between AUC ratio and dose/solubility ratio (r=0.5511, N=87). All these correlations were significant (P<0.0001). Based on this study, the estimated range within which a drug is not expected to be significantly affected by food falls between 0.148,89.39 mg/ml for aqueous solubility and between 0.23,624 ml for the dose:solubility ratio. The corresponding range of Log P for expecting a lack of food-effect lies between ,1.13 and 2.98. Quantitatively, the effect of food was most pronounced for lipophilic, poorly water-soluble drugs (with only a few exceptions), irrespective of whether the drug is acidic, basic, or neutral. It is concluded that aqueous solubility, dose/solubility ratio, and partition coefficient can be used as useful parameters to probe the dependence and correlation of food-effect with these physicochemical parameters for immediate-release formulations. Drug Dev. Res. 65:55,75, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] SHOULD OIL PRICES RECEIVE SO MUCH ATTENTION?ECONOMIC INQUIRY, Issue 4 2008AN EVALUATION OF THE PREDICTIVE POWER OF OIL PRICES FOR THE U.S. ECONOMY This paper evaluates the potential gains from using oil prices to forecast a variety of measures of inflation, economic activity, and monetary policy,related variables. With a few exceptions, oil prices do not have any predictive content for these variables. This finding is robust to the use of rolling forecast windows, the use of industry-level data, changes in the forecast horizon, and allowing for nonlinearities. (JEL Q43, E37, C32) [source] Positional distribution of fatty acids in triacylglycerols and phospholipids from adzuki beans (Vigna angularis)EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF LIPID SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, Issue 2 2008Hiromi Yoshida Abstract The fatty acid distributions of triacylglycerols (TAG) and major phospholipids (PL) obtained from adzuki beans (Vigna angularis) were investigated. The total lipids extracted from the beans were separated by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) into eight fractions. The major lipid components were PL (63.5,wt-%), TAG (21.2,wt-%), steryl esters (7.5,wt-%) and hydrocarbons (5.1,wt-%), while free fatty acids, diacylglycerols (1,3-DAG and 1,2-DAG) and monoacylglycerols were also present in minor proportions (0.2,1.1,wt-%). The major PL components isolated from the beans were phosphatidylcholine (45.3,wt-%), phosphatidylethanolamine (25.8,wt-%) and phosphatidylinositol (21.5,wt-%). Phosphatidylinositol was unique in that it had the highest saturated fatty acid content among the three PL. With a few exceptions, however, the principal characteristics of the fatty acid distribution in the TAG and three PL were evident in the beans: Unsaturated fatty acids were predominantly concentrated in the sn -2 position while saturated fatty acids primary occupied the sn -1 or sn -3 position in the oils of the adzuki beans. In general, these results could be useful to both consumers and producers for the manufacture of traditional adzuki foods in Japan. [source] Macro- and Micro-Purge Soil-Gas Sampling Methods for the Collection of Contaminant VaporsGROUND WATER MONITORING & REMEDIATION, Issue 1 2009Brian A. Schumacher Purging influence on soil-gas concentrations for volatile organic compounds (VOCs), as affected by sampling tube inner diameter and sampling depth (i.e., system volume) for temporary probes in fine-grained soils, was evaluated at three different field sites. A macro-purge sampling system consisted of a standard, hollow, 3.2-cm outer diameter (OD) drive probe with a retractable sampling point attached to an appropriate length of 0.48-cm inner diameter (ID) Teflon® tubing. The macro-purge sampling system had a purge system volume of 24.5 mL at a 1-m depth. In contrast, the micro-purge sampling systems were slightly different between the field sites and consisted of a 1.27-cm OD drive rod with a 0.10-cm ID stainless steel tube or a 3.2-cm OD drive rod with a 0.0254-cm inner diameter stainless steel tubing resulting in purge system volumes of 1.2 and 7.05 mL at 1-m depths, respectively. At each site and location within the site, with a few exceptions, the same contaminants were identified in the same relative order of abundances indicating the sampling of the same general soil atmosphere. However, marked differences in VOC concentrations were identified between the sampling systems, with micro-purge samples having up to 27 times greater concentrations than their corresponding macro-purge samples. The higher concentrations are the result of a minimal disturbance of the ambient soil atmosphere during purging. The minimal soil-gas atmospheric disturbance of the micro-purge sampling system allowed for the collection of a sample that is more representative of the soil atmosphere surrounding the sampling point. That is, a sample that does not contain an atmosphere that has migrated from distance through