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Fat Percentage (fat + percentage)
Kinds of Fat Percentage Selected AbstractsSerum Amyloid A and Haptoglobin Concentrations and Liver Fat Percentage in Lactating Dairy Cows with Abomasal DisplacementJOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE, Issue 1 2010H. Guzelbektes Background: There has been increased interest in measuring the serum concentration of acute phase reactants such as serum amyloid A [SAA] and haptoglobin [haptoglobin] in periparturient cattle in order to provide a method for detecting the presence of inflammation or bacterial infection. Objectives: To determine whether [SAA] and [haptoglobin] are increased in cows with displaced abomasum as compared with healthy dairy cows. Animals: Fifty-four adult dairy cows in early lactation that had left displaced abomasum (LDA, n = 34), right displaced abomasum or abomasal volvulus (RDA/AV, n = 11), or were healthy on physical examination (control, n = 9). Materials and Methods: Inflammatory diseases or bacterial infections such as mastitis, metritis, or pneumonia were not clinically apparent in any animal. Jugular venous blood was obtained from all cows and analyzed. Liver samples were obtained by biopsy in cattle with abomasal displacement. Results: [SAA] and [haptoglobin] concentrations were increased in cows with LDA or RDA/AV as compared with healthy controls. Cows with displaced abomasum had mild to moderate hepatic lipidosis, based on liver fat percentages of 9.3 ± 5.3% (mean ± SD, LDA) and 10.8 ± 7.7% (RDA/AV). [SAA] and [haptoglobin] were most strongly associated with liver fat percentage, rs=+0.55 (P < .0001) and rs=+0.42 (P= .0041), respectively. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: An increase in [SAA] or [haptoglobin] in postparturient dairy cows with LDA or RDA/AV is not specific for inflammation or bacterial infection. An increase in [SAA] or [haptoglobin] may indicate the presence of hepatic lipidosis in cattle with abomasal displacement. [source] Relationship between plasma leptin concentrations and carcass composition in fattening mutton: a comparison with ultrasound resultsJOURNAL OF ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY AND NUTRITION, Issue 9-10 2005M. Altmann Summary Positive relationships between circulating leptin concentrations and body fat content have been established in sheep when covering a rather broad range of age and/or body weight. The usefulness of leptin measurements for predicting carcass fat has yet to be evaluated specifically in fattening lambs. We therefore measured plasma leptin concentrations in 56 male lambs half and half Merino Mutton and Blackheaded Mutton. Subcutaneous fat thickness was measured by ultrasound 1 day before the lambs were slaughtered at 35 or 45 kg live weight. Carcass composition was determined by tissue dissection. The coefficients of correlations between leptin and the different amounts in fat depots ranged from 0.40 to 0.56 within the two live weight groups, and from 0.53 to 0.64 when taking the two groups together. Carcass fat percentage was estimated by leptin concentrations with the same accuracy (R2 = 0.34) as with ultrasound fat thickness. The accuracy was higher for leptin in the 35 kg-group whereas the accuracy was higher for ultrasound fat thickness in the 45 kg-group (R2 = 0.26 vs. 0.31). A combination of leptin and ultrasound fat thickness clearly enhanced the precision of estimation in all groups. Further investigations on the influence of factors such as breed, gender, duration of feed withdrawal or photoperiod on the association between leptin and carcass composition are necessary before the suitability of plasma leptin concentration for practical application can be evaluated. [source] Effect of obesity on serum amiodarone concentration in Japanese patients: population pharmacokinetic investigation by multiple trough screen analysisJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PHARMACY & THERAPEUTICS, Issue 3 2009H. Fukuchi MS Summary Objective:, To evaluate the influence of obesity on pharmacokinetics of amiodarone (AMD) using Non-Linear Mixed Effects Modelling (nonmem) in Japanese patients treated with oral therapy. Method:, Serum concentrations of AMD were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. One hundred and fifty-one trough concentrations from 23 patients receiving repetitive oral AMD were collected. Body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage were measured. Results:, Estimates generated using nonmem indicated that the clearance of AMD was influenced by BMI, age and daily dosage of AMD. The final pharmacokinetic model was CL (L/h) = 0·16 · TBW · 0·53AGE , 65 · 0·78BMI , 25 · DD0·51, Vd (L) = 10·2 · TBW, where CL is total body clearance, TBW is total body weight (kg), DD (mg/kg/day) is daily dosage of AMD, AGE (years) ,65 = 1 for patient was 65 years old or over and 0 otherwise, BMI (kg/m2) ,25 = 1 for patient was 25 kg/m2 or over and 0 otherwise and Vd is apparent volume of distribution. The clearance of AMD decreased significantly by 22·3% with a BMI higher than 25 kg/m2. The clearance of AMD also decreased significantly by 46·9% when patient age was more than 65 years. Conclusion:, Population pharmacokinetic analysis confirms that obesity affects the pharmacokinetics of AMD. [source] Sonographic measurements of subcutaneous fat in obese individuals may correlate better with peripheral artery disease indicesJOURNAL OF CLINICAL ULTRASOUND, Issue 5 2009Serafim Tsitsilonis MD Purpose. