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Selected AbstractsThe therapeutics of lifestyle management on obesityDIABETES OBESITY & METABOLISM, Issue 11 2010P. A. Dyson The global incidence and prevalence of obesity continue to increase, with the fastest rate of increase in the developing world. Obesity is associated with many chronic diseases including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and some cancers. Weight loss can reduce the risk of developing these diseases and can be achieved by means of surgery, pharmacotherapy and lifestyle interventions. Lifestyle interventions for prevention and treatment of obesity include diet, exercise and psychological interventions. All lifestyle interventions have a modest but significant effect on weight loss, but there is little evidence to indicate that any one intervention is more effective. There is evidence of an additive effect for adjunct therapy, and the combination of diet, exercise and behavioural interventions appears to be most effective for both the prevention and treatment of obesity. [source] Impact of animal waste lagoon effluents on chlorpyrifos degradation in soilsENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY & CHEMISTRY, Issue 12 2000Xinjiang Huang Abstract Animal-derived lagoon effluents are a good source of inorganic nutrients and organic matter; however, they may impact the degradation and transport of soil-applied pesticides. The degradation of chlorpyrifos in poultry-, swine-, and cow-derived effluents and effluent-soil matrices were studied using batch and column incubation studies. Chlorpyrifos was degraded by aerobic microbial processes in animal-derived lagoon effluents. Microbial community analysis by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of polymerase chain reaction-amplified 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid genes showed that a single band became dominant in effluent during chlorpyrifos degradation. In soils, both biotic and abiotic degradation contributed significantly to the overall dissipation of chlorpyrifos. Large differences in degradation rates were observed between soils, with the fastest rate observed in soil with higher pH and cation-exchange capacity. Effluents appeared to have only a minor effect on chlorpyrifos degradation in soils, although effluent-induced increases in soil-solution pH over time may enhance hydrolysis by a few percent in low-pH soils. Soil properties, not effluent properties, appear to control chlorpyrifos degradation under laboratory conditions; however, the impact on changes in soil properties and microbial ecology with long-term effluent irrigation warrants further investigation. [source] Kinetics of Potato Color and Texture Development during Baking, Frying, and Microwaving with the Addition of Liquid SmokeJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 9 2006M. Yost ABSTRACT:, The rate of color and texture development in par-fried French fries coated with liquid smoke and thermally processed was determined. Liquid smoke containing 8% to 11% carbonyls was diluted to 30% and applied to 1 side of French fries at 0%, 1%, 3%, or 5% by weight. The fries were immersion fried at 190.6 °C for 4 min, microwaved (900 watts) for 4 min, or baked at 190.6 °C for 20 min. Color and texture measurements were recorded at intervals during processing. Liquid smoke increased the rate of browning in French fries. Browning followed pseudo zero-order kinetics, with the a value, Browning index, and total change in color (,E) showing the best fit. When liquid smoke was added in high concentrations the reaction rate did not increase as more liquid smoke was added because the carbonyls were no longer limiting the rate of Maillard browning. The rate of color development in French fries was also affected by the thermal processing method. Frying developed color at the fastest rate, followed by microwaving and baking. Although liquid smoke increased the rate of color development in French fries, it did not affect French fry texture. Through sensory testing, it was determined that liquid smoke can be used to improve the color of microwaveable French fries without affecting French fry flavor or texture. [source] Comparison of Two Oral Electrolyte Solutions and Route of Administration on the Abomasal Emptying Rate of Holstein-Friesian CalvesJOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE, Issue 3 2006Mohammad Nouri Dehydrated calves with diarrhea are routinely given an oral electrolyte solution (OES) by suckling or esophageal intubation. An important issue related to rehydration therapy is the rate of OES delivery to the small intestine. It is widely assumed that the glucose content of the OES does not impact the speed of resuscitation and that fluid administered by esophageal intubation provides a similar resuscitative response to that obtained by suckling. The aims of this study were to compare the abomasal emptying rate in calves suckling an OES containing a high or low glucose concentration and in calves administered a high-glucose OES by suckling or esophageal intubation. Seven male Holstein-Friesian calves were given the following treatments in random order: 2 L of a commercially available high-glucose OES ([glucose] = 405 mM) by suckling or esophageal intubation or 2 L of a commercially available low-glucose OES ([glucose] = 56 mM) by suckling. Abomasal emptying rate was determined by acetaminophen absorption, ultrasonography, and glucose absorption. High-glucose OES rapidly increased plasma glucose concentration after suckling but produced a slower rate of abomasal emptying than did low-glucose OES. Esophageal intubation of high-glucose OES produced the same initial change in abomasal volume as did suckling, but delayed the rate of OES delivery to the small intestine. Our results suggest that suckling a low-glucose OES provides the fastest rate of abomasal