the geologic material or from the surface in response to the vacuum induced during purging soil-gas concentrations. It is thus recommended that when soil-gas sampling is conducted using temporary probes in fine-grained soils, the sampling system use the smallest practical ID soil-gas tubing and minimize purge volume to obtain the soil-gas sample with minimal risk of leakage so that proper decisions, based on more representative soil-gas concentrations, about the site can be made. [source] Emission of trace toxic metals during pulverized fuel combustion of Czech coalsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENERGY RESEARCH, Issue 13 2003P. Danihelka Abstract A study of the trace elements emission (As, Se, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Zn, Hg, Tl, Pb, Ni, Sn, Sb, V, Mn and Fe) from pulverized coal combustion has been made at six heating and power stations situated in the Czech Republic. The amount of chlorine in coal has considerable influence on volatilization of some elements such as Zn, Cu, Pb, Hg and Tl, which is explained by the formation of thermodynamically stable compounds of these elements with chlorine. Generally, the affinities for Cl follows the order Tl > Cu > Zn > Pb > Co > Mn > Sn > Hg. The experimental data indicates enrichment of some of the trace toxic elements in the emissions (Cu, Zn, As, Se, Cd, Sn, Sb, Hg and Pb) and good agreement was obtained by thermodynamic equilibrium calculations with a few exceptions. In the case of Fe, Mn, Co, Cr and Sn calculated values are overestimated in the bottom ash and there are zero predicted amounts of these elements in the fly ash. In comparison, the results from experiments show up to 80% of these elements retained in fly ash. This implies that there exist additional steps leading to the enrichment by Fe, Mn, Co, Cr and Sn of small particles. Such mechanisms could include the ejection during devolatilization of small inorganic particles from the coal of bottom ash particles, or disintegration of the char containing these metals to small particles of fly ash. On the other hand, there are slightly overestimated or similar values of relative enrichment factors for As, V, Cu, Cd, Sb, Tl and Pb in the fly ashes and zero predicted values for bottom ashes. Our experimental results show about 5% or less of these elements are retained in bottom ashes, so they probably remain in the bottom ash inside unburned parts of coal. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Comparative study of unscreened and screened molecular static linear polarizability in the Hartree,Fock, hybrid-density functional, and density functional modelsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF QUANTUM CHEMISTRY, Issue 2 2008Rajendra R. Zope Abstract The sum-over-states (SOS) polarizabilities are calculated within approximate mean-field electron theories such as the Hartree,Fock approximation and density functional models using the eigenvalues and orbitals obtained from the self-consistent solution of the single-particle equations. The SOS polarizabilities are then compared with those calculated using the finite-field (FF) method. Three widely used mean-field models are as follows: (1) the Hartree,Fock (HF) method, (2) the three parameter hybrid generalized gradient approximation (GGA) (B3LYP), and (3) the parameter-free generalized gradient approximation due to Perdew,Burke,Ernzerhof (PBE). The comparison is carried out for polarizabilities of 142 molecules calculated using the 6-311++G(d,p) basis set at the geometries optimized at the B3LYP/6-311G** level. The results show that the SOS method almost always overestimates the FF polarizabilities in the PBE and B3LYP models. This trend is reversed in the HF method. A few exceptions to these trends are found. The mean absolute errors (MAE) in the screened (FF) and unscreened (SOS) polarizability are 0.78, 1.87, and 3.44 Å3 for the HF, B3LYP, and PBE-GGA methods, respectively. Finally, a simple scheme is devised to obtain FF quality polarizability from the SOS polarizability. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2008 [source] Emigration from China: A Sending Country PerspectiveINTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, Issue 3 2003Xiang Biao This paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the policies pursued by the People's Republic of China (PRC) regarding the emigration of Chinese nationals. Most of the available literature on migration management has focused on receiving countries. With a few exceptions, little attention has been directed at migration management policies pursued in countries of origin. In the case of the PRC, policies regarding overseas Chinese have been fairly well documented and researched, but very little has been written about how the Chinese authorities manage ongoing emigration flows. This gap becomes particularly salient as the importance of the "partnership with the countries of origin" in devising