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Family Planning (family + planning)
Terms modified by Family Planning Selected AbstractsMen And Family Planning: What Is Their Future Role?JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF NURSE PRACTITIONERS, Issue 10 2001FP-C, Lorraine Neeley Fortunati MSN Purpose To describe men's desired involvement in family planning and to determine the services desired by potential male clients. Data Sources Using a self-administered questionnaire, this study surveyed male partners of family planning clients and men attending sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics at an urban health department. Perceived health concerns, contraceptive attitudes and practices, and desired involvement in family planning currently and in the future were targeted. Conclusions Respondents reported desiring involvement in family planning decisions, although reported behaviors often conflicted with this desire. Routine physical examinations and receipt of health information were perceived to be important, while "male only" clinics were not. Respondents were willing to attend partners' family planning appointments if asked and were willing to help pay for the chosen contraceptive. Provision of vasectomy services was perceived as important. Prevention of cancer, STDs, and impotence were the three highest health concerns reported. Implications for Practice Men want to be partners in family planning and will access services if available. Current political and social policies are demanding more personal responsibility for the outcome of unintended pregnancies. In response to political and social demands, Title X family planning clinics are refocusing services to include men. [source] Making Modern Mothers: Ethics and Family Planning in Urban Greece by Heather PaxsonAMERICAN ETHNOLOGIST, Issue 1 2010CHRISY MOUTSATSOS No abstract is available for this article. [source] Abortion, Family Planning, and Population Policy: Prospects for the Common-Ground ApproachPOPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT REVIEW, Issue 3 2009Dennis Hodgson For the past several decades those engaged in shaping the Program of Action documents at international conferences on population have muted their voices when the topic of abortion has been raised. In a desire to side-step entanglement in a bitter debate over the morality of abortion, great care has been taken to define "family planning" in ways that explicitly exclude abortion. The "common-ground" approach to treating abortion can be summarized in two directives found in all contemporary international population documents: "in no case should abortion be promoted as a method of family planning"; and all governments should work "to reduce the recourse to abortion through expanded and improved family-planning services." This article has three goals: first, to examine the appropriateness of these directives with respect to what is currently known about the relationship between abortion, family planning, and population policy; second, to trace how this "contraception-only" definition of family planning became de rigueur at international population conferences; and third, to discuss the prospects for the emergence of a more appropriate "common-ground" approach to abortion and population policy. [source] Unmet Need for Family Planning in Developing Countries and Implications for Population PolicyPOPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT REVIEW, Issue 4 2000John B. Casterline Unmet need for family planning has been a core concept in international population discourse for several decades. This article reviews the history of unmet need and the development of increasingly refined methods of its empirical measurement and delineates the main questions that have been raised about unmet need during the past decade, some of which concern the validity of the concept and others its role in policy debates. The discussion draws heavily on empirical research conducted during the 1990s, much of it localized, in-depth studies combining quantitative and qualitative methodologies. Of the causes of unmet need other than those related to access to services, three emerge as especially salient: lack of necessary knowledge about contraceptive methods, social opposition to their use, and health concerns about possible side effects. The article argues that the concept of unmet need for family planning, by joining together contraceptive behavior and fertility preferences, encourages an integration of family planning programs and broader development approaches to population policy. By focusing on the fulfillment of individual aspirations, unmet need remains a defensible rationale for the formulation of population policy and a sensible guide to the design of family planning programs. [source] Reproduction, Compositional Demography, and Economic Growth: Family Planning in England Long Before the Fertility DeclinePOPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT REVIEW, Issue 1 2000Simon Szreter This article offers a radical reinterpretation of the chronology of control over reproduction in England's history. It