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Fat Absorption (fat + absorption)
Selected AbstractsDiabetes: insulin resistance and derangements in lipid metabolism.DIABETES/METABOLISM: RESEARCH AND REVIEWS, Issue 1 2005Cure through intervention in fat transport, storage Abstract We present multiple findings on derangements in lipid metabolism in type 2 diabetes. The increase in the intracellular deposition of triglycerides (TG) in muscles, liver and pancreas in subjects prone to diabetes is well documented and demonstrated to attenuate glucose metabolism by interfering with insulin signaling and insulin secretion. The obesity often associated with type 2 diabetes is mainly central, resulting in the overload of abdominal adipocytes with TG and reducing fat depot capacity to protect other tissues from utilizing a large proportion of dietary fat. In contrast to subcutaneous adipocytes, the central adipocytes exhibit a high rate of basal lipolysis and are highly sensitive to fat mobilizing hormones, but respond poorly to lipolysis restraining insulin. The enlarged visceral adipocytes are flooding the portal circulation with free fatty acids (FFA) at metabolically inappropriate time, when FFA should be oxidized, thus exposing nonadipose tissues to fat excess. This leads to ectopic TG accumulation in muscles, liver and pancreatic beta-cells, resulting in insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction. This situation, based on a large number of observations in humans and experimental animals, confirms that peripheral adipose tissue is closely regulated, performing a vital role of buffering fluxes of FFA in the circulation. The central adipose tissues tend to upset this balance by releasing large amounts of FFA. To reduce the excessive fat outflow from the abdominal depots and prevent the ectopic fat deposition it is important to decrease the volume of central fat stores or increase the peripheral fat stores. One possibility is to downregulate the activity of lipoprotein lipase, which is overexpressed in abdominal relatively to subcutaneous fat stores. This can be achieved by gastrointestinal bypass or gastroplasty, which decrease dietary fat absorption, or by direct means that include surgical removal of mesenteric fat. Indirect treatment consists of the compliant application of drastic lifestyle change comprising both diet and exercise and pharmacotherapy that reduces mesenteric fat mass and activity. The first step should be an attempt to effectively induce a lifestyle change. Next comes pharmacotherapy including acarbose, metformin, PPAR,, or PPAR,, agonists, statins and orlistat, estrogens in postmenopausal women or testosterone in men. Among surgical procedures, gastric bypass has been proven to produce beneficial results in advance of other surgical techniques, the evidence basis of which still needs strengthening. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy: exocrine pancreatic insufficiency after gastrointestinal surgeryHPB, Issue 2009J. Enrique Domínguez-Muñoz Abstract Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) and resultant maldigestion occurs in up to 80% of patients following gastric, duodenal or pancreatic surgery. Accurate diagnosis is required to determine the appropriate intervention, but the conventional method of faecal fat quantification is time-consuming and not always readily available. The optimized 13C-mixed triglyceride (13C-MTG) breath test is an accurate alternative post-surgery. Pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy (PERT) is indicated post-surgery in patients with clinically evident steatorrhoea, weight loss or maldigestion-related symptoms. Given its favourable safety profile, PERT is also appropriate in asymptomatic patients with high faecal fat excretion as such patients are at high risk for nutritional deficits. However, published data evaluating PERT in this setting are limited. Uncoated powder preparations may be preferred in cases of low gastric acidity and partial or total gastric resection. In clinical studies, enteric-coated microspheres were associated with greater weight gain after surgery vs. uncoated preparations. This was confirmed in a recent study using the 13C-MTG breath test; fat absorption increased from <40% without therapy to almost 60% with enteric-coated minimicrospheres (40 000 lipase units/meal), with >60% of patients achieving normal breath test results (i.e. normal fat digestion) during PERT. A therapeutic algorithm for the treatment of EPI after surgery is also discussed. [source] QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF RAGI (ELEUSINE CORACANA)-INCORPORATED "CHAKLI", AN INDIAN DEEP-FRIED PRODUCTJOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESSING AND PRESERVATION, Issue 5-6 2005LEENA SEBASTIAN ABSTRACT Ragi was incorporated at different levels (5, 15 and 25%) to a deep fat fried snack item namely "chakli" to study its effect on fat absorption, sensory and storage parameters. Three sets of products were prepared incorporating untreated, dry heat treated and gelatinized ragi flour. The control products were without ragi flour. Results indicated that the fat absorbed by the control was 19%. Ragi flour incorporation (5%) increased fat content to 24% but on further increase of ragi flour (15 and 25%), it decreased to 19.7 and 18%, respectively. Incorporation of untreated and dry heat treated ragi flour resulted in a slight decline in the sensory ratings of products. The effects were more adverse with higher level of incorporation. On incorporation of gelatinized ragi flour (5%), significantly higher ratings were obtained for texture, flavor and overall quality of products in comparison with the control. The free fatty acid content of products was very low on 0 day and increased during 4 weeks of storage. It can be concluded from the results that incorporation of higher amounts of ragi resulted in lower fat uptake but compromised the sensory quality of the product. However, incorporation at the 5% level had the opposite effect. Gelatinization as a pretreatment