migration policies is being increasingly acknowledged by receiving countries in Europe (Commission of the European Communities, 2000). Over the last 20 years, there have been significant changes in the Chinese Government's policies and perspectives on emigration. But, just like most other governments, the Chinese authorities do not have a single blanket policy covering all categories of emigrants. Emigration is normally managed on a case-by-case basis and the Government's attitude toward the same type of emigration may vary depending on different cases and circumstances. Because of this, this article examines China's major emigration-related policy spheres one by one. Specifically, six issues will be discussed: (1) exit control; (2) diaspora policy; (3) student migration; (4) labour export; (5) regulations on emigration agencies and, finally (6) the Government's response to human smuggling. This article shows both the coherence and the fragmentation in China's policies toward emigration. The coherence is due to the fact that all the policies are inherently linked to China's overall economic and social development strategy. The emigration management regime is sometimes fragmented partly because emigration consists of different streams and is handled by different Government departments, partly because some emigration issues (such as regulations on emigration agents) are very new for the Chinese Government and the authorities are still exploring them. Overall, the Chinese authorities increasingly see emigration as a means to enhance China's integration to the world and are keen to avoid conflicts with the international community over migration issues. At the same time, China's emigration policies need to be more balanced, in particular, the emigration of unskilled labour should be given more priority. [source] Hemeroby, urbanity and ruderality: bioindicators of disturbance and human impactJOURNAL OF APPLIED ECOLOGY, Issue 5 2002M. O. Hill Summary 1Species vary according to whether they benefit from or are harmed by disturbance and intensive human activity. This variation can be quantified by indices of disturbance and unnaturalness. 2An urban flora was characterized by comparing quadrat data from cities with several large data sets from the countryside. Existing scales of species response to disturbance and unnaturalness, ruderality (a plant's ability to survive in disturbed conditions) and hemeroby (a measure of human impact) were contrasted with derived scales based on the number of associated annuals and aliens and with ,urbanity', defined as the proportion of urban land in the vicinity of each quadrat. 3Species presence data were available from 26 710 quadrats distributed through Great Britain, with urban sites only in central England. Satellite imagery was used to measure the proportion of urban land cover in the vicinity of each quadrat; 2595 quadrats were located in 1-km squares having at least 40% cover of urban land. 4The 20 species having highest urbanity were all alien to Britain, comprising 12 neophytes and eight archaeophytes. 5Of the 20 most frequent species in quadrats situated in 1-km squares with at least 40% urban land cover, 18 were natives. The two exceptions were Artemisia vulgaris , an archaeophyte, and Senecio squalidus , a neophyte. 6Both ruderal and hemerobic species, as usually defined, include many non-urban arable species. The hemeroby scale of Kowarik (1990 ), designed for Berlin, does not work well in Britain. 7The proportion of associated annuals (annuality) and the proportion of associated neophytes (alien richness or xenicity) can be developed into good indices. The annuality scale is very well defined because annuals tend to occur with other annuals. Plants with high annuality are mostly arable weeds. 8Urban specialists in central England are, with a few exceptions, character-species of the phytosociological classes Artemisietea , Galio-Urticetea and Stellarietea . Most of them have numerous non-urban associates and they do not form a very well defined group. They have intermediate levels of annuality combined with relatively high levels of xenicity. 9While it is possible to develop indices of hemeroby, urbanity and ruderality, these concepts are relatively complicated. Annuality and xenicity are simpler measures that can complement Ellenberg values, but definitive values for Great Britain would require additional data from southern England. [source] THE INFLUENCE OF FUNDAMENTALS ON EXCHANGE RATES: FINDINGS FROM ANALYSES OF NEWS EFFECTSJOURNAL OF ECONOMIC SURVEYS, Issue 4 2010Rafael R. Rebitzky Abstract As we survey the literature of macroeconomic news in the foreign exchange market, we can by now look back on nearly 30 years of research. The first studies which analysed news effects on exchange rates were established in the early 1990s (see, for example, Dornbusch). Almost at the same time Meese and Rogoff published their influential paper, revealing the