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Fasting Period (fasting + period)
Selected AbstractsFasting periods and dehydration before elective caesarean sectionANAESTHESIA, Issue 1 2010M. Mackenzie No abstract is available for this article. [source] Short-term dietary restriction and fasting precondition against ischemia reperfusion injury in miceAGING CELL, Issue 1 2010James R. Mitchell Summary Dietary restriction (DR) extends lifespan and increases resistance to multiple forms of stress, including ischemia reperfusion injury to the brain and heart in rodents. While maximal effects on lifespan require long-term restriction, the kinetics of onset of benefits against acute stress is not known. Here, we show that 2,4 weeks of 30% DR improved survival and kidney function following renal ischemia reperfusion injury in mice. Brief periods of water-only fasting were similarly effective at protecting against ischemic damage. Significant protection occurred within 1 day, persisted for several days beyond the fasting period and extended to another organ, the liver. Protection by both short-term DR and fasting correlated with improved insulin sensitivity, increased expression of markers of antioxidant defense and reduced expression of markers of inflammation and insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 signaling. Unbiased transcriptional profiling of kidneys from mice subject to short-term DR or fasting revealed a significant enrichment of signature genes of long-term DR. These data demonstrate that brief periods of reduced food intake, including short-term daily restriction and fasting, can increase resistance to ischemia reperfusion injury in rodents and suggest a rapid onset of benefits of DR in mammals. [source] Energy reserves during food deprivation and compensatory growth in juvenile roach: the importance of season and temperatureJOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY, Issue 1 2005P. L. M. Van Dijk The effect of 21 days of starvation, followed by a period of compensatory growth during refeeding, was studied in juvenile roach Rutilus rutilus during winter and summer, at 4, 20 and 27° C acclimation temperature and at a constant photoperiod (12L : 12D). Although light conditions were the same during summer and winter experiments and fish were acclimated to the same temperatures, there were significant differences in a range of variables between summer and winter. Generally winter fish were better prepared to face starvation than summer fish, especially when acclimated at a realistic cold season water temperature of 4° C. In winter, the cold acclimated fish had a two to three-fold larger relative liver size with an approximately double fractional lipid content, in comparison to summer animals at the same temperature. Their white muscle protein and glycogen concentration, but not their lipid content, were significantly higher. Season, independent of photoperiod or reproductive cycle, was therefore an important factor that determined the physiological status of the animal, and should generally be taken into account when fish are acclimated to different temperature regimes. There were no significant differences between seasons with respect to growth. Juvenile roach showed compensatory growth at all three acclimation temperatures with maximal rates of compensatory growth at 27° C. The replenishment of body energy stores, which were utilized during the starvation period, was responsible for the observed mass gain at 4° C. The contribution of the different energy resources (protein, glycogen and lipid) was dependent on acclimation temperature. In 20 and 27° C acclimated roach, the energetic needs during food deprivation were met by metabolizing white muscle energy stores. While the concentration of white muscle glycogen had decreased after the fasting period, the concentrations of white muscle lipid and protein remained more or less constant. The mobilization of protein and fat was revealed by the reduced size of the muscle after fasting, which was reflected in a decrease in condition factor. At 20° C, liver lipids and glycogen were mobilized, which caused a decrease both in the relative liver size and in the concentration of these substrates. Liver size was also decreased after fasting in the 4° C acclimated fish, but the substrate concentrations remained stable. This experimental group additionally utilized white muscle glycogen during food deprivation. Almost all measured variables were back at the control level within 7 days of refeeding. [source] Enhanced plasma and target tissue availabilities of albendazole and albendazole sulphoxide in fasted calves: evaluation of different fasting intervalsJOURNAL OF VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS, Issue 4 2000S. SÁNCHEZ The influence of different pre- and post-treatment fasting periods on the plasma availability and disposition kinetics of albendazole (ABZ) and its sulphoxide metabolite (ABZSO) in cattle was investigated. The effect of fasting on the distribution of ABZ and ABZSO to different target tissues/fluids was also characterised. In Experiment I, 35 parasite-free Holstein calves were divided into seven groups according to the following feeding conditions and treated intraruminally with ABZ (10 mg/kg): control group (fed ad libitum), 24 h fasting either prior to (24 h pre-) or post (24 h post-) treatment, 24 h fasting with either 6 (6 h pre+18 h post) or 12 h (12 h pre+12 h post-) of feed restriction prior to treatment, 12 h fasting either prior to (12 h pre-) or post (12 h post) treatment. In Experiment II, calves from the same pool of animals were subjected to a 24 h fasting period prior to the same ABZ treatment and killed (two animals) at either 24, 36 or 48 h post-administration to obtain samples of abomasal/intestinal mucosa and fluid contents, bile and lungs. Plasma (Experiment I) and tissues/fluids (Experiment II) samples were analysed by HPLC. All the fasting periods investigated induced marked changes to the plasma availability and disposition kinetics of the ABZSO metabolite. Enhanced plasma availability between 37 and 118%, delayed peak concentrations and extended mean residence times for ABZSO were observed in fasted compared to fed calves. The changes in plasma kinetics, reflecting an altered quantitative gastrointestinal absorption, were reflected in increased availability of ABZ and ABZSO in the target tissues/fluids of fasted calves. The availabilities of ABZ and ABZSO in the gastrointestinal mucosa and