argues that, as a result of post,World War II policy preoccupations, there has been too narrow a focus in the literature on the significance of reductions in marital fertility. In England's case this is conventionally dated to have occurred from 1876, long after the industrial revolution. With a wider angle focus on "reproduction," the historical evidence for England indicates that family planning began much earlier in the process of economic growth. Using a "compositional demography" approach, a novel social pattern of highly prudential, late marriage can be seen emerging among the bourgeoisie in the course of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. There is also evidence for a more widespread resort to such prudential marriage throughout the population after 1816. When placed in this context, the reduction in national fertility indexes visible from 1876 can be seen as only a further phase, not a revolution, in the population's management of its reproduction. [source] Latest news and product developmentsPRESCRIBER, Issue 20 2007Article first published online: 26 NOV 200 GPs and pharmacists to work more closely Closer working between GPs and community and primary-care pharmacists ,could further improve prescribing quality and therapeutic outcomes for patients', according to a report by the London School of Pharmacy and Alliance Boots. The report suggests that the expansion of primary-care centres and the increasing complexity of care they offer mean that community pharmacists will increasingly need to take on some GP roles. It foresees an increase in shared premises and calls for closer interdisciplinary working between GPs, pharmacists and nurses. Variation in PCT commissioning of enhanced services from pharmacies has resulted in ,a fragmented system of postcode pharmaceutical care rationing'. Full read-write access to patients' records will be essential if the benefits of electronic prescribing are to be realised. How pharmacists can support commissioners The NHS Alliance and Primary Care Pharmacists' Association have published a guide for practice-based commissioners on making the most of primary-care pharmacists. Prescribing Support and Prescribing Advice for Practice Based Commissioners , A Guide for Commissioning Groups and GPs illustrates how pharmacists can support commissioners at all levels of medicines use. Copies are free to NHS Alliance members and cost £10 for others. Directory website aids diabetes management The National Diabetes Support Team is developing a website that brings together different datasets and tools for diabetes management. The Diabetes Data Directory (www.yhpho.org.uk/diabetesdatadirectory/introddd.asp) summarises what other online databases can provide and lists the tools that can be used to answer specific questions. The first edition is now online, providing direct links to the appropriate sites. Flu vaccine efficacy in older people challenged US reviewers have questioned the effectiveness of flu vaccine in older people (Lancet Infect Dis online: 24 September; doi: 10.1016/ S1473-3099(07)70236-0). They were unable to confirm a reduction in flu mortality since 1980, concluding that biased patient selection and nonspecific end-points such as all-cause mortality may have exaggerated the benefits of vaccination in clinical trials. The Department of Health is encouraging younger people in at-risk groups to be vaccinated against flu this winter; last year, 58 per cent of under-65s at risk were not vaccinated. OC cervical cancer risk probably overestimated Recent evidence that oral contraceptives may be associated with a small increase in the incidence of cervical cancer probably overestimates the risk, says the Clinical Effectiveness Unit of the Faculty of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care (www.ffprhc.org.uk). A recent study in the BMJ reported a 12 per cent reduced overall risk of cancer associated with oral contraceptives but an increased risk of cervical cancer of 38 per 100 000 woman-years after at least eight years' use. The FFPRHC says this study was conducted before the UK cervical screening programme was established, and at a time when the average Inhaled insulin ,unlikely to be cost effective' Inhaled insulin (Exubera) is safe and effective but costs so much more than injected insulin that it is unlikely to be cost effective, according to a new Health Technology Assessment (2007;11:No.33.www.hta.nhsweb.nhs.uk). The review included nine trials (seven of Exubera), in which the only significant difference between inhaled and injected soluble insulin was in patient preference. However, most of the trials used syringes for insulin injection rather than pens. The extra cost of inhaled insulin is put at between £600 and £1000 per year. New topics for NICE The Secretary of State for Health has referred the novel antihypertensive aliskiren (Rasilez) for appraisal by NICE; aliskiren is the first direct renin inhibitor to be introduced. Other referrals to NICE include five clinical guidelines (multiple pregnancy, transient loss of consciousness, lower UTI in men, post-ITU rehabilitation and colorectal and