forecasting inferiority in exchange rates of structural models against the random walk. This finding has shocked the pillars of exchange rate economics and thus cast general suspicion on research focusing on fundamentals in this field. The eventual rising popularity of event studies can partly be attributed to the re-establishment of the,raison d'être,of exchange rate economics. This work focuses on systematically surveying this literature with particular respect to its primary goal, i.e. shedding light on the analytical value of fundamental research. Thus, its major findings are, first, fundamental news does matter, whereas non-fundamental news matters to a lesser degree. Second, news influences exchange rates via two separated channels, i.e. incorporating common information into prices directly or indirectly based upon order flow. Third, with a few exceptions the impact of fundamental news on exchange rates is fairly stable over time. [source] Mimicry and the evolution of premating isolation in Heliconius melpomene LinnaeusJOURNAL OF EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY, Issue 3 2004C. D. Jiggins Abstract Ecological divergence can cause speciation if adaptive traits have pleiotropic effects on mate choice. In Heliconius butterflies, mimetic patterns play a role in mate detection between sister species, as well as signalling to predators. Here we show that male butterflies from four recently diverged parapatric populations of Heliconius melpomene are more likely to approach and court their own colour patterns as compared with those of other races. A few exceptions, where males were more attracted to patterns other than their own, suggest that some mimetic patterns are sub-optimal in mate choice. Genotype frequencies in hybrid zones between races of H. melpomene suggest that mating is random, so reinforcement is unlikely to have played a role in intra-specific divergence. In summary, co-evolved divergence of colour pattern and mate preference occurs rapidly and is likely the first step in Heliconius speciation. [source] Representations of nature of science in high school chemistry textbooks over the past four decadesJOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN SCIENCE TEACHING, Issue 7 2008Fouad Abd-El-Khalick Abstract This study assessed the representations of nature of science (NOS) in high school chemistry textbooks and the extent to which these representations have changed during the past four decades. Analyses focused on the empirical, tentative, inferential, creative, theory-driven, and social NOS, in addition to the myth of "The Scientific Method," the nature of scientific theories and laws, and the social and cultural embeddedness of science. A total of 14 textbooks, including five "series" spanning one to four decades, were analyzed. The textbooks commanded significant market shares in the United States and were widely used in some of the most populace states. Relevant textbook sections were scored on each of the target NOS aspects on a scale ranging from ,3 to +3, which reflected the accuracy, completeness, and manner (explicit versus implicit) in which these aspects were addressed. The textbooks fared poorly in their representations of NOS. Additionally, with a few exceptions, textbook scores either did not change or decreased over the past four decades. These trends are incommensurate with the discourse in national and international science education reform documents, which has witnessed an increasing emphasis on the centrality of NOS to scientific literacy and pre-college science education during the same time period. Assessment and evaluation strategies, and policies need to be targeted if substantial and desired changes in the ways NOS is addressed in science textbooks are to be effected. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 45: 835,855, 2008 [source] Analytic validity of genetic tests to identify factor V Leiden and prothrombin G20210A,AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HEMATOLOGY, Issue 4 2010Ashkan Emadi The objective of this study is to systematically review methods for detecting Factor V Leiden or prothrombin G20210A. English-language literature from MEDLINE®, EMBASE®, The Cochrane Library, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, PsycInfo©, 2000-December 2008. Studies assessed methods for detection of these mutations in at least 10 human blood samples and reported concordance, discordance, or reproducibility. Two investigators abstracted data on the sample selection criteria, test operators, DNA extraction, experimental test, reference standard, commercial instruments, concordance rates, explanation of any discordance, and whether discordance resolved after repetition. We assessed strength of the evidence using the GRADE criteria. We reviewed 7,777 titles and included 66 articles. The majority of the reviewed studies used PCR-RFLP or AS-PCR as the reference standard. The studies demonstrated that