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Farm Income (farm + income)
Selected AbstractsThe Dynamics of Farm Incomes: Panel data analysis using the Farm Accounts SurveyJOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS, Issue 2 2004Euan Phimister This paper uses longitudinal information from the Scottish Farm Accounts Survey to explore the dynamics of Scottish farm incomes between 1988/89 and 1999/2000. Both the Net Farm Income and Cash Income of farms are considered. The results show high levels of income variability and income mobility within Scottish agriculture. Although exit rates from the lowest income groups remain relatively high even when spells of low income have lasted a number of years, there is evidence of farms with persistent low farm income and farms experiencing repeated spells of low-income. Smaller farm size and having a farmer aged over 65 increase both the probability that a farm will fall into the lowest income group and the length of time spent in that income group. Further the results suggest that the impact of the post-1997 agricultural recession on income mobility depended on the income status of the farm when the recession began. [source] Agrarian Transformation and Rural Diversity in Globalizing East AsiaINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY, Issue 1 2004Atsushi Kitahara Abstract:, In East Asia the rural society is not a society based upon agricultural industry anymore and the peasant society with its long history has been disappearing. The occupation and income sources of rural inhabitants have diversified and among them those who specialized in farming are the minority. There is a shortage of rural labor, which used to be abundant in the past, and presently it is not as easy to hire the farm workers. The reason for the diversification of the rural occupations is, to put it simply, because people cannot live merely on farm income. Indeed the farm operation costs have become more expensive due to labor saving techniques, but the livelihood costs have become more expensive due the new uniform lifestyle standards from globalization. Electric machines and education are the typical of these increased costs. The background of this rural change is industrialization and urbanization in the context of globalization and its strong impact is penetrating into the rural society through the regional urban center as the relay point of the global mechanism. This change is different based upon the location of each rural society. Generally, rural societies around a big urban center enjoy opportunities for the younger generation, but remote areas have serious problems with few employment opportunities and a smaller youth population. To reproduce and sustain the regional society as a whole, it is necessary to attract younger people and make them stay. We should plan to develop a variety of industries and the resultant diversified work opportunities in the broader region beyond the narrowly demarcated village and community. Subsistence and commercial agriculture might merely be a part of such diversity. [source] Impacts of Market Reform on Spatial Volatility of Maize Prices in TanzaniaJOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS, Issue 2 2008Fredy T. M. Kilima C33; D40; O12; O55 Abstract Maize is one of the major staples and cash crops for many Tanzanians. Excessive volatility of maize prices destabilises farm income in maize-growing regions and is likely to jeopardise nutrition and investment in many poor rural communities. This study investigates whether market reform policies in Tanzania have increased the volatility of maize prices, and identifies regional characteristics that can be attributed to the spatial price volatility. To achieve the objectives, an autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity in mean (ARCH-M) model is developed and estimated in this study. Results show that the reforms have increased farm-gate prices and overall price volatility. Maize prices are lower in surplus and less developed regions than those in deficit and developed regions. Results also show that the developed and maize-deficit regions, and regions bordering other countries have experienced less volatile prices than less developed, maize-surplus and non-bordering regions. Our findings indicate that investments in communication and transportation infrastructures from government and donor countries are likely to increase inter-regional and international trade, thereby reducing the spatial price volatility in Tanzanian maize prices in the long run. [source] The Dynamics of Farm Incomes: Panel data analysis using the Farm Accounts SurveyJOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS, Issue 2 2004Euan Phimister This paper uses longitudinal information from the Scottish Farm Accounts Survey to explore the dynamics of Scottish farm incomes between 1988/89 and 1999/2000. Both the Net Farm Income and Cash Income of farms are considered. The results show high levels of income variability and income mobility within Scottish agriculture. Although exit rates from the lowest