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Fat Area (fat + area)
Selected AbstractsEffects of Orlistat on Visceral Fat After LiposuctionDERMATOLOGIC SURGERY, Issue 3 2009TERESA MONTOYA MD BACKGROUND Liposuction can aggravate metabolic complications associated with obesity. It has been shown that the recovery of weight lost through these interventions is associated with body fat redistribution toward the visceral cavity, increasing metabolic risk factors for coronary heart disease such as insulin resistance and high triglyceride levels. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the consequences of liposuction on body mass redistribution and metabolic parameters 6 months after surgery and to evaluate the use of orlistat treatment (tetrahydrolipstatin) in controlling these parameters. METHODS A population of 31 women with a mean body mass index of 26.17±3.9 kg/m2 and undergoing liposuction of more than 1,000 cm3, was studied. Twelve of them were treated postsurgery with 120 mg of orlistat every 8 hours for the following 6 months. Anthropometric, analytical, and radiological (computed tomography) tests were performed to quantify visceral fat area before surgery and 6 months after surgery. RESULTS Despite weight loss after liposuction, visceral fat was not modified. Patients treated with orlistat showed a greater reduction in visceral fat, although not statistically significant. Orlistat use induced a reduction in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol values of 20.0±22.5 mg/dL, compared with an increase of 8.46±20.1 mg/dL in controls (p=.07). CONCLUSIONS Visceral fat does not decrease despite weight loss after liposuction. Orlistat use postliposuction might be a useful tool because it shows a tendency to reduce visceral fat and improve blood lipids profile. [source] The different mechanisms of insulin sensitizers to prevent type 2 diabetes in OLETF ratsDIABETES/METABOLISM: RESEARCH AND REVIEWS, Issue 5 2007Sung Hee Choi Abstract Objective To investigate the effects of pioglitazone and metformin treatment during pre-diabetic period for the prevention of diabetes in a rat model. Methods OLETF rats aged 18-weeks, were treated with pioglitazone (10 mg/kg/day) and metformin (300 mg/kg/day) for 10 weeks from their pre-diabetic period. We measured weight, lipid profiles, fat distribution, glucose tolerance, and pancreatic insulin content. Results Prominent weight gain (mostly subcutaneous fat area) was observed in the pioglitazone-treated OLETF (O-P) rats versus significant weight loss was observed in the metformin-treated OLETF (O-M) rats. Pioglitazone reversed the serum triglyceride (TG) and FFAs levels to normal (TG 0.46 ± 0.04 vs 0.88 ± 0.05 mmol/l in LETO). At the age of 28 weeks, the O-P rats showed completely normal glucose tolerance, and the glucose disposal rate (GDR) was markedly improved (25.6 ± 0.4 vs 20.6 ± 0.5 mg/min/kg in O-C, p < 0.05). The O-M rats also showed an improved fasting glucose and GDR level, but not as much as those with O-P rats. The pancreas insulin contents were much improved in the O-P rats (22.9 ± 1.2 vs 18.8 ± 1.3 nmol/pancreas in O-M rats, p < 0.05) with histological improvement. Conclusion The pre-diabetic treatment with pioglitazone, despite significant weight gain, completely prevents to develop diabetes and enhances beta cell function with preservation of islet cell changes. Metformin treatment was also effective, but mainly by ameliorating the insulin resistance with marked reduction in body weight. The reversal of dyslipidaemia and the fat redistribution might contribute to the greater improvement of pioglitazone treatment compared to metformin in OLETF rats. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] A randomized trial of enteral feeding volumes in infants born before 30 weeks' gestationJOURNAL OF PAEDIATRICS AND CHILD HEALTH, Issue 6 2000C A Kuschel Objective: To compare the effect of two volumes of enteral feeds on postnatal growth in infants born before 30 weeks gestation. Methodology: Fifty-four infants, less than 30 weeks gestational age, who reached full enteral feeds were randomized to remain on 150 mL/kg per day (150 group) or increase to 200 mL/kg per day (200 group). The primary outcome measure was growth at 35 weeks corrected gestational age (CGA). Results: There were no statistically significant differences in demographic or clinical parameters between the study groups at commencement of the study, although there was a trend for infants in the 150 group to be lighter (895 g vs 1020 g, P = 0.27). Milk intakes were increased in 43% of the infants in the 150 group, whereas 54% of the infants in the 200 group required reduced intakes. Infants in the 200 group had greater daily weight gains (16.7 g/kg per day vs 15.2 g/kg per day, P = 0.047) and at 35 weeks CGA were heavier (2020 g vs 1885 g, P = 0.014) and had a greater arm fat area (282 mm2vs 218 mm2, P = 0.009). There was no difference in length or head circumference at 35 weeks CGA, and no difference in any growth parameter at 1 year of age. Morbidity was not different between the