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association of various methods for body fat assessment with indices of peripheral artery disease in the deep and superficial femoral arteries. Methods. The intima,media thickness (IMT), maximal IMT (max IMT), femoral wall thickness (FWT), maximal FWT (max FWT), cross-sectional intima media area (CIMA), and atherosclerotic burden score (ABS) were measured sonographically in 26 subjects. The minimum thickness of the abdominal subcutaneous fat layer (Smin) was measured sonographically close to the xyphoid process, and body fat percentage was calculated using various formulas. Results. Smin correlated significantly with body fat percentage calculated with all formulas and was the sole parameter that was associated significantly with all the femoral artery atherosclerotic indices IMT: r = 0.74, p < 0.001; max IMT: r = 0.53, p < 0.05; FWT: r = 0.78, p < 0.001; max FWT: r = 0.57, p < 0.005; ABS: r = 0.52, p < 0.05; CIMA: r = 0.86, p < 0.001; Smin was the major independent predictor of femoral IMT on a multiple stepwise regression analysis (, = 0.02; SE = 0.008, R2 = 0.35, p < 0.05). Conclusions. Smin correlates better than indirect indices and formulas of body fat estimation with markers of extracoronary atherosclerosis. Sonographic measurement of Smin may serve in the future as a useful tool in everyday clinical practice. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2009 [source] Sonographic evaluation of gallbladder volume and ejection fraction in obese women without gallstonesJOURNAL OF CLINICAL ULTRASOUND, Issue 7 2003Ramazan Sari MD Abstract Purpose Obese people have an increased incidence of gallstones. Although the exact pathogenic mechanisms of gallstone development are unknown, impaired gallbladder emptying has been suggested as a possible underlying mechanism. Our aim was to investigate this possibility by evaluating gallbladder motility and related factors in obese and nonobese women without gallstones. Methods This study included 79 obese women and 25 nonobese healthy women. Using real-time sonography, we evaluated fasting and postprandial (15th-, 30th-, 45th-, 60th-, 75th-, 90th-, 120th-, and 150th-minute) gallbladder volumes and ejection fractions. The smallest postprandial volume was considered the residual volume. Results Mean (± standard deviation) fasting and residual gallbladder volumes were 43.2 ± 18.3 cm3 and 21.4 ± 11.2 cm3, respectively, in the obese women and 28.1 ± 12.3 cm3 and 7.9 ± 3.4 cm3, respectively, in the nonobese women. Maximal ejection fraction was 49 ± 19% in obese women and 63 ± 29% in nonobese women (p = 0.001). The fasting and residual volumes and the postprandial volumes at all time points were higher in obese women than in nonobese women (p < 0.001). In addition, 15th-, 30th-, 45th-, 60th-, 75th-, and 90th-minute postprandial ejection fractions were lower in obese women than in nonobese women (p < 0.001). Positive correlations were found between fasting gallbladder volume and body mass index and body fat weight and between residual volume and body mass index, waist circumference, body fat percentage, and body fat weight (p < 0.05 for all comparisons). Conclusions Our results show that fasting and postprandial gallbladder volumes are higher and that postprandial gallbladder motility is lower in obese than in nonobese women. There are positive correlations between fasting gallbladder volume and body weight, body mass index, and body fat weight. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 31: 352,357, 2003 [source] Simple anatomical measurements do not correlate significantly to individual peripheral nerve stimulation thresholds as measured in MRI gradient coilsJOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING, Issue 6 2003Blaine A. Chronik PhD Abstract Purpose To examine peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) thresholds for normal human subjects in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) gradient coils, and determine if observed thresholds could be predicted based on gross physiologic measurements. Materials and Methods PNS thresholds for 21 healthy normal subjects were measured using a whole-body gradient coil. Subjects were exposed to a trapezoidal echo-planar imaging (EPI) gradient waveform and the total change in gradient strength (,G) required to cause PNS as a function of the duration of the gradient switching time (,) were measured. Correlation coefficients and corresponding P values were calculated for the PNS threshold measurements against simple physiologic measurements taken of the subjects, including weight, height, girth, and average body fat percentage, in order to determine if there were any easily observable dependencies. Results No convincing correlations between threshold parameters and gross physiologic measurements were observed. Conclusion These results suggest it is unlikely that a simple physiologic measurement of subject anatomy can be used to guide the operation of MRI scanners in a subject-specific manner in order to increase gradient system performance while avoiding PNS. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2003;17:716,721. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Comparative dry matter intake and nutrient utilisation efficiency in lactating cattle and buffaloesJOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, Issue 4 2003Shyam S Paul Abstract An attempt was made to assess the comparative dry matter intake and nutrient utilisation efficiency of lactating buffaloes and cows based on results obtained from experimental feeding trials conducted in India. Data on dry matter (DM) intake, total digestible nutrient (TDN) intake, digestible crude protein (DCP) intake, body weight or metabolic body size (MBS), body weight change, milk yield or 4% fat-corrected milk (FCM) yield, milk fat percentage and roughage/concentrate ratio in the diet of lactating buffaloes and cows were collected from published reports. The data were processed and analysed to assess the comparative dry matter intake and nutrient utilisation efficiency using suitable statistical analysis models. DM intake was significantly (P,<,0.01) lower in buffaloes (2.57,kg DM per 100,kg body weight or 119.2,g,kg,1 MBS) than in cattle (3.09,kg DM per 100,kg body weight or 132.0,g,kg,1 MBS). Mean gross energetic efficiency (30.53 versus 27.83%; P,<,0.01), gross protein efficiency (45.48 versus 37.06%; P,<,0.01), net energetic efficiency (69.16 versus 64.10%; P,<,0.05) and net protein efficiency (80.15 versus 59.59%; P,<,0.001) were significantly higher in buffaloes than in cattle. Lactating buffaloes consumed significantly less (P,<,0.001) protein (75.69,g DCP) and less (P,<,0.01) energy (695.9,g TDN) than cows (93.89,g DCP, 774.8,g TDN) for production of 1,kg of 4% fat-corrected milk. Buffaloes had higher energy and protein utilisation efficiencies as compared with cattle at similar fat-corrected milk production level, plane of energy and protein nutrition, body size and body weight change. Buffaloes (1.189,kg DM,kg,1 4% FCM) consumed a similar (P,>,0.05) amount of feed dry matter to that of cows (1.267,kg DM,kg,1 4% FCM). However, when DM intake,kg,1 FCM (4%) was compared at constant levels of metabolic body size, fat-corrected milk, body weight change, dietary energy concentration and green forage percentage in the diet, lactating buffaloes consumed significantly less DM,kg,1 FCM yield as compared with cattle. It was concluded that DM intake was lower in lactating buffaloes. Moreover, lactating buffaloes utilised dietary dry matter, energy and protein for milk production more efficiently than cattle. © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Serum Amyloid A and Haptoglobin Concentrations and Liver Fat Percentage in Lactating Dairy Cows with Abomasal DisplacementJOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE, Issue 1 2010H. Guzelbektes Background: There has been increased interest in measuring the serum concentration of acute phase reactants such as serum amyloid A [SAA] and haptoglobin [haptoglobin] in periparturient cattle in order to provide a method for detecting the presence of inflammation or bacterial infection. Objectives: To determine whether [SAA] and [haptoglobin] are increased in cows with displaced abomasum as compared with healthy dairy cows. Animals: Fifty-four adult dairy cows in early lactation that had left displaced abomasum (LDA, n = 34), right displaced abomasum or abomasal volvulus (RDA/AV, n = 11), or were healthy on physical examination (control, n = 9). Materials and Methods: Inflammatory diseases or bacterial infections such as mastitis, metritis, or pneumonia were not clinically apparent in any animal. Jugular venous blood was obtained from all cows and analyzed. Liver samples were obtained by biopsy in cattle with abomasal displacement. Results: [SAA] and [haptoglobin] concentrations were increased in cows with LDA or RDA/AV as compared with healthy controls. Cows with displaced abomasum had mild to moderate hepatic lipidosis, based on liver fat percentages of 9.3 ± 5.3% (mean ± SD, LDA) and 10.8 ± 7.7% (RDA/AV). [SAA] and [haptoglobin] were most strongly associated with liver fat percentage, rs=+0.55 (P < .0001) and rs=+0.42 (P= .0041), respectively. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: An increase in [SAA] or [haptoglobin] in postparturient dairy cows with LDA or RDA/AV is not specific for inflammation or bacterial infection. An increase in [SAA] or [haptoglobin] may indicate the presence of hepatic lipidosis in cattle with abomasal displacement. [source] Elevated body fat percentage and cardiovascular risks at low body mass index levels among Singaporean Chinese, Malays and IndiansOBESITY REVIEWS, Issue 3 2002M. Deurenberg-Yap Summary The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage (BF%) in Singaporean Chinese, Malays and Indians, and to determine the risk for selected comorbidities at various BMI categories and abdominal fat distributions, as assessed by waist circumference (WC). The study was a cross-sectional (population) design. In total, 4723 subjects participated in the National Health Survey of 1998 in which the risks were investigated. A selected subsample of 291 subjects participated in a detailed body composition study, where weight, height and WC were measured, as were blood pressure, total and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, serum triglycerides and fasting glucose. In the subsample, BF% was determined by means of a chemical four-compartment model. At any given BF% the BMI of Singaporeans was about 3 kg m,2 lower than that of Caucasians. There were slight differences in the BF%/BMI relationship between the three ethnic groups. For all the ethnic groups, it was found that at low categories of BMI (between 22 and 24 kg m,2) and WC (between 75 and 80 cm for women and between 80 and 85 cm for men), the absolute risks for having at least one of the aforementioned risk factors were high, ranging from 41 to 81%. At these same categories the relative risks were significantly higher compared to the reference category, odds ratios ranging from 1.97,4.38. These categories of BMI and WC were all far below the cut-off values of BMI and WC as currently recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). The data from the current study, which includes evidence that not only risk factors, but also BF% are elevated at low BMI values, presents a strong case for lowering the BMI cut-off value for overweight and obesity among Singaporeans, from 25 kg m,2 and 30 kg m,2 to 23 kg m,2 and 27 kg m,2, respectively. [source] Obesity and metabolic changes are common in young childhood brain tumor survivorsPEDIATRIC BLOOD & CANCER, Issue 7 2009Sari Pietilä MD Abstract Background A population based cross-sectional study was used to examine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its components in childhood brain tumor survivors. Procedure Fifty-two survivors were examined at a mean age of 14.4 years (range 3.8,28.7). Lipid and glucose metabolism, thyroid function, and plasma uric acid were evaluated. Fat mass and fat percentage were assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Metabolic syndrome was defined on International Diabetes Federation criteria. Results Ten (19%) patients were overweight and four (8%) were obese. According to DXA, 16/46 (35%) patients were obese. Central obesity was found in 11 (21%) patients. Cranial irradiation, hypothalamic/hypophyseal damage, growth hormone (GH) deficiency and impaired mobility were associated with overweight/obesity and central obesity. Thirteen (25%) subjects had hypercholesterolemia, 14 (27%) had raised low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), 12 (23%) had raised blood pressure, four (8%) had metabolic syndrome, two (4%) had hyperinsulinemia and five (10%) had hyperuricemia. Cranial irradiation was associated with hypercholesterolemia (P,=,0.019), raised LDL-C (P,=,0.028), raised blood pressure (P,=,0.040), and metabolic syndrome (P,=,0.018). Impaired mobility was associated with hypercholesterolemia (P,=,0.034). Hypothalamic/hypophyseal damage was associated with metabolic syndrome (P,=,0.003) and hyperuricemia (P,=,0.011) as was GH deficiency (P,=,0.034 and P,=,0.008). GH supplementation alleviated adverse metabolic outcomes among brain tumor survivors with GH deficiency. Conclusions Obesity/overweight, dyslipidemia, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, and hyperuricemia were common in young childhood brain tumor survivors. Cranial irradiation, hypothalamic/hypophyseal damage, growth hormone deficiency, and/or impaired mobility were associated with higher risk for obesity and metabolic changes among these patients. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;52:853,859. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Body fat ratios in urban Chinese childrenPEDIATRICS INTERNATIONAL, Issue 2 2003Fujihiko Iwata AbstractObjective: As obesity has been increasing in China, the present study examined the body composition of children to assess their fatness. Study design: A total of 532 healthy schoolchildren who lived in central Beijing were examined. Skinfold thicknesses, hip and waist circumferences, and body fat percentage were measured, as well as height and weight. Results: The prevalence of overweight (Body Mass Index (BMI) , 95% for age and sex of Chinese children) was 27.7% in boys and 14.2% in girls (chi-squared; P = 0.0001). The percentages of body fat (BF%), waist/hip ratios and skinfold thicknesses ratios (subscapular/triceps) in overweight children were significantly higher than those in non-overweight children (Mann,Whitney U -test). The BF% of non-overweight boys was significantly higher than that of non-overweight girls. Conclusion: Urban Chinese overweight children have high BF% with adverse fat distribution. They may have high risk of atherogeniety. Boys in the non-overweight category may have higher fat accumulation than predicted by BMI. The establishment of an intervention program for childhood obesity is strongly recommended. [source] Unfavorable lipid profiles in mild obesity with excess body fat percentagePEDIATRICS INTERNATIONAL, Issue 1 2000Akiho Tamura Abstract Background: The aim of the present study was to investigate the usefulness of subclassifications of overweight children using the body fat percentage (Fat%) to predict the serum lipid profile. Methods: School children (431, 236 boys and 195 girls) aged 9,12 years were divided into three obesity groups (non-, mild and advanced obesity) and were further divided into two subgroups according to the Fat% measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis. The mean fasting serum lipid levels were also evaluated. Results: In the non-obesity and the advanced obesity groups, the Fat%-based subclassification demonstrated no essential differences in lipid profiles or in the prevalence of hyperlipidemia between the two subgroups. However, in the mild obesity group, the levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride and the atherogenic index were significantly higher and the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level was significantly lower in the adipositic subgroup (Fat%, age/sex-specific cut-off value) than in the non-adipositic subgroup. Multiple comparison of lipid levels among all six categories of children indicated that the adipositic subgroup of mild obesity had no advantage over the advanced obesity group with respect to the atherogenic potential and that the non-adipositic subgroup of mild obesity showed no additional risks compared to the non-obesity group. Moreover, the prevalence of hyperlipidemia in the adipositic subgroup of mild obesity (50.0%) was significantly different from that in its non-adipositic counterpart (13.3%) and was equivalent to that in the advanced obesity group. Conclusions: These results suggest that Fat% evaluation is useful to divide mildly obese children into two distinct subtypes based on serum lipid profiles and that the excess Fat% in mildly obese school children is a predictor of atherogenesis. [source] Thermoregulatory sympathetic nervous system activity and diet-induced waist-circumference reduction in obese Japanese womenAMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN BIOLOGY, Issue 6 2009Mami Fujibayashi The present study is designed to investigate how and to what extent sympathovagal behavior in a balanced low-calorie diet relates to favorable changes of body mass, waist circumference, and/or metabolic risk factors. The study involved 28 mildly obese women without clinical complications, who underwent an 8-week calorie restriction program using a 1,200-kcal daily diet with an adequate nutrient content; including two regular meals, and one formula meal replacement. All subjects were examined before and after the dietary intervention. We measured anthropometric parameters, blood pressure, and biochemical blood profiles for lipid metabolism. Autonomic nervous system activity was evaluated by heart rate variability power spectral analysis. The dietary intervention induced moderate, but significant reduction of waist circumference (,5.3% ± 0.8%), body fat percentage (,5.8% ± 0.8%), and body mass (,6.6% ± 0.5%). Linear regression analysis showed that ,very low frequency (VLF) power reflecting energy metabolic- and thermoregulatory sympathetic function significantly correlated to ,waist circumference (r = ,0.53, P < 0.01), ,body fat percentage (r = ,0.39, P < 0.05), ,body mass (r = ,0.43, P < 0.05), ,HDL-cholesterol/total cholesterol ratio (HDL-C/TC) (r = 0.62, P < 0.001), and ,nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) (r = 0.56, P < 0.01). A stepwise multiple regression analysis additionally revealed that ,waist circumference (P = 0.024), ,HDL-C/TC (P = 0.013), and ,NEFA (P = 0.016) were significant and independent factors, which contributing to the variance in ,VLF power (r2 = 0.61). Although causes and consequences of obesity continue to elude researchers, the present study indicates that thermoregulatory sympathetic activity relates to moderate waist-circumference reduction together with favorable changes of blood lipid profiles after short-term dietary modification in mildly obese women. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] The identification of QTL that affect the fatty acid composition of milk on sheep chromosome 11ANIMAL GENETICS, Issue 3 2010M. García-Fernández Summary In this work, we analysed 11 genetic markers localized on OAR11 in a commercial population of Spanish Churra sheep to detect QTL that underlie milk fatty acid (FA) composition traits. Following a daughter design, we analysed 799 ewes distributed in 15 half-sib families. Eight microsatellite markers and three novel SNPs identified in two genes related to fatty acid metabolism, acetyl-CoA carboxylase , (ACACA) and fatty acid synthase (FASN), were genotyped in the whole population under study. The phenotypic traits considered in the study included 22 measurements related to the FA composition of the milk and three other milk production traits (milk protein percentage, milk fat percentage and milk yield). Across-family regression analysis revealed four significant QTL at the 5% chromosome-wise level influencing contents of capric acid (C10:0), lauric acid (C12:0), linoleic conjugated acid (CLA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) respectively. The peaks of the QTL affecting C10:0 and PUFA contents in milk map close to the FASN gene, which has been evaluated as a putative positional candidate for these QTL. The QTL influencing C12:0 content reaches its maximum significance at 58 cM, close to the gene coding for the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide. We were not able to find any candidate genes related to fat metabolism at the QTL influencing CLA content, which is located at the proximal end of the chromosome. Further research efforts will be needed to confirm and refine the QTL locations reported here. [source] Quantitative trait loci associated with fatness in a broiler,layer crossANIMAL GENETICS, Issue 5 2009R. L. R. Campos Summary An F2 population established by crossing a broiler male line and a layer line was used to map quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting abdominal fat weight, abdominal fat percentage and serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations. Two genetic models, the line-cross and the half-sib, were applied in the QTL analysis, both using the regression interval method. Three significant QTL and four suggestive QTL were mapped in the line-cross analysis and four significant and four suggestive QTL were mapped in the half-sib analysis. A total of five QTL were mapped for abdominal fat weight, six for abdominal fat percentage and four for triglyceride concentration in both analyses. New QTL associated with serum triglyceride concentration were mapped on GGA5, GGA23 and GG27. QTL mapped between markers LEI0029 and ADL0371 on GGA3 for abdominal fat percentage and abdominal fat weight and a suggestive QTL on GGA12 for abdominal fat percentage showed significant parent-of-origin effects. Some QTL mapped here match QTL regions mapped in previous studies using different populations, suggesting good candidate regions for fine-mapping and candidate gene searches. [source] A functional genomics approach to evaluate candidate genes located in a QTL interval for milk production traits on BTA6ANIMAL GENETICS, Issue 4 2009P. A. Sheehy Summary The potential genetic and economic advantage of marker-assisted selection for enhanced production in dairy cattle has provided an impetus to conduct numerous genome scans in order to identify associations between DNA markers and future productive potential. One area of focus has been a quantitative trait locus on bovine chromosome 6 (BTA6) found to be associated with milk yield, milk protein and fat percentage, which has been subsequently fine-mapped to six positional candidate genes. Subsequent investigations have yet to resolve which of the potential positional candidate genes is responsible for the observed associations with productive performance. In this study, we analysed candidate gene expression and the effects of gene knockdown on expression of ,- and ,-casein mRNA in a small interfering RNA transfected bovine in vitro mammosphere model. From our expression studies in vivo, we observed that four of the six candidates (ABCG2, SPP1, PKD2 and LAP3) exhibited differential expression in bovine mammary tissue over the lactation cycle, but in vitro functional studies indicate that inhibition of only one gene, SPP1, had a significant impact on milk protein gene expression. These data suggest that the gene product of SPP1 (also known as osteopontin) has a significant role in the modulation of milk protein gene expression. While these findings do not exclude other positional candidates from influencing lactation, they support the hypothesis that the gene product of SPP1 is a significant lactational regulatory molecule. [source] The relationship between plasma leptin concentrations and the distribution of body fat in crossbred steersANIMAL SCIENCE JOURNAL, Issue 2 2003Tomoya YAMADA Abstract The objective of the present study was to examine the relationship between plasma leptin levels and fat distribution in crossbred steers. Twenty-four crossbred steers (Japanese Black × Holstein) were used in this study. Six steers belonged to the growing phase (11 months of age), and 18 steers to the finishing phase (from 21 to 28 months