anal cancer). Topics for technology appraisals include cetuximab (Erbitux) for colorectal and head and neck cancers. QOF statistics for 06/07 GPs in England averaged 96.3 per cent of the maximum points available for the clinical domain of the Quality and Outcomes Framework in 2006/07 compared with 97.1 per cent previously, official statistics show. Mean practice scores for most clinical areas were in the mid-90 per cent range, but highest for obesity (100 per cent) and lowest for depression (81 per cent), palliative care (90 per cent), mental health and epilepsy (<95 per cent). NICE consulting on type 2 diabetes guideline NICE is consulting on its draft clinical guideline for the management of type 2 diabetes. Comments should be submitted online by 22 November; publication is scheduled for April 2008. The drug of first choice for glycaemic control is metformin, which should be considered even for patients who are not overweight; a sulphonylurea is an alternative or adjunctive agent if glycaemic control is not achieved with metformin alone. If these regimens fail, a glitazone may be added. Exenatide (Byetta) is recommended only for obese patients for whom other oral treatments have failed. The guidance will update and replace clinical guidelines E, F, G and H, and technology appraisals 53, 60 and 63. Glitazones increase risk of HF but not CV death A new meta-analysis , this time of seven trials involving a total of 20 191 patients with type 2 diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance treated with a glitazone , has concluded that these agents are associated with an increased risk of heart failure but not cardiovascular death (Lancet 2007;370:1129,36). Compared with comparator drugs, glitazones were associated with an increased risk of congestive heart failure (2.3 vs 1.4 per cent; relative risk, RR, 1.72; number needed to harm over 30 months, 107). There was no heterogeneity between studies, showing that this is a class effect. However, the risk of cardiovascular death was not increased for either rosiglitazone (Avandia) or pioglitazone (Actos). Copyright © 2007 Wiley Interface Ltd [source] From Successful Family Planning to the Lowest of Low Fertility Levels: Taiwan's DilemmaASIAN SOCIAL WORK AND POLICY REVIEW, Issue 2 2009Wan-I Lin Since the implementation of family planning in the 1960s, Taiwan's fertility rate has rapidly decreased. This was praised as a family planning achievement. However, in the 21st century Taiwan has become one of the lowest of low fertility countries like European countries [Kohler, H. P., Billari, F. C., & Ortega, J. A. (2002). Population and Development Review, 28(4), 641,80]. The government has begun to worry that these extremely low birthrates will result in rapid population aging and bring about other negative socio-economic effects. Thus, in its Mega Warmth Social Welfare Program (MWSWP) of 2006, the Taiwanese government targeted the issue of low birthrates. Based on secondary data analysis, we found that the reasons for rapid decrease in Taiwanese birthrates are: (i) a declining marriage rate; (ii) later marriage; (iii) changing attitudes towards child bearing; (iv) the burdens of child care; and (v) an increase in female labour participation rates. The MWSWP includes maternity leave benefits, parental leave benefits, a childcare subsidy system and early children education and care (ECEC). First, this article presents a chronological understanding of the demography in Taiwan. Second, we attempt to evaluate the reasons contributing to the low birthrates. The policy response to this is discussed next. Finally, the article provides a careful conclusion: that the extent to which these policies can significantly stop the population from declining requires further observation. [source] Gender-associated differences in the psychosocial and developmental outcome in patients affected with the bladder exstrophy-epispadias complexBJU INTERNATIONAL, Issue 2 2006CELINE LEE OBJECTIVE To identify problems in the long-term psychosocial and developmental outcome specific to patients with the bladder exstrophy-epispadias complex (BEEC), using a self-developed semi-structured questionnaire, as there are various techniques of reconstruction to repair BEEC but to date neither patients nor surgeons have a clear answer about which type gives the most acceptable long-term results. PATIENTS AND METHODS Increasingly many patients with BEEC reach adulthood and wish to have sexual relationships and families. To date, no studies have used disease-specific psychological instruments to measure the psychosocial status of patients with BEEC. Thus we contacted 208 patients with BEEC, and 122 were enrolled, covering the complete spectrum of the BEEC. The data assessed included the surgical reconstruction, subjective assessment of continence, developmental milestones, school performance and career, overall satisfaction in life, disease-specific fears and partnership experiences in patients aged >18 years. We compared affected females and males to assess gender-associated differences in quality of life. RESULTS Affected females had more close friendships, fewer