emptying and plasma volume expansion, whereas a high-glucose OES provides the most appropriate oral solution for treating hypoglycemic calves. [source] Evaluation of phytoconstituents of Terminalia arjuna for wound healing activity in ratsPHYTOTHERAPY RESEARCH, Issue 9 2006Minakshi Chaudhari Abstract The effect of topical application of phytoconstituents (fraction I, II and III) fractionated from a hydroalcohol extract of the bark of the plant, Terminalia arjuna, was assessed on the healing of rat dermal wounds using in vivo models. The results indicated a statistically significant increase in the tensile strength of the incision wounds and the percent epithelialization of excision wounds compared with control (p < 0.05). However, topical treatment with fraction I, consisting mainly of tannins, was found to demonstrate a maximum increase in the tensile strength of incision wounds. Even with respect to excision wounds, the fastest rate of epithelialization was seen with fraction I. Hexosamine estimation of granulation tissue obtained from excision wounds revealed an increase in the hexosamine content with fraction I compared with the control. In addition, fraction I from the hydroalcohol extract of Arjuna bark possessed antimicrobial activity against tested microorganisms such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes but not Candida albicans. These results strongly document the beneficial effects of fraction I, consisting mainly of tannins, of Terminalia arjuna in the acceleration of the healing process. Thus, the present study validates the claim made with respect to the plant as well as corroborating the astringent effect of tannins by drawing the tissues closer together. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Evolution of trade patterns in the new EU member statesTHE ECONOMICS OF TRANSITION, Issue 4 2005Andrea Zaghini F14; F15; E23 Abstract The paper analyses the evolution of the trade specialization pattern in the new EU member states. Relying on the empirical approach of the Markov transition matrices it analyses both the changes in the external shape of the distribution of comparative advantages and the intra-distribution dynamics. The new members show a dynamic trade pattern: they gained comparative advantages relatively fast in sectors in which they were lagging behind at the beginning of the transition, notably in some ,high tech' products. In addition, many specialization improvements occurred in those items for which world demand expanded at the fastest rate over the nineties. [source] Waiting for supershrink: an empirical analysis of therapist effectsCLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHOTHERAPY (AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THEORY & PRACTICE), Issue 6 2003John Okiishi Improving the effects of psychotherapy has been accomplished through a variety of methods. One infrequently used method involves profiling patient outcomes within therapist in order to find the empirically supported psychotherapist. This study examined data collected on 1841 clients seen by 91 therapists over a 2.5-year period in a University Counseling Center. Clients were given the Outcome Questionnaire-45 (OQ-45) on a weekly basis. After analysing data to see if general therapist traits (i.e. theoretical orientation, type of training) accounted for differences in clients' rate of improvement, data were then analysed again using Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM), to compare individual therapists to see if there were significant differences in the overall outcome and speed of client improvement. There was a significant amount of variation among therapists' clients' rates of improvement. The therapists whose clients showed the fastest rate of improvement had an average rate of change 10 times greater than the mean for the sample. The therapists whose clients showed the slowest rate of improvement actually showed an average increase in symptoms among their clients. Use of this information for improving quality of patient outcomes is discussed.,Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Analysis of the Corrected QT Before the Onset of Nonsustained Ventricular Tachycardia in Patients with Hypertrophic CardiomyopathyPACING AND CLINICAL ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY, Issue 1p2 2003BARANOWSKI BARANOWSKI, R., et al.: Analysis of the Corrected QT Before the Onset of Nonsustained Ventricular Tachycardia in Patients with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. This study examined ventricular repolarization before the onset of 37 episodes of nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT) in 26 untreated patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Fourteen episodes were recorded in patients with a history of cardiac arrest or patients who died suddenly during follow-up. The QT interval was measured beat-by-beat on 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiograms. Mean 24-hour, hourly QTc and QTc of the last 10 beats prior to NSVT, consisted of 4,50 cycles (mean9 ± 10), at the fastest rates of 100,175 beats/min (mean 122 ± 22) were analyzed. NSVT was more prevalent during nighttime (23 episodes), than during daytime (14 episodes,P < 0.05). No significant differences were observed between mean 24-hour, mean hourly QTc during the hour with NSVT, and QTc of the last 10 cycles prior to onset of NSVT. QTc was significantly longer in patients with a history of sudden cardiac death (SCD) or who died suddenly during follow-up than in survivors. The 24-hour QT variability was higher in nonsurvivors than in survivors ( -39 ± 6vs33 ± 6 ms, P = 0.03). Episodes of NSVT in untreated patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy were more frequent during the nighttime. The 24-hour QT variability was higher in nonsurvivors than in survivors. (PACE 2003; 26[Pt. II]:387,389) [source] | ||||||||||