commercially available and precommercial tests have high analytic validity with all having greater than 99% concordance with the reference standard. With a few exceptions, discordance resolved with repetition of the test, suggesting operator or administrative errors were responsible for the discordant results. In the quality assurance studies, greater than 98% of laboratories demonstrated high, even perfect, accuracy when asked to diagnose a sample with a known mutation. The majority of errors came from a limited number of laboratories. Although not all methods may be accurate, there is high-grade evidence that genetic tests for the detection of FVL and prothrombin G20210A have excellent analytic validity. There is high-grade evidence that most, but not all, clinical laboratories test for FVL and prothrombin G20210A accurately. Am. J. Hematol., 2010. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Patterns and Ecological Correlates of Pollination Modes Among Bromeliad Communities of Andean Forests in BoliviaPLANT BIOLOGY, Issue 6 2000M. Kessler Abstract: We studied the distribution of five pollination modes (ornithophily, chiropterophily, entomophily, mixed/unspecific, autogamy) among the bromeliad communities of 74 forest sites in the Bolivian Andes and adjacent lowlands. We recorded a total of 188 bromeliad species belonging to 16 genera, including 115 (61 %) ornithophilous, 14 (7 %) chiropterophilous, 45 (24 %) entomophilous, 8 (4 %) autogamous, and 6 (3 %) species with mixed pollination mode. Ornithophily was the dominant pollination mode at high elevations and in wet regions, while entomophily dominated in arid regions. Chiropterophily was most common in wet lowland regions, autogamy in arid sites, and mixed pollination in the lowlands. Pollination modes were rather evenly distributed among life-forms and ecophysiological types, with a few exceptions: terrestrial forest bromeliads, mostly belonging to unarmed, soft-leaved taxa, had a prevalence of entomophily and few ornithophilous species; large, spiny terrestrial bromeliads of Puya and Bromelioideae showed a prevalence of ornithophily; and autogamy was restricted to the neotenous subgenus Diaphoranthema of Tillandsia. The restriction of unspecific pollination modes to the lowlands is hypothesized to be related to the abundance of pollinators, eliminating the need for specialized co-evolution, or to the overall rarity of bromeliads in this environment, precluding the development of specialized relationships. The low representation of entomophilous species in small dry forest regions compared to extensive areas is assumed to be due to the seasonal influx of hummingbirds and/or bats. Overall, the frequency of individual pollination modes was related to the availability of pollinators as determined by temperatures and humidity. [source] People must change before institutions can: a model addressing the challenge from administering to managing the maltese public servicePUBLIC ADMINISTRATION & DEVELOPMENT, Issue 3 2005Vincent Cassar Abstract The Maltese public service is currently undergoing major organisational changes to enhance its efficiency and effectiveness in its service delivery. The great majority of these changes have focussed on re-organising the macro-level, namely strategy, processes and structures. This is not an easy feat as local external power forces leave their impact in the process. It is argued, however, that one way to circumvent these resisting forces is to empower the real agents of change: the administrators of the public service. For some reason, the micro-level has been neglected and has been generally absent from the agenda of the major change programme with a few exceptions. This article throws light on this level by proposing an intrapersonal, psychological and pedagogical model for change that may complement and accompany the larger macro changes. The authors suggest that the model can be developed in a practical way to motivate change from within the person and not just push change around the person. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] The ,Fourfold Sense': De Lubac, Blondel and Contemporary TheologyTHE HEYTHROP JOURNAL, Issue 4 2001Kevin L. Hughes Henri de Lubac's contribution to Catholic theology is well-known. But the work of the latter part of his career on medieval exegesis has received less scholarly acclaim. Historians of exegesis find it apologetic and too theological, and thus unhelpful in their field, while most theologians, with a few exceptions, have seemed to find it too historical for their work. This article argues that de Lubac's Medieval Exegesis is an exercise in theology, but specifically a tradition-oriented historical theology. Drawing upon Maurice Blondel's philosophical definition of tradition, de Lubac aims to describe the ,fourfold sense' as a tradition, a theological mentalité, often implicit, that suffuses ancient and medieval Christian theology. It is the