disadvantages in relation to healthy female peers and more partnerships than the males. Family planning seemed to be less of a problem in affected females. There were no gender differences in the adjustments within school and professional career, which was very good in general. CONCLUSION Future studies are needed to assess the disease-specific anxieties, considering gender-specific differences. [source] Un-promoted issues in inflammatory bowel disease: opportunities to optimize careINTERNAL MEDICINE JOURNAL, Issue 3 2010J. M. Andrews Abstract Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), comprising Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), are chronic inflammatory disorders of the gut, which lead to significant morbidity and impaired quality of life (QoL) in sufferers, without generally affecting mortality. Despite CD and UC being chronic, life-long illnesses, most medical management is directed at acute flares of disease. Moreover, with more intensive medical therapy and the development of biological therapy, there is a risk that management will become even more narrowly focused on acute care, and be directed only at those with more severe disease, rather than encompassing all sufferers and addressing important non-acute issues. This imbalance of concentration of medical attention on ,high-end' care is in part driven by the need to perform and publish randomized clinical trials of newer therapies to obtain registration and licensing for these agents, which thus occupy a large proportion of the recent IBD treatment literature. This leads to less attention on relatively ,low-technology' issues including: (i) the psychosocial burden of chronic disease, QoL and specific psychological comorbidities; (ii) comorbidity with functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs); (iii) maintenance therapy, monitoring and compliance; (iv) smoking (with regard to CD); (v) sexuality, fertility, family planning and pregnancy; and (vi) iron deficiency and anaemia. We propose these to be the ,Un-promoted Issues' in IBD and review the importance and treatment of each of these in the current management of IBD. [source] Risk of cancer among children of cancer patients,a nationwide study in FinlandINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, Issue 5 2010Laura-Maria S. Madanat-Harjuoja Abstract Cancer treatments have the potential to cause germline mutations that might increase the risk of cancer in the offspring of former cancer patients. This risk was evaluated in a population-based study of early onset cancer patients in Finland. Using the nationwide registry data, 26,331 children of pediatric and early onset cancer patients (diagnosed under age 35 between 1953 and 2004) were compared to 58,155 children of siblings. Cancer occurrence among the children was determined by linkage with the cancer registry, and the standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) were calculated comparing the observed number of cancers with that expected, based on rates in the general population of Finland. Among the 9,877 children born after their parent's diagnosis, cancer risk was increased (SIR 1.67; 95% CI 1.29,2.12). However, after removing those with hereditary cancer syndromes, this increase disappeared (SIR 1.03; 95% CI 0.74,1.40). The overall risk of cancer among the offspring of siblings (SIR 1.07; 95% CI 0.94,1.21) was the same as among the offspring of the patients with nonhereditary cancer. Risk of cancer in offspring, born before their parents cancer diagnosis, was elevated (SIR 1.37, 95% CI 1.20-1.54), but removing hereditary syndromes resulted in a diminished and nonsignificant association (SIR 1.08, 95% CI 0.93-1.25). This study shows that offspring of cancer patients are not at an increased risk of cancer except when the patient has a cancer-predisposing syndrome. These findings are directly relevant to counseling cancer survivors with regard to family planning. [source] Awareness and determinants of family planning practice in Jimma, EthiopiaINTERNATIONAL NURSING REVIEW, Issue 4 2006A. T. Beekle rgn Background:, The continuing growth of the world population has become an urgent global problem. Ethiopia, like most countries in sub-Saharan Africa, is experiencing rapid population growth. Currently, the country's population is growing at a rate of 3%, one of the highest rates in the world and if it continues unabated, the population will have doubled in 23 years, preventing any gain in the national development effort. Aim:, To determine the level and determinants of family planning awareness and practice in one Ethiopian town. Methodology:, A quantitative study using a descriptive survey design was conducted in Jimma University Hospital. Discussion:, The findings revealed that the knowledge and practice of modern contraception methods was low. Most women's contraceptive knowledge and practice was influenced by socio-cultural norms such as male/husband dominance and opposition to contraception, and low social status of women. A lack of formal education for women was identified as a key factor in preventing change in the patterns of contraceptive