was found to improve the quality of the product. [source] Rheological and Functional Properties of Catfish Skin Protein HydrolysatesJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 1 2010Huaixia Yin ABSTRACT:, Catfish skin is an abundant and underutilized resource that can be used as a unique protein source to make fish skin protein hydrolysates. The objectives of this study were to isolate soluble and insoluble proteins from hydrolyzed catfish skin, study the rheological and functional properties of the protein hydrolysates, and evaluate the properties of emulsions made from the protein powders. Freeze-dried catfish skin soluble (CSSH) and insoluble hydrolysate (CSISH) powders were analyzed for proximate analysis, emulsion stability, fat absorption, amino acids, color, and rheological properties. CSSH had significantly (P,< 0.05) higher protein, ash, and moisture content but lower fat content than that of CSISH. The yield of CSSH (21.5%± 2.2%) was higher than that of CSISH (3%± 0.3%). CSISH had higher emulsion stability than CSSH. CSSH was light yellow in color and CSISH was darker. The mean flow index values for emulsion containing CSSH (ECSSH) and CSISH (ECSISH) were both less than 1, indicating that they were both pseudoplastic fluid. The G, and G, values for the ECSISH were higher than that of ECSSH, indicating that the viscoelastic characteristic of the emulsion containing CSISH was greater than that of the emulsion containing CSSH. The study demonstrated the CSSH and CSISH had good functional and rheological properties. They have potential uses as functional food ingredients. [source] Rice Fry Texture as Affected by Gum Application and Mechanical PerforationJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 8 2001R.S. Kadan ABSTRACT: This study was designed to evaluate the effects on rice fries with respect to lipid and moisture contents, as well as instrumental texture characteristics as a result of either coating with a water-soluble gum solution or processing with a mechanical pinhole. The rice fries were formulated from 2 different rice flour mixtures. Statistical analyses showed that gum application significantly decreased fat absorption during frying and retained more moisture. The incorporation of a pinhole decreased moisture and increased fat contents. Increasing gum application lowered hardness and fracturability values. Gum application improved the overall appearance, as well as decreased popping and blistering of fries during final frying. [source] Systematic review: efficacy and safety of pancreatic enzyme supplements for exocrine pancreatic insufficiencyALIMENTARY PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS, Issue 1 2010J. R. TAYLOR Summary Background, Pancreatic enzyme supplements are standard therapy for fat malabsorption in patients with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. The FDA determined that published data are insufficient to support the efficacy and safety of these agents. Aim, To determine if pancreatic enzyme supplements are: (i) superior to placebo for treating fat malabsorption and (ii) superior to other supplements based on randomized cross-over trials. Methods, A computer-assisted search of MEDLINE and EMBASE was performed to identify relevant studies. Data extraction on study design, improvement in coefficient of fat absorption, diarrhoea and adverse events using prespecified forms. Results, A total of 12 manuscripts met inclusion criteria. Most studies (10/12) compared pancreatic enzyme supplements that used different delivery systems, while using similar quantities of enzymes. These studies found no consistent difference in fat malabsorption or gastrointestinal symptoms between different active treatments. Two small placebo-controlled trials (n = 65 patients) demonstrate that pancreatic enzyme supplements are superior to placebo for fat absorption. Data are inadequate to determine if pancreatic enzyme supplements lead to weight gain or improvement in diarrhoea. Conclusions, Based on data from randomized cross-over trials, pancreatic enzyme supplements appear to improve fat malabsorption. No specific branded product or specific delivery system is superior for treatment of fat malabsorption in patients with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. [source] Systematic review: pancreatic enzyme treatment of malabsorption associated with chronic pancreatitisALIMENTARY PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS, Issue 3 2009A. K. WALJEE Summary Background, Pancreatic enzyme supplementation is standard treatment for malabsorption caused by chronic pancreatitis. The FDA recently required all manufacturers to submit New Drug Applications to continue to market these agents because published data demonstrated variation in formulation, bioavailability and shelf-life while providing limited data about efficacy and safety. Aim, To review systematically the design and results of randomized, parallel-design trials of pancreatic enzyme supplements in chronic pancreatitis patients with steatorrhea. Methods, A computer-assisted search of MEDLINE and EMBASE was performed to identify relevant studies. Two authors performed duplicate data extraction on study design, improvement in coefficient of fat absorption (CFA), diarrhoea and adverse events using pre-specified forms. Agreement between investigators for data extraction was greater than 95%. Results, Of 619 articles found through literature searching, 20 potentially relevant articles were identified and four manuscripts met inclusion criteria. No studies performed head-to-head comparisons of different supplements. Enzyme supplementation is more likely to improve CFA compared with placebo, but fat malabsorption remained abnormal. Important differences in patient population, study endpoint, study design, pancreatic enzyme dosage and measurement of CFA were present across trials, which precluded comparison of different agents. Conclusions, Enzyme supplementation improves CFA compared to placebo, but may not abolish steatorrhoea. [source] | |||||||||||||