author' hope that the recognition of the proper genre and aim of de Lubac's magnum opus et arduum is the catalyst for further, properly theological, reflection upon its claims about scripture and tradition. [source] Diagnostic efficiency of symptoms in the diagnosis of DSM-IV: generalized anxiety disorder in youthTHE JOURNAL OF CHILD PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY AND ALLIED DISCIPLINES, Issue 7 2002Armando A. Pina Background: Evaluated five probability indices, including odds ratios, to determine relative contribution of Uncontrollable Excessive Worry (DSM-IV criterion A and criterion B) and Physiological Symptoms associated with uncontrollable excessive worry (DSM-IV criterion C) for diagnosing DSM-IV generalized anxiety disorder in youth. Method: One hundred eleven youths (6 to 17 years old) and their parents who presented to a childhood anxiety disorders specialty clinic were administered a semi-structured diagnostic interview schedule. Separate evaluations were conducted for children and adolescents. Results: Results showed that symptoms comprising DSM-IV's generalized anxiety disorder diagnosis vary relative to one another in the degree to which they contribute to the diagnosis, with certain symptoms having relatively higher diagnostic value than other symptoms. The relative value of symptoms also appeared to vary with children's and adolescents' reports, and parents' reports about their children and adolescents. Conclusions: Despite variations in symptoms' values, with only a few exceptions, almost all symptoms were still quite useful for diagnosis, whether reported by children, adolescents, or their parents. [source] Risk and Remoteness of Damage in NegligenceTHE MODERN LAW REVIEW, Issue 2 2001Marc Stauch The remoteness enquiry in negligence, which serves to exclude the liability of defendants for harmful consequences that their careless conduct caused, but for which it seems unfair to penalise them, has long been beset by uncertainty. Indeed, a common view is that this area of the law can be explained only by reference to diffuse considerations of ,legal policy'. This paper, however, argues that the remoteness enquiry represents a principled response to a problem that can arise, at a deep level, in ascribing a harmful outcome to the negligent exercise of individual agency. The relevant problem concerns the possible mismatch between the hypothetical ,risk-claim' in virtue of which conduct was faulty and the causal set that subsequently materialised for harm. The ,revised risk theory' that emerges from this analysis accounts for the majority of remoteness determinations. However, a few exceptions are also considered where ,policy,, in a restricted sense, operates to extend or curtail a negligent agent's legal responsibility. [source] Long-term changes of aphid vectors of Barley yellow dwarf viruses in north-eastern Italy (Friuli-Venezia Giulia)ANNALS OF APPLIED BIOLOGY, Issue 1 2009P.G. Coceano Abstract Migrations of aphid vectors of Barley yellow dwarf viruses (BYDV) were monitored using a Rothamsted Insect Survey suction trap in Friuli-Venezia Giulia (north-eastern Italy). Catches from 1983 to 2002 were studied for trends, correlations of total catches of each year with those of previous years, correlations between the autumn and the spring + summer catches of the same year and between spring + summer catches of one year with catches of the previous autumn. Infectivity of autumn alates was studied using biological tests, and infectivity indexes were calculated for all vector species and for Rhopalosiphum padi alone. Colonisation of barley and proportion of infected plants were checked in a field close to the suction trap from 1992 to 2002 and related to trap catches. Catches were also correlated to acreage dedicated to cereal and fodder crops in the region. During the 20 years, 15 BYDV vector species were caught in the trap, but only five species were found consistently colonising barley plants during autumn. R. padi was the most numerous species in catches, while Sitobion avenae was the predominant colonising species in the barley field. Relatively to R. padi, S. avenae colonies were about six times more numerous than expected from catches. The yearly abundance of catches of most species did not change significantly during the 20 years, with a few exceptions, significantly correlated to changes in the acreage dedicated to cereal and fodder crops. There was a significant decrease of the autumn catches of both R. padi and the total of BYDV vectors. [source] Does equipartition hold in HFPs?ASTRONOMISCHE NACHRICHTEN, Issue 2-3 2009D. Dallacasa Abstract Equipartition of energy between relativistic particles and magnetic field is known to be consistent with observations in most of the large size (hundreds of kpc) radio galaxies. Here we discuss whether such a property holds in the smallest and youngest radio sources, the High Frequency Peakers (HFPs). A few