knowledge and use by women in this part of Ethiopia. Conclusion:, The support and encouragement for women and men to enter and complete formal education is essential in bringing about a cultural and social change in attitude towards the economic and social value of family planning. This study and others suggest that education can address the imbalance in decision making about contraception and the role of women in society generally. [source] Comprehensive health assessments during de-institutionalization: an observational studyJOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH, Issue 10 2006N. Lennox Abstract Background People with intellectual disability (ID) leaving institutions pass through a transition stage that makes them vulnerable to inadequate health care. They enter into community care under general practitioners (GPs) who are often untrained and inexperienced in their needs. Specifically designed health reviews may be of assistance to both them and their new GPs as they go through that phase. Methods This research aimed to investigate the effectiveness of a specially designed health review, the comprehensive health assessment program (CHAP) health review, in a group of adults as they transitioned out of the care of the last institution for people with ID in Tasmania. There were 25 residents reviewed by their GPs. Results The CHAP reviews picked up a number of health conditions and stimulated health promotion activities. Some of the findings were: a high number of abnormal Body Mass Indexes (19/23), immunizations given (13/23), vision impairment reported (2/23), mental health issues recorded (4/23) and skin abnormalities described (17/23). There were 22 referrals made to other health professionals (Australian Hearing Service 4, dentists 3, optometrists 3, psychiatrists 2, neurologists 2, ophthalmologist 1, urologist 1, ultrasound 1, mammogram 1, family planning 1, physiotherapist 1, continence nurse 1 and respiratory physician 1). These were in addition to various requests for pathology. Conclusions The CHAP health review was effective in identifying a number of health issues in the population of people with ID as they transitioned out of institutional care into the general community. [source] Prevalence of human papillomavirus genotypes in women from three clinical settingsJOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY, Issue 1 2005Anil K. Chaturvedi Abstract Prevalence of 27 human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes was assessed in 1,331 women in three clinical settings: Family planning clinic (low-risk HIV,, n,=,202, 21.3% HPV+), colposcopy clinic (high-risk HIV,, n,=,854, 34.3% HPV+), and HIV outpatient clinic (HIV+, n,=,275, 48.7% HPV+). Compared to women from both family planning and colposcopy clinics, HIV+ women revealed significantly higher prevalence of infection with oncogenic, non-oncogenic, and multiple HPV types. HPV types 52 and 51 were most prevalent in the low-risk HIV, women, whereas in the high-risk HIV, women, HPV types 16, 52, 58, and 35 were most prevalent. Interestingly, in the HIV+ women, less characterized types 83, 53, and 54 were most prevalent. The distinct profiles of genotype prevalence persisted after stratification by Pap smear status. After adjustment for concurrent infections with other types, HPV type 51 in the low-risk HIV, women, and types 16, 35, 39, 45, 52, and 58 in the high-risk HIV, women were significantly associated with cytologic abnormalities (exact P,<,0.05). In HIV+ women across CD4 cell count strata, HPV types 42, 16, and 82 revealed significant decreasing trends with increasing CD4 counts (exact P for trend,<,0.05). These data suggest distinct genotypic prevalence profiles in women at diverse risk for cervical cancer. The association of several genotypes with cytologic abnormalities underscores the need for vaccines targeting a wide range of HPV types. J. Med. Virol. 75:105,113, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Caring for Pregnant Teenagers: Medicolegal Issues for NursesJOURNAL OF OBSTETRIC, GYNECOLOGIC & NEONATAL NURSING, Issue 2 2001CRNP, Holly M. Harner MSN From statutory rape, pregnancy options, mandatory reporting, and emancipation, a wide range of medicolegal issues face teenagers. These issues become even more complex when the teenager is pregnant. Nurses caring for pregnant and parenting teenagers are in a position to offer advocacy and support in family planning, prenatal, obstetric, and pediatrics settings. A comprehensive understanding of common medicolegal issues facing teenagers will help to ensure appropriate patient advocacy. [source] Exploring sexual and relationship possibilities for people with psychosis , a review of the literatureJOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRIC & MENTAL HEALTH NURSING, Issue 6 2003E. MCCANN msc rmn dippsi (thorn) cert ed This review examines the literature on sex and relationship issues in the context of serious and persistent mental health problems. It identifies gaps in the research and highlights key issues needing further investigation. The available published documents have been identified, which