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Fetal Side (fetal + side)
Selected AbstractsSuspected involvement of the X chromosome in placental mesenchymal dysplasiaCONGENITAL ANOMALIES, Issue 4 2002Masayoshi Arizawa ABSTRACT, So far, 46 cases of placental mesenchymal dysplasia have been reported worldwide. We encountered 15 cases of placental mesenchymal dysplasia (PMD) including 7 cases delivered in our hospital. The incidence of PMD in our hospital was therefore, 7/30, 758 (0.02%). The PMD had a peculiar appearance. In the gross findings, large placenta with intestine-like dilatation of the vessels on the fetal side was reported. Microscopically, cistern-like dilatation of the stem villi, fetal artery thrombosis, and villous hemorrhage were reported. However, we believe most of these findings are secondary rather than the primary of mesenchymal dysplasia. Therefore, we investigated 15 other cases of mesenchymal dysplasia, and found including vascular abnormality of the stem, intermediate and terminal villi in all case of PMD. The abnormality was observed in the vessels of the periphery of the stem villi and their vessel walls were thin and appeared weak. The intermediate villous vessels were unusual, tangled. The terminal villous abnormalities showed chorangiosis and stromal hyperplasia. These findings are mesenchymal dysplasia origin. Moreover, PMD showed female-predominant. 14/15 was female among our cases, We discuss the relationship between mesenchymal dysplasia and the X chromosome in this paper. [source] Risk factors and mechanism of transplacental transmission of hepatitis B virus: A case-control studyJOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY, Issue 1 2002De-Zhong Xu Abstract Intrauterine hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has been suggested to be caused by transplacental transmission that cannot be blocked by hepatitis B vaccine. This would decrease the effectiveness of hepatitis B vaccine. This study examined the risk factors and mechanism of transplacental HBV transmission. A case-control study included 402 newborn infants from 402 HBsAg-positive pregnant women. Among these, 15 newborn infants infected with HBV by intrauterine transmission were selected as cases, and the rest as controls. A pathology study included 101 full-term placentas from the HBsAg-positive pregnant women above and 14 from HBsAg-negative pregnant women. Immunohistochemistry staining and HBV DNA in situ hybridization were used to estimate the association of intrauterine HBV infection and HBV infection in the placentas. HBeAg positivity in mothers' sera (OR,=,17.07, 95%CI 3.39,86.01) and threatened preterm labor (OR,=,5.44, 95%CI 1.15,25.67) were found to be associated with transplacental HBV transmission. The intrauterine infection rate increased linearly and significantly with maternal serum HBsAg titers (trend test P,=,0.0117) and HBV DNA concentration (trend test P,<,0.01). Results of the pathology study showed that HBV infection rates decreased gradually from the maternal side to the fetal side (trend test P,=,0.0009) in the placental cell layers. There was a significant association between intrauterine HBV transmission and HBV infection in villous capillary endothelial cells (VCEC) in the placenta (OR,=,18.46, P,=,0.0002). The main risk factors for intrauterine HBV infection are maternal serum HBeAg positivity, history of threatened preterm labor, and HBV in the placenta especially the villous capillary endothelial cells. Previous reports of transplacental leakage of maternal blood causing intrauterine infection are confirmed. In addition, there appears to be a "cellular transfer" of HBV from cell to cell in the placenta causing intrauterine infection. This latter hypothesis needs to be confirmed. J. Med. Virol. 67:20,26, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Light and Scanning Electron Microscopic Study on the Blood Vascular System of the Donkey PlacentaANATOMIA, HISTOLOGIA, EMBRYOLOGIA, Issue 2 2008A. Saber Summary The donkey placenta is diffuse and epitheliochorial with numerous microplacentomes consisting of a fetal microcotyledonary and a maternal microcaruncular part. The microplacentomal vasculature during the last third of pregnancy has been investigated by light microscopy in comparison to scanning electron microscopy of the materno-fetal contact surface and corrosion casts of blood vessels after plastic instillation from either the microcotyledonary or the microcaruncular side, and, for the first time in a perissodactyle, from both sides. Morphological data were semiquantitatively evaluated. The supplying parts of both, the microcotyledonary and the microcaruncular vascular system are strictly proximo-distally oriented, thus reaching the capillary systems