of age). Plasma leptin levels correlated positively with body fat weight (r = 0.807, P < 0.01), body fat percentage (r = 0.802, P < 0.01), visceral fat weight (r = 0.807, P < 0.01), visceral fat percentage (r = 0.780, P < 0.01), subcutaneous fat weight (r = 0.745, P < 0.01), subcutaneous fat percentage (r = 0.734, P < 0.01), intermuscular fat weight (r = 0.793, P < 0.01), intermuscular fat percentage (0.775, P < 0.01), renal fat weight (r = 0.694, P < 0.01), renal fat percentage (r = 0.642, P < 0.01), subcutaneous fat thickness (r = 0.755, P < 0.01), intermuscular fat thickness (r = 0.721, P < 0.01), beef marbling score (r = 0.706, P < 0.01) and the crude fat content of Musculus longissimus thoracis (r = 0.592, P < 0.01). The location of fat deposits did not affect the correlation values. However, when steers were divided into growing (n = 6) and finishing (n = 18) groups, there was no significant correlation between plasma leptin levels and the carcass characteristics related to fat deposition (fat weight, fat percentage, carcass traits) in either group. These results suggest that plasma leptin levels in crossbred steers positively correlate with body fat content and carcass traits when these parameters vary widely. [source] Body fat composition and weight changes during pregnancy and 6,8 months post-partum in primiparous and multiparous womenAUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY, Issue 1 2009William W. K. TO Objective:, To compare changes in maternal weight and body fat composition from early to late pregnancy and 6,8 months postnatally between primiparous and multiparous patients Methods:, Maternal weight and body fat percentage were assessed in a cohort of low-risk uncomplicated women in a general antenatal clinic at 14,20 weeks gestation, after 36 weeks, and around six to eight months after delivery using a Tanita TBF 105 Fat Analyser. Maternal epidemiological and anthropometric data, as well as pregnancy characteristics and perinatal outcome, were derived from standard antenatal records after delivery. The cohort was stratified into primiparous and multiparous women for comparison. Results:, In a cohort of 104 women, 55 (52.8%) were primiparous and 49 (47.1%) were multiparous. A relatively good overall correlation between body fat percentage gain and weight gain was observed (correlation coefficient 0.33) from early to late pregnancy. Primiparous women had higher weight gain (12 kg) and higher body fat gain (7.7%) during the pregnancy compared to multiparous women (10.8 kg and 6%, respectively), and they also retained more of the fat accumulated during pregnancy (1.92% vs , 0.44%, P < 0.001) when assessed over six months after their delivery. Conclusion:, The findings could represent more exaggerated physiological responses to the pregnant state in the primiparous woman as compared to multiparous women. [source] Low-carbohydrate (low & high-fat) versus high-carbohydrate low-fat diets in the treatment of obesity in adolescentsACTA PAEDIATRICA, Issue 2 2009S Demol Abstract Aim: To compare the impact of low-carbohydrate diets of different fat content to high-carbohydrate low-fat diet on weight and metabolic parameters in obese adolescents. Methods: Fifty-five patients aged 12,18 years with a body mass index (BMI) above the 95th percentile were randomly allocated to one of three isoenergetic diet regimens. Anthropometric and metabolic measurements were taken after overnight fast, at baseline, after the 12-week intervention and after nine month of follow-up. Results: No significant differences were found among the groups in changes in BMI, BMI-percentile, fat percentage, or metabolic markers at the end of the intervention and at the end of follow-up. Insulin level and homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) level decreased significantly at both time points only in the two low carbohydrate diet groups. Conclusion: All diet regimens are associated with a significant reduction in BMI and improvement of some metabolic parameters in obese adolescents. Low-carbohydrate diets apparently have no advantage over high-carbohydrate low-fat diets. The significant drop in insulin level and HOMA in the low carbohydrate diet groups is noteworthy given the increasing frequency of type-2 diabetes as part of metabolic syndrome in children and youth. The impact of low carbohydrate diets in obese and insulin-resistant youth warrants further investigation. [source] The effect of growth hormone treatment on metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors is similar in preterm and term short, small for gestational age childrenCLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY, Issue 1 2009Sandra W. K. De Kort Summary Context, We previously reported that short, small for gestational age (SGA) children who were born preterm have a lower body fat percentage and a higher blood pressure, insulin secretion and disposition index than short SGA children born at term. Whether preterm birth also influences these parameters during