contain information, ideas, data and evidence on the topic. A critical analysis of the subject, through the examination of the various documents, is provided. The main themes that emerged included HIV/AIDS, medication and sexual dysfunction, sexuality needs, intimate relationships, family planning, policies and sex education. Several subthemes are discussed and include needs assessment, stigma and loneliness. The key findings highlight the lack of systematic studies in the UK, especially regarding the subjective views of patients in determining need and the subsequent development of appropriate plans of care. The author argues that future mental health research needs to go beyond investigating perceived ,risky' behaviours and should include potential therapeutic responses in all areas of sexuality. Further recommendations are made in terms of nurse education particularly the inclusion of psychosexual aspects in future pre- and postregistration curricula. This paper may be of interest to service users, mental health practitioners working alongside people with serious and persistent mental health problems as well as educators, researchers and policy makers. [source] Men And Family Planning: What Is Their Future Role?JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF NURSE PRACTITIONERS, Issue 10 2001FP-C, Lorraine Neeley Fortunati MSN Purpose To describe men's desired involvement in family planning and to determine the services desired by potential male clients. Data Sources Using a self-administered questionnaire, this study surveyed male partners of family planning clients and men attending sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics at an urban health department. Perceived health concerns, contraceptive attitudes and practices, and desired involvement in family planning currently and in the future were targeted. Conclusions Respondents reported desiring involvement in family planning decisions, although reported behaviors often conflicted with this desire. Routine physical examinations and receipt of health information were perceived to be important, while "male only" clinics were not. Respondents were willing to attend partners' family planning appointments if asked and were willing to help pay for the chosen contraceptive. Provision of vasectomy services was perceived as important. Prevention of cancer, STDs, and impotence were the three highest health concerns reported. Implications for Practice Men want to be partners in family planning and will access services if available. Current political and social policies are demanding more personal responsibility for the outcome of unintended pregnancies. In response to political and social demands, Title X family planning clinics are refocusing services to include men. [source] The Link Between Couples' Pregnancy Intentions And Behavior: Does It Matter Who Is Asked?PERSPECTIVES ON SEXUAL AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH, Issue 4 2008Maureen R. Waller CONTEXT:,Previous studies have linked pregnancy intentions with some pregnancy-related behaviors and infant health outcomes. However, most have used only women's reports of intentions and examined only maternal behaviors. METHODS:,Baseline data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (1998,2000) are used to examine whether parents of newborns considered abortion upon learning of the pregnancy and whether this measure of pregnancy intention is associated with their behaviors during pregnancy or with infant birth weight. Associations between outcomes and each parent's pregnancy intention are explored with multivariate probit regressions or least squares regressions for 737 married and 2,366 unmarried couples. RESULTS:,If at least one parent considered abortion, unmarried mothers had a significantly reduced probability of initiating early prenatal care, and unmarried fathers had a significantly reduced probability of providing cash or in-kind support during the pregnancy. The proportion of mothers receiving care in the first trimester was 12 percentage points lower when the mother only or both parents considered abortion than when neither parent did; depending on which parent reported on fathers' support during pregnancy, the proportion of fathers who provided cash or in-kind assistance was 6,10 percentage points lower when the father only considered abortion and 6,14 points lower when both parents considered abortion than when neither did. CONCLUSIONS:,Future research on pregnancy intentions should incorporate both men and women. Understanding men's pregnancy intentions and their associations with early support of mothers may inform discussions of how to encourage men's involvement in family planning, prenatal health care and parenting. [source] Abortion, Family Planning, and Population Policy: Prospects for the Common-Ground ApproachPOPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT REVIEW, Issue 3 2009Dennis Hodgson For the past several decades those engaged in shaping the Program of Action documents at international conferences on population have muted their voices when the topic of abortion has been raised. In a desire to