fluids in fasted calves were markedly greater than in those fed ad libitum. [source] Measurement of total body composition changes of common carp by computer tomographyAQUACULTURE RESEARCH, Issue 12 2003Csaba Hancz Abstract The crude fat and protein content of the total body was estimated by X-ray computer tomography (CT) and determined by chemical analyses during a feeding experiment with sexually matured common carp. Between 21 and 35 serial scans were taken of altogether 41 fish and samples from the homogenized body were prepared for chemical analyses. Experimental fish with an average body weight of 1453 g originated from a commercial stock of mirror carp. Two feeding regimes (carp feed and carp feed+ad libitum maize) were applied for 57 days and followed by a fasting period of 27 days. Both feeding regimes significantly increased the crude fat content of the whole body that did not decrease during fasting in spite of high water temperature (22°C). No significant changes were observed in crude protein content. The variables used for producing the prediction equations were taken from the density values of the Hounsfield scale, on a range between ,90 and +160, by summing the frequencies within each interval of 10 values. Whole body fat content could be estimated with R2=0.89,0.91 accuracy with the principal component analysis using data of all (seven) body regions and only dorsal fin region respectively. Adequate linear regression model could not be calculated by the same procedure for crude protein. Three-dimensional ,volumetric' estimation of fat tissue was also carried out on the basis of fat index showing high correlation with measured fat content. The changes of body composition of individual fish can be followed by sequential CT scanning. [source] Feeding ecology of wild migratory tunas revealed by archival tag records of visceral warmingJOURNAL OF ANIMAL ECOLOGY, Issue 6 2008Sophie Bestley Summary 1Seasonal long-distance migrations are often expected to be related to resource distribution, and foraging theory predicts that animals should spend more time in areas with relatively richer resources. Yet for highly migratory marine species, data on feeding success are difficult to obtain. We analysed the temporal feeding patterns of wild juvenile southern bluefin tuna from visceral warming patterns recorded by archival tags implanted within the body cavity. 2Data collected during 1998,2000 totalled 6221 days, with individual time series (n = 19) varying from 141 to 496 days. These data span an annual migration circuit including a coastal summer residency within Australian waters and subsequent migration into the temperate south Indian Ocean. 3Individual fish recommenced feeding between 5 and 38 days after tagging, and feeding events (n = 5194) were subsequently identified on 76·3 ± 5·8% of days giving a mean estimated daily intake of 0·75 ± 0·05 kg. 4The number of feeding events varied significantly with time of day with the greatest number occurring around dawn (58·2 ± 8·0%). Night feeding, although rare (5·7 ± 1·3%), was linked to the full moon quarter. Southern bluefin tuna foraged in ambient water temperatures ranging from 4·9 °C to 22·9 °C and depths ranging from the surface to 672 m, with different targeting strategies evident between seasons. 5No clear relationship was found between feeding success and time spent within an area. This was primarily due to high individual variability, with both positive and negative relationships observed at all spatial scales examined (grid ranges of 2 × 2° to 10 × 10°). Assuming feeding success is proportional to forage density, our data do not support the hypothesis that these predators concentrate their activity in areas of higher resource availability. 6Multiple-day fasting periods were recorded by most individuals. The majority of these (87·8%) occurred during periods of apparent residency within warmer waters (sea surface temperature > 15 °C) at the northern edge of the observed migratory range. These previously undocumented nonfeeding periods may indicate alternative motivations for residency. 7Our results demonstrate the importance of obtaining information on feeding when interpreting habitat utilization from individual animal tracks. [source] Enhanced plasma and target tissue availabilities of albendazole and albendazole sulphoxide in fasted calves: evaluation of different fasting intervalsJOURNAL OF VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS, Issue 4 2000S. SÁNCHEZ The influence of different pre- and post-treatment fasting periods on the plasma availability and disposition kinetics of albendazole (ABZ) and its sulphoxide metabolite (ABZSO) in cattle was investigated. The effect of fasting on the distribution of ABZ and ABZSO to different target tissues/fluids was also characterised. In Experiment I, 35 parasite-free Holstein calves were divided into seven groups according to the following feeding conditions and treated intraruminally with ABZ (10 mg/kg): control group (fed ad libitum), 24 h fasting either prior to (24 h pre-) or post (24 h post-) treatment, 24 h fasting with either 6 (6 h pre+18 h post) or 12 h (12 h pre+12 h post-) of feed restriction prior to treatment, 12 h fasting either prior to (12 h pre-) or post (12 h post) treatment. In Experiment II, calves from the same pool of animals were subjected to a 24 h fasting period prior to the same ABZ treatment and killed (two animals) at either 24, 36 or 48 h post-administration to obtain samples of abomasal/intestinal mucosa and fluid contents, bile and lungs. Plasma (Experiment I) and tissues/fluids (Experiment II) samples were analysed by HPLC. All the fasting periods investigated induced marked changes to the plasma availability and disposition kinetics of the ABZSO metabolite. Enhanced plasma availability between 37 and 118%, delayed peak concentrations and extended mean residence times for ABZSO were observed in fasted compared to fed calves. The changes in plasma kinetics, reflecting an altered quantitative gastrointestinal absorption, were reflected in increased availability of ABZ and ABZSO in the target tissues/fluids of fasted calves. The availabilities of ABZ and ABZSO in the gastrointestinal mucosa and fluids in fasted calves were markedly greater than in those fed ad libitum. [source] Prolonged preoperative fasting periods prescribed by residents in pediatric anesthesiaPEDIATRIC ANESTHESIA, Issue 6 2004Juan Carlos Ramírez-Mora No abstract is available for this article. [source] | ||||||||||||||||