groups. Conclusions: The individual milk volume requirements for adequate weight gain without significant adverse effects vary between 150 and 200 mL/kg per day in extremely premature infants. For many infants in both groups, the assigned target volume was not appropriate. Increased milk intakes (and therefore higher caloric and mineral intakes) are associated with increased daily weight gains and a greater weight at 35 weeks CGA. The weight gain may be due to an increase in fat deposition. [source] Methods for measuring abdominal obesity in the prediction of severe acute pancreatitis, and their correlation with abdominal fat areas assessed by computed tomographyALIMENTARY PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS, Issue 2 2010A. Duarte-Rojo Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010; 32: 244,253 Summary Background, Obesity increases the risk for severe acute pancreatitis, although abdominal obesity may be a better prognostic marker. Aim, To determine if a single anthropometric parameter best predicts severe acute pancreatitis and correlates with intra-abdominal fat. Methods, Ninety-nine patients with acute pancreatitis were studied prospectively. Anthropometry included body mass index (BMI) and girths (umbilical/minimum waist, iliac/trochanter hip, thigh). Several waist-to-hip/waist-to-thigh ratios (WHR/WTR) were constructed. A CT-scan with calculation of cross-sectional abdominal fat areas was obtained in 37 cases. Results, Severe acute pancreatitis occurred in 25 patients. Waist circumference (WC), WHR and WTR , all using the umbilical reference , most accurately predicted severe acute pancreatitis. Only umbilical WC was retained in multivariate analysis: the risk for severe acute pancreatitis increased 16% with every 1 cm (OR 1.16, 95%CI: 1.1,1.3). Abdominal obesity caused a 6-fold increase in risk. Umbilical WC correlated best with subcutaneous fat area (r = 0.791, P < 0.001), whereas WHR with intra-abdominal (r = 0.594, P < 0.001). Conclusions, Abdominal obesity according to umbilical WC is a better predictor for development of severe acute pancreatitis than BMI, minimum WC, WHR and WTR. The protocol for anthropometry must be standardized as it may affect results. Both subcutaneous and intra-abdominal fat appears to affect the likelihood of a severe outcome. [source] Hepatitis C virus directly associates with insulin resistance independent of the visceral fat area in nonobese and nondiabetic patientsJOURNAL OF VIRAL HEPATITIS, Issue 9 2007M. Yoneda Summary., Insulin resistance (IR) is known to be associated with the visceral adipose tissue area. Elucidation of the relationship between hepatitis C virus (HCV) and IR is of great clinical relevance, because IR promotes liver fibrosis. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that HCV infection by itself may promote IR. We prospectively evaluated 47 patients with chronic HCV infection who underwent liver biopsy. Patients with obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), or a history of alcohol consumption were excluded. IR was estimated by calculation of the modified homeostasis model of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index. Abdominal fat distribution was determined by computed tomography. Fasting blood glucose levels were within normal range in all the patients. The results of univariate analysis revealed a significant correlation between the quantity of HCV-RNA and the HOMA-IR (r = 0.368, P = 0.0291). While a significant correlation between the visceral adipose tissue area and the HOMA-IR was also observed in the 97 control, nondiabetic, non-HCV-infected patients (r = 0.398, P < 0.0001), no such significant correlation between the visceral adipose tissue area and the HOMA-IR (r = 0.124, P = 0.496) was observed in the patients with HCV infection. Multiple regression analysis with adjustment for age, gender and visceral adipose tissue area revealed a significant correlation between the HCV-RNA and the HOMA-IR (P = 0.0446). HCV is directly associated with IR in a dose-dependent manner, independent of the visceral adipose tissue area. This is the first report to demonstrate the direct involvement of HCV and IR in patients with chronic HCV infection. [source] Offspring from endogamic vs. exogamic matings: Absence of anthropometric differences among Sardinian children (Italy)AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN BIOLOGY, Issue 4 2010E. Sanna This study evaluates possible differences in body dimensions among children from matings of different exogamy levels. The cross-sectional sample consisted of 867 children, 435 males, and 432 females, 6,10 years old, attending elementary schools in the metropolitan area of Cagliari, the capital of Sardinia (Italy). The children were divided into two groups according to the level of exogamy. The first group consisted of children of parents born in the same Sardinian municipality and was considered endogamous sensu stricto. The second group included children of parents born in municipalities from different Sardinian linguistic domains and was considered exogamous. The Mann,Whitney test did not reveal significant differences between the two groups of children in the mean rank values of the 36 anthropometric variables considered, with the exception of cephalic circumference in males and chest depth in females. In particular, there were no significant differences for anthropometric variables considered to be indirect indicators of nutritional status: sum of skinfolds, waist/hip ratio, body mass index, total upper arm area, upper arm muscle area, and upper arm fat area. The results indicate that Sardinian children from marriages of different exogamy levels do not differ in body dimensions if they grow up with similar nutritional and socioeconomic conditions. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Impact of seasonal scarcity on energy balance and body composition in peasant adolescents from Calakmul, Campeche MexicoAMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN BIOLOGY, Issue 6 2007José A. Alayón Gamboa A time allocation and anthropometric study were performed on 46 male and 38 female adolescents from 16 peasant households from two different adaptive strategies in the municipio of Calakmul, Campeche Mexico to see if they could maintain energy balance during the annual scarcity season. These strategies were called: "household subsistence agricultural strategy" (HSA) and "household commercial agricultural strategy" (HCA). Each month, from June 2001 to May 2002, adolescents were measured and followed for 24 h. Their activities were recorded at 15 min intervals. Weight for age (W/A), height for age (H/A), body mass index (BMI), arm muscle area, arm fat area, total energy expenditure (TEE), activity energy expenditure (AEE), and basal metabolic rate (BMR) were estimated and the data compared between seasons using a repeated measurements analysis of variance. The results suggest that HCA offers their adolescents better buffering against seasonal scarcity, and that HSA males are better protected than females. HCA adolescents didn't show significant losses of weight, and HCA females lost body fat during the scarcity season. HSA vulnerability was observed in W/A and BMI z score reductions during the scarcity season. It also reflected itself in stunted adolescent males and adolescent females with fewer fat reserves. HSA adolescents reduced their BMR to down regulate their energy expenditure during the scarcity season without reducing TEE and physical activity levels. HSA females lost muscle mass during the scarcity season while HSA males didn't. This difference was associated with a more demanding work schedule throughout the year for females. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] The relationship between sleep duration and obesity in Turkish children and adolescentsACTA PAEDIATRICA, Issue 4 2009A Ozturk Abstract Aim: To determine the relationship between sleep duration and obesity in Turkish children and adolescents. Methods: This study was conducted in Turkey with 5358 children aged 6 to 17 years. Height, weight, waist circumference (WC), mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), triceps skinfold thickness were measured. Body mass index (BMI), arm fat area were calculated. Self-reported sleep duration by parents were obtained. Results: As sleep duration increased, BMI, which was significantly higher in girls sleeping ,8 h, decreased (p < 0.05). WC, MUAC, BMI were significantly higher in boys sleeping ,8 h versus males sleeping ,10 h. Boys sleeping ,10 h in 6.0,17.0-years had significantly higher risk of overweight/obesity. In 6.0 to 17.0 years, the risk of overweight/obesity in boys sleeping 9,10 h, 8,9 h and ,8 h were 1.86-, 1.74- and 2.06-times higher respectively, versus children sleeping ,10 h (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Sleep duration may be an important factor for obesity and providing ,10 h of sleep is recommended as a prevention strategy for obesity. [source] The upper arm muscle and fat area of Santal children: an evaluation of nutritional statusACTA PAEDIATRICA, Issue 1 2009Sutanu Dutta Chowdhury Abstract Aims: The purpose of this study is to determine the growth pattern of upper arm muscle area (UAMA), upper arm fat area (UAFA) and upper arm muscle area by height (UAMAH) and assessment of magnitude of undernutrition on the basis of these parameters in Santal children. Methods: UAMA and UAFA of 890 (473 boys and 417 girls) Santal children aged 5,12 years were calculated from mid-upper arm circumference and triceps skinfold. Results: Growth curves of UAFA-for-age and UAMA by height in Santal boys and girls are placed at lower level of reference curve indicating severe undernutrition. The growth curves of UAMA-for-age in Santal children of both sexes do not indicate severe undermutrition. 