sources have small components with a turnover frequency occurring at a few GHz and therefore a direct measure of the magnetic field intensity can be derived from the spectral peak assuming the spectral turnover is originated by synchrotron self-absorption. The field strengths computed in this way are generally in excellent agreement with the equipartition fields. However, a few exceptions have been found, in sources with an extra deficit of photons in the optically thick part of the spectrum as a consequence of free-free absorption (FFA) (© 2009 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Australia's National Action Plan for Salinity and Water Quality: a retrospective assessment,AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL & RESOURCE ECONOMICS, Issue 4 2010David J. Pannell Perceptions of a salinity ,crisis' in Australia around 2000 resulted in the establishment of a major national program that aimed to prevent, stabilize, and reverse trends in salinity. The National Action Plan for Salinity and Water Quality allocated A$1.4 billion of public funds to 1700 projects over 7 years. Here, we assess the performance of the program in relation to 12 features that we propose as being essential for programs that aim to address complex environmental problems. The features include use of technical information to guide investment prioritization, use of socio-economic information, effective integration of information for prioritization, selection of appropriate targets, choice of appropriate policy mechanisms, and provision of incentives and support to environmental managers to pursue environmental outcomes cost effectively. Our assessment reinforces findings from a number of public reviews that found serious weaknesses in the program. Overall, with a few exceptions, projects under the National Action Plan generated few worthwhile salinity mitigation benefits and will have little enduring benefit. This was readily foreseeable given attention to the scientific and economic knowledge of salinity available at the time the program was developed. [source] Funding for rural health research from the Australian Research Council: A missed opportunity?AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF RURAL HEALTH, Issue 3 2009John McDonald Abstract Objective:,To determine the number of projects, and level of funding, for rural health research from the Australian Research Council (ARC). Design:,Analyses of ARC searchable datasets of completed, and new and ongoing projects from 2001 to 2008. Main outcome measures:,Number of rural health research projects as a proportion of total funding; level of funding for rural health research projects as a proportion of total funding. Results:,Only 46 of 6498 ARC completed projects were classified as rural health research projects. This represents 0.7% of the total number of projects, and 0.39% of the total funding allocated. Only 25 of 4659 ARC new and ongoing projects were classified as rural health research projects. This represents 0.54% of the total number of projects, and 0.27% of the total funding allocated. None of the 832 completed fellowships were classified as rural health. Only five (0.52%) of the 953 new and ongoing fellowships were classified as rural health. Conclusions:,The level of under-funding for rural health research could be partially addressed by directing applications towards the ARC, in addition to the National Health and Medical Research Council. With a few exceptions, rural health researchers are not yet competitive in the national funding arena. [source] Development of a Novel Environmentally Friendly Electrolytic System by Using Recyclable Solid-Supported Bases for In Situ Generation of a Supporting Electrolyte from Methanol as a Solvent: Application for Anodic Methoxylation of Organic CompoundsCHEMISTRY - A EUROPEAN JOURNAL, Issue 21 2005Toshiki Tajima Abstract We have successfully developed a novel environmentally friendly electrolytic system using recyclable solid-supported bases for in situ generation of a supporting electrolyte from methanol as a solvent. It was found that solid-supported bases are electrochemically inactive at an electrode surface. It was also found that solid-supported bases dissociate methanol into methoxide anions and protons. Therefore, in the presence of solid-supported bases, it was clarified that methanol serves as both a solvent and a supporting electrolyte generated in situ. Anodic methoxylation of various compounds with solid-supported bases was carried out to provide the corresponding methoxylated products in good to excellent yields with a few exceptions. The methoxylated products and the solid-supported bases were easily separated by only filtration, and the desired pure methoxylated products were readily isolated simply by concentration of the filtrates. The separated and recovered solid-supported bases were recyclable for several times. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||