income groups remain relatively high even when spells of low income have lasted a number of years, there is evidence of farms with persistent low farm income and farms experiencing repeated spells of low-income. Smaller farm size and having a farmer aged over 65 increase both the probability that a farm will fall into the lowest income group and the length of time spent in that income group. Further the results suggest that the impact of the post-1997 agricultural recession on income mobility depended on the income status of the farm when the recession began. [source] Long-term enhancement of agricultural production by restoration of biodiversityJOURNAL OF APPLIED ECOLOGY, Issue 1 2007JAMES M. BULLOCK Summary 1Experimental manipulations have shown positive impacts of increased species richness on ecosystem productivity, but there remain some questions about this relationship. First, most studies last < 4 years, which raises issues about whether diversity,productivity relationships are maintained in mature communities. Secondly, the conservation relevance of many studies is debatable. We addressed both issues using long-term experimental studies of the agriculturally relevant hay yield of recreated species-rich grasslands. 2Grasslands were recreated within replicated experiments in ex-arable fields at two sites in southern England by using either species-poor or species-rich seed mixtures. The species-poor mixture comprised seven grasses as recommended for grassland creation in English agri-environment schemes. The species-rich mixture comprised 11 grasses and 28 forbs and was designed to recreate a typical southern English hay meadow. 3After 8 years the plots sown with species-rich mixtures resembled target diverse community types. The plots sown with species-poor mixtures had been colonized by a number of forbs but had lower numbers of grasses, legumes and other forbs than the species-rich plots. Increased hay yield of the species-rich plots in the first years of the experiments have been described in an earlier paper, and these differences were maintained after 8 years. 4In the eighth year the species-rich plots had an average 43% higher hay yield than the species-poor plots. Regression analysis showed that the variation in hay yield was related to differences in the number of non-leguminous forbs and showed no relation to grass or legume numbers. This suggests increased hay yield is an effect of the greater range of life forms exhibited by forbs rather than a simple fertilizing effect of legumes. 5The nitrogen content and phosphorus content of the hay showed complex treatment effects over time. However, the nutritional value of the hay was above the minimum requirements for livestock. 6Synthesis and applications. The aims of conservationists and farmers can often be in conflict. This study has shown that the recreation of diverse grasslands of conservation value can have a positive impact on hay yield, which benefits the farm business, and this is repeated across differing sites. Because the effect is maintained over time, farm income will be increased in the long term. [source] The impact of migration on rural poverty and inequality: a case study in ChinaAGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS, Issue 2 2010Nong Zhu Migration; Poverty; Inequality; China Abstract Large numbers of agricultural labor moved from the countryside to cities after the economic reforms in China. Migration and remittances play an important role in transforming the structure of rural household income. This article examines the impact of rural-to-urban migration on rural poverty and inequality in a mountainous area of Hubei province using the data of a 2002 household survey. Since migration income is a potential substitute for farm income, we present counterfactual scenarios of what rural income, poverty, and inequality would have been in the absence of migration. Our results show that, by providing alternatives to households with lower marginal labor productivity in agriculture, migration leads to an increase in rural income. In contrast to many studies that suggest that the increasing share of nonfarm income in total income widens inequality, this article offers support for the hypothesis that migration tends to have egalitarian effects on rural income for three reasons: (1) migration is rational self-selection,farmers with higher expected return in agricultural activities and/or in local nonfarm activities choose to remain in the countryside while those with higher expected return in urban nonfarm sectors migrate; (2) households facing binding constraints of land supply are more likely to migrate; (3) poorer households benefit disproportionately from migration. [source] Introduction to the special issue on the role of nonfarm income in poverty reduction: evidence from Asia and East AfricaAGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS, Issue 2006Keijiro Otsuka Abstract In this special issue, we present seven studies that collectively attempt to investigate the role of non-farm income in long-term and short-term poverty reduction