or working parts in the shortest way possible. The straight course of the vasculature, particularly on the fetal side, suggests the occurrence of venulo-arteriolar back diffusion. The fetal capillary system consists of convolutes confronting the maternal septal capillary complexes in a countercurrent way. This materno-fetal blood flow interrelationship is highly efficient in terms of placental exchange, which is further supported (1) by dilations and increasing coiling of the fetal venular capillary limbs in particular and (2) by a decrease in the interhaemal distance from 12.5 to 7.2 ,m between the two capillary systems. Besides the countercurrent blood flow interrelationship, some maternal branch arterioles reach the septal capillary system from the maternally oriented pole of the microplacentome or microcaruncle, respectively, resulting in the less efficient crosscurrent blood flow. Hence, in the donkey placenta fetal and maternal blood vessels meet in a mix of countercurrent and crosscurrent flow patterns. [source] Microvascular Architecture of the Near-term Uterine Caruncles in Water Buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis)ANATOMIA, HISTOLOGIA, EMBRYOLOGIA, Issue 3 2007M. M. M. Abd-Elnaeim Summary The present investigation was carried out on five near-term pregnant water buffaloes for studying the microvascular architecture of the uterine caruncles. The vascular casts were obtained by injection of 4:1 mixture of mercox and methylmethacrylate through the branches of the uterine arteries. After complete polymerization of the plastic, corrosion was conducted in 20% potassium hydroxide, then the vessel casts were immersed in distilled water, cut into small pieces, sputter coated with gold, and examined by using a scanning electron microscope. The buffalo uterine caruncle is highly vascularized through two slightly convoluted arteries and a single less tortuous vein. The arteries branch into several stem arteries at the base of the uterine caruncle, which follow nearly straight course in the primary septa towards the fetal side. During the courses of these stem arteries arterioles of variable diameters arise. The arterioles run in the secondary and tertiary septae and at this location arterioles and venules are connected through a voluminous capillary complex. The latter consists of capillaries of greatly variable diameters with vigorous coiling and sinusoidally dilated zones. From the capillary complexes the blood is driven through postcapillary venules back to the tertiary, secondary and primary septa, respectively, and then converge into stem veins which leave the caruncles through the branches of the uterine vein. [source] RAPID EFFECT OF PROGESTERONE ON TRANSEPITHELIAL RESISTANCE OF HUMAN FETAL MEMBRANES: EVIDENCE FOR NON-GENOMIC ACTIONCLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PHARMACOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY, Issue 2 2008CH Verikouki SUMMARY 1The factors that regulate human fetal membrane transport mechanisms are unknown. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of progesterone on transepithelial electrical resistance (RTE) in the human amniochorion. 2Fetal membranes from uncomplicated term pregnancies were obtained immediately after vaginal or Caesarean deliveries. Intact pieces were mounted as planar sheets separating an Ussing chamber. Progesterone (10,4 to 10,7 mol/L), mifepristone (10,4 to 10,8 mol/L) and combinations of progesterone plus mifepristone were applied to the chambers facing the fetal or maternal sides of the membrane. The RTE was measured before and 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 45 and 60 min after each solution was added (at 37°C). The RTE was calculated in ,.cm2, according to Ohm's law. 3The mean (±SEM) basal value of RTE before the application of any substance in all experiments was 29.1 ± 0.4 ,.cm2., The net change in the RTE (,RTE) in relation to the basal value was calculated in each experiment. Progesterone, mifepristone and the combination of progesterone and mifepristone induced a rapid, surge-type increase in RTE during the 1st min on both sides of the membrane. The combination of progesterone plus mifepristone exerted a synergistic action. The effect was stronger on the fetal side than on the maternal side for all substances tested (P < 0.05). The highest ,RTE during the 1st min on the fetal side was seen with the combination of progesterone plus mifepristone (4.0 ± 0.3 ,.cm2) and the lowest ,RTE occurred with mifepristone (1.5 ± 0.1 ,.cm2). 4The present results demonstrated that the RTE of human fetal membranes increases rapidly in response to progesterone. It is possible that changes in RTE play a role in the control of membrane permeability during pregnancy. [source] | ||||||||||