GH treatment is unknown. Objective, To compare blood pressure, insulin sensitivity, beta-cell function and body composition during 4 years of GH treatment, between preterm and term short SGA children. Patients, A total of 404 prepubertal non-GH-deficient short SGA children were divided into 143 preterm (< 36 weeks) and 261 term children. Outcome measures, Height, blood pressure (n = 404), body composition measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) (n = 138) and insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function calculated from a frequent sampling intravenous glucose tolerance test (FSIGT) with tolbutamide (n = 74) or from the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (n = 204). Results, In preterm and term children, GH treatment resulted in a similar decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, body fat percentage, limb fat/total fat ratio and insulin sensitivity, and a similar increase in insulin secretion and disposition index. Lean body mass (LBM) corrected for gender and height increased in term children and did not change in preterm children. Multiple regression analysis revealed that this difference in GH effect on LBM was not associated with gestational age. Conclusion, The effect of GH treatment on metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors is similar in preterm and term short, SGA children. [source] Low Leptin Levels in Migraine: A Case Control StudyHEADACHE, Issue 7 2008Baburhan Guldiken MD Background., Obesity has been shown to be a risk factor for transformation of episodic migraine to chronic form, and adipocytokines have been implicated to modulate some of the cytokins such as interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor, which also act in the neurogenic inflammation in migraine. The aim of the study was to assess leptin levels, one of the adipocytokines, in headache-free period of migraine patients and investigate its relation to vascular risk factors. Material and Methods., Sixty-one patients with episodic migraine headaches and 64 control subjects were enrolled in the study. Demographic data and anthropometric measurements were obtained from all participants; body mass index and fat mass values were calculated. Glucose and lipid parameters were measured by oxidase technique and cholesterol esterase enzymatic assays, and leptin levels were measured by ELISA in serum samples obtained after an overnight fasting. Results., Leptin levels were found significantly lower in migraineurs than controls (40.1 ± 21.2 ng/mL, 48.5 ± 24.5 ng/mL; P < .05). Although body mass index did not differ between 2 groups, fat mass, and fat percentages were significantly lower in migraine patients (19.4 ± 8.8 kg, 26.0 ± 8.7 kg; P < .001 and 28 ± 9%, 34 ± 5%; P < .001, respectively). Conclusion., Migraine patients have low leptin levels and fat mass which may be related to the pathogenesis of migraine. The importance and impact of our findings on the prevalence, characteristics, and treatment of migraine needs to be investigated in further detailed studies. [source] Serum Amyloid A and Haptoglobin Concentrations and Liver Fat Percentage in Lactating Dairy Cows with Abomasal DisplacementJOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE, Issue 1 2010H. Guzelbektes Background: There has been increased interest in measuring the serum concentration of acute phase reactants such as serum amyloid A [SAA] and haptoglobin [haptoglobin] in periparturient cattle in order to provide a method for detecting the presence of inflammation or bacterial infection. Objectives: To determine whether [SAA] and [haptoglobin] are increased in cows with displaced abomasum as compared with healthy dairy cows. Animals: Fifty-four adult dairy cows in early lactation that had left displaced abomasum (LDA, n = 34), right displaced abomasum or abomasal volvulus (RDA/AV, n = 11), or were healthy on physical examination (control, n = 9). Materials and Methods: Inflammatory diseases or bacterial infections such as mastitis, metritis, or pneumonia were not clinically apparent in any animal. Jugular venous blood was obtained from all cows and analyzed. Liver samples were obtained by biopsy in cattle with abomasal displacement. Results: [SAA] and [haptoglobin] concentrations were increased in cows with LDA or RDA/AV as compared with healthy controls. Cows with displaced abomasum had mild to moderate hepatic lipidosis, based on liver fat percentages of 9.3 ± 5.3% (mean ± SD, LDA) and 10.8 ± 7.7% (RDA/AV). [SAA] and [haptoglobin] were most strongly associated with liver fat percentage, rs=+0.55 (P < .0001) and rs=+0.42 (P= .0041), respectively. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: An increase in [SAA] or [haptoglobin] in postparturient dairy cows with LDA or RDA/AV is not specific for inflammation or bacterial infection. An increase in [SAA] or [haptoglobin] may indicate the presence of hepatic lipidosis in cattle with abomasal displacement. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||