in Asia and Africa. The first four studies out of the seven use long-term panel data over two decades in the Philippines, Thailand, Bangladesh, and India. These studies show drastic increases in non-farm income shares and corresponding declines in poverty levels over time, especially in the Philippines and Thailand. Education levels of household members and returns to education also increased significantly in these countries. The remaining three studies use cross-sectional and short-term panel data from Ethiopia, Kenya, and Uganda. These African studies show high proportions of poor households and low shares of non-farm income that are somewhat comparable to the situation in the 1980s described in the Asian studies. Without the Green Revolution that provided stable farm income and potential financial resources to invest in children' education in Asia, it is not clear if African farm households can follow the Asian examples. [source] Savings and technology choice for risk averse farmersAUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL & RESOURCE ECONOMICS, Issue 4 2002Donna Brennan Farmers in developing countries have limited opportunities for borrowing to even out variability associated with risky farm income, but they can save. A dynamic programming model of savings is presented in the current paper which examines optimal savings strategies for farmers, using a case study of integrated rice,shrimp farms in Vietnam. It is shown that when savings are accounted for, the expected utility ranking of different risky farm choices may not differ that much between farmers with different levels of risk aversion. [source] Distributional effects of WTO agricultural reforms in rich and poor countriesECONOMIC POLICY, Issue 50 2007Thomas W. Hertel SUMMARY WTO agricultural reforms Rich countries' agricultural trade policies are the battleground on which the future of the WTO's troubled Doha Round will be determined. Subject to widespread criticism, they nonetheless appear to be almost immune to serious reform, and one of their most common defences is that they protect poor farmers. Our findings reject this claim. The analysis conducted here uses detailed data on farm incomes to show that major commodity programmes are highly regressive in the US, and that the only serious losses under trade reform are among large, wealthy farmers in a few heavily protected sub-sectors. In contrast, analysis using household data from 15 developing countries indicates that reforming rich countries' agricultural trade policies would lift large numbers of developing country farm households out of poverty. In the majority of cases these gains are not outweighed by the poverty-increasing effects of higher food prices among other households. Agricultural reforms that appear feasible, even under an ambitious Doha Round, achieve only a fraction of the benefits for developing countries that full liberalization promises, but protect the wealthiest US farms from most of the rigors of adjustment. Finally, the analysis conducted here indicates that maximal trade-led poverty reductions occur when developing countries participate more fully in agricultural trade liberalization. , Thomas W. Hertel, Roman Keeney, Maros Ivanic and L. Alan Winters [source] Upscaling water savings from farm to irrigation system level using GIS-based agro-hydrological modelling,IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE, Issue 1 2007Shahbaz Khan simulation d'irrigation; extrapolation; efficacité d'utilisation de l'eau; économie de l'eau Abstract Irrigation continues to be the main water user on a global scale despite the increase in water use by sectors other than agriculture. More efficient water application technologies and water management practices are ways of realising potential water savings, thus moderating the negative impacts of higher water use on farm incomes and environmental impact on rivers and groundwater systems. This paper describes an integrated approach of agro-hydrological modelling for determining potential water savings achievable by adopting high-tech irrigation technologies at farm level and application of GIS techniques to upscale those benefits at the regional irrigation system level. The SWAP (Soil,Water,Atmosphere,Plant) model was used for the simulation of water use at the farm level. The results are promising, as the potential water saving ranges from 0.1 to 2.2,ML,ha,1 (10,220,mm) for different broad-acre crops, 1.0 to 2.0,ML,ha,1 (100,200,mm) in sprinkler and 2.0 to 3.0,ML,ha,1 (200,300,mm) in drip irrigation for citrus, 1.0 to 1.5,ML,ha,1 (100,150,mm) in sprinkler and up to 4.0,ML,ha,1 (400,mm) in drip irrigation for vineyards and 0.5 to 1.0,ML,ha,1 for vegetables (50,100,mm). SWAP simulations show crop water saving potential of 7% for maize, 15% for soybean, 17% for wheat, 35% for barley, 17% for sunflower and 38% for fababean from the current water use statistics in Australia. Spatial analysis in GIS environment is carried out to investigate the spatial variations of water use for a particular crop under different depths to water table and varying soil types. Maps of water need for all broad-acre crops are drawn and pixel-to-pixel comparison is performed to determine the water saving potential per unit area. The upscaling approach shows that considerable water amounts could be saved both in Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area (MIA) and Coleambally Irrigation Area (CIA) with potential water saving of 36 to 95,GL (MCM) in MIA and 42 to 72,GL (MCM) in CIA. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. L'irrigation reste l'usage principal de l'eau à l'échelle mondiale en dépit de l'augmentation des volumes utilisés par les secteurs autres que l'agriculture. L'amélioration des techniques d'irrigation et des procédures de gestion de l'eau permet de réaliser des économies d'eau potentielles, modérant ainsi les impacts négatifs d'une surconsommation d'eau sur les revenus agricoles et ses incidences sur l'environnement des cours d'eau et des aquifères. Cet article décrit comment un modèle agro-hydrologique intégré peut déterminer les économies d'eau réalisables grâce à l'adoption de technologies de pointe dans l'irrigation au niveau de l'exploitation agricole et à l'application des techniques de SIG à l'extension de ces avantages au niveau d'un système régional d'irrigation. Le modèle SWAP (Sol-Eau-Atmosphère-Plante) a été employé pour simuler l'utilisation de l'eau au niveau de l'exploitation. Les résultats sont prometteurs car l'économie d'eau potentielle va de 100 à 2 200 m3/ha (10 à 220 millimètres) pour différentes cultures de plein champ, de 1 000 à 2 000 m3/ha (100 à 200 millimètres) en aspersion et de 2 000 à 3 000 m3/ha (200 à 300 millimètres) en goutte à goutte sur des citronniers, de 1 000 à 1 500 m3/ha (100 à 150 millimètres) en aspersion et jusqu'à 4 000 m3/ha (400 millimètres) en goutte à goutte sur de la vigne, et de 500 à 1 000 m3/ha pour des légumes (50 à 100 millimètres). Les simulations de SWAP à partir de données statistiques australiennes courantes montrent un potentiel d'économie d'eau de 7% pour le maïs, 15% pour le soja, 17% pour le blé, 35% pour l'orge, 17% pour le tournesol et 38% pour les fèves. Une analyse par SIG permet d'étudier les variations spatiales de l'utilisation de l'eau pour une récolte particulière selon la profondeur de la nappe et le type de sol. Les besoins en eau de toutes les cultures de plein champ sont cartographiés et le potentiel d'économie d'eau par unité de surface est estimé pixel par pixel. L'extrapolation des résultats montre que des volumes d'eau considérables pourraient être économisés dans les zones irriguées de Murrumbidgee (MIA, économie potentielle de 36 à 95 millions de m3) et de Coleambally (CIA, économie potentielle de 42 à 72 m3). Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] The Dynamics of Farm Incomes: Panel data analysis using the Farm Accounts SurveyJOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS, Issue 2 2004Euan Phimister This paper uses longitudinal information from the Scottish Farm Accounts Survey to explore the dynamics of Scottish farm incomes between 1988/89 and 1999/2000. Both the Net Farm Income and Cash Income of farms are considered. The results show high levels of income variability and income mobility within Scottish agriculture. Although exit rates from the lowest income groups remain relatively high even when spells of low income have lasted a number of years, there is evidence of farms with persistent low farm income and farms experiencing repeated spells of low-income. Smaller farm size and having a farmer aged over 65 increase both the probability that a farm will fall into the lowest income group and the length of time spent in that income group. Further the results suggest that the impact of the post-1997 agricultural recession on income mobility depended on the income status of the farm when the recession began. [source] How would global trade liberalization affect rural and regional incomes in Australia?AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL & RESOURCE ECONOMICS, Issue 4 2010Kym Anderson Agricultural protection in rich countries, which had depressed Australian farm incomes via its impact on Australia's terms of trade, has diminished over the past two decades. So too has agricultural export taxation in poor countries, which has had the opposite impact on those terms of trade. Meanwhile, however, import protection for developing country farmers has been steadily growing. To what extent are Australian farmers and rural regions still adversely affected by farm and non-farm price- and trade-distortive policies abroad? This paper draws on new estimates of the current extent of those domestic and foreign distortions: first, to model their net impact on Australia's terms of trade (using the World Bank's Linkage model of the global economy); and second, to model the effects of that terms of trade impact on output and real incomes in rural versus urban and other regions and households within Australia as of 2004 (using Monash's multi-regional TERM model of the Australian economy). [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||