side-step entanglement in a bitter debate over the morality of abortion, great care has been taken to define "family planning" in ways that explicitly exclude abortion. The "common-ground" approach to treating abortion can be summarized in two directives found in all contemporary international population documents: "in no case should abortion be promoted as a method of family planning"; and all governments should work "to reduce the recourse to abortion through expanded and improved family-planning services." This article has three goals: first, to examine the appropriateness of these directives with respect to what is currently known about the relationship between abortion, family planning, and population policy; second, to trace how this "contraception-only" definition of family planning became de rigueur at international population conferences; and third, to discuss the prospects for the emergence of a more appropriate "common-ground" approach to abortion and population policy. [source] Politics and Female Sterilization in Northeast BrazilPOPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT REVIEW, Issue 1 2004André J. Caetano Brazilian fertility has fallen rapidly in the last three decades, even in the Northeast, the country's poorest region. Female sterilization has become the most common contraceptive method in this region, where 44 percent of married women aged 15,49 years were sterilized as of 1996. While in other regions sterilizations were generally paid for by the patient, politicians and physicians arranged and paid for the large majority of these surgical procedures in the Northeast. The authors present evidence that this phenomenon is the result of the use of sterilization as an electoral good by politicians and physicians in local contexts where politicians regularly provide goods and services to the poor in exchange for votes. This systemic behavior seems to have been little affected by 1997 legislation that regulated family planning, made sterilization legal, and was intended to increase the use of other methods of contraception. [source] Unmet Need for Family Planning in Developing Countries and Implications for Population PolicyPOPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT REVIEW, Issue 4 2000John B. Casterline Unmet need for family planning has been a core concept in international population discourse for several decades. This article reviews the history of unmet need and the development of increasingly refined methods of its empirical measurement and delineates the main questions that have been raised about unmet need during the past decade, some of which concern the validity of the concept and others its role in policy debates. The discussion draws heavily on empirical research conducted during the 1990s, much of it localized, in-depth studies combining quantitative and qualitative methodologies. Of the causes of unmet need other than those related to access to services, three emerge as especially salient: lack of necessary knowledge about contraceptive methods, social opposition to their use, and health concerns about possible side effects. The article argues that the concept of unmet need for family planning, by joining together contraceptive behavior and fertility preferences, encourages an integration of family planning programs and broader development approaches to population policy. By focusing on the fulfillment of individual aspirations, unmet need remains a defensible rationale for the formulation of population policy and a sensible guide to the design of family planning programs. [source] Local and Foreign Models of Reproduction in Nyanza Province, KenyaPOPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT REVIEW, Issue 4 2000Susan Cotts Watkins This article uses colonial archival records, surveys conducted in the 1960s, and surveys and focus group discussions in the 1990s to describe three distinct but temporally overlapping cultural models of reproduction in a rural community in Kenya between the 1930s and the present. The first model, "large families are rich," was slowly undermined by developments brought about by the integration of Kenya into the British empire. This provoked the collective formulation of a second local model, "small families are progressive," which retained the same goal of wealth but viewed a smaller family as a better strategy for achieving it. The third model, introduced by the global networks of the international population movement in the 1960s, augmented the second model with the deliberate control of fertility using clinic provided methods of family planning. By the 1990s this global model had begun to be domesticated as local clinics routinely promoted family planning and as men and women in Nyanza began to use family planning and to tell others of their motivations and experiences. [source] Reproduction, Compositional Demography, and Economic Growth: Family Planning in England Long Before the Fertility DeclinePOPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT REVIEW, Issue 1 2000Simon Szreter This article offers a radical reinterpretation of the chronology of control over reproduction in