17.13% Santal boys and 20.63% girls were truly undernourished on the basis of three Z-scores of height-for-age, weight-for-height and UAMAH of each subject. Santal children have more UAMA and less UAFA compared to similar undernourished children of Sugalis. Conclusion: Growth curves of UAFA-for-age and UAMA by height are good indicators of nutritional status in Santal children. UAMA and UAFA may not be similarly affected in undernourished children of every community. A comprehensive approach to identify the truly undernourished child has been suggested from this study. [source] Laser Lipolysis Using a Novel 1,064 nm Nd:YAG LaserDERMATOLOGIC SURGERY, Issue 2 2006KAREN H. KIM MD BACKGROUND We studied the safety and efficacy of a 1,064 nm Nd:YAG laser with a 300 ,m fiber for the reduction of small unwanted fat areas. METHODS Thirty subjects with focal areas of fat less than 100 cm3 were enrolled. Ten subjects were treated with laser lipolysis and had magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at baseline and 3 months post-treatment. Ten subjects had laser lipolysis followed by biweekly treatments with the Tri-active system. The last group of 10 subjects served as control. Patients were seen at baseline, 1 week, 1 month, and 3 month follow-up visits. RESULTS Twenty-nine patients completed the study. Self-assessment evaluations reported an improvement of 37% at the 3-month follow-up visit. MRI demonstrated an average 17% reduction in fat volume. Smaller baseline volume areas, such as the submentum, showed better results, suggesting a dose-response relationship. The most common side effects were mild bruising and swelling resolving within 2 weeks. CONCLUSION Laser lipolysis using the 1,064 nm Nd:YAG laser with 300 ,m fiber appears to be a very promising procedure that delivers good, reproducible results safely and effectively. The advantages include excellent patient tolerance, quick recovery time, as well as the benefit of dermal tightening. [source] Methods for measuring abdominal obesity in the prediction of severe acute pancreatitis, and their correlation with abdominal fat areas assessed by computed tomographyALIMENTARY PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS, Issue 2 2010A. Duarte-Rojo Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010; 32: 244,253 Summary Background, Obesity increases the risk for severe acute pancreatitis, although abdominal obesity may be a better prognostic marker. Aim, To determine if a single anthropometric parameter best predicts severe acute pancreatitis and correlates with intra-abdominal fat. Methods, Ninety-nine patients with acute pancreatitis were studied prospectively. Anthropometry included body mass index (BMI) and girths (umbilical/minimum waist, iliac/trochanter hip, thigh). Several waist-to-hip/waist-to-thigh ratios (WHR/WTR) were constructed. A CT-scan with calculation of cross-sectional abdominal fat areas was obtained in 37 cases. Results, Severe acute pancreatitis occurred in 25 patients. Waist circumference (WC), WHR and WTR , all using the umbilical reference , most accurately predicted severe acute pancreatitis. Only umbilical WC was retained in multivariate analysis: the risk for severe acute pancreatitis increased 16% with every 1 cm (OR 1.16, 95%CI: 1.1,1.3). Abdominal obesity caused a 6-fold increase in risk. Umbilical WC correlated best with subcutaneous fat area (r = 0.791, P < 0.001), whereas WHR with intra-abdominal (r = 0.594, P < 0.001). Conclusions, Abdominal obesity according to umbilical WC is a better predictor for development of severe acute pancreatitis than BMI, minimum WC, WHR and WTR. The protocol for anthropometry must be standardized as it may affect results. Both subcutaneous and intra-abdominal fat appears to affect the likelihood of a severe outcome. [source] Family migration and physical growth in Merida, Yucatan, MexicoAMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN BIOLOGY, Issue 3 2009Hugo Azcorra Merida city in Yucatan, Mexico, has received rural-to-urban migration for decades, with most immigrants settling in the city's southern neighborhoods. Exposure of immigrants to new environmental and sociocultural conditions can generate biological responses, including changes in physical growth pattern at early age. We performed a study to identify and measure the effects of family migration into south Merida on growth in 4- to 6-year-old children, measuring weight, height, sitting height, and calculated arm muscle and fat areas of 445 children: 228 natives (116 females) and 217 immigrants (118 females) and collecting family social and demographic data. Statistical analysis focused on determining differences in growth, socioeconomic, and biological variables by migratory condition and generating multiple regression models for each growth measurement. No univariate statistical differences (P > 0.05, Student's t- test) were observed in growth between studied children. Multiple regression analyses showed age, sex, mother's height, birth order, birth weight, family income, zone of residence, diet, and febrile episodes had an effect on growth. Neither the migration variable used above nor any other definition of migrant had a significant effect on growth. The lack of differences in growth between immigrant and native children is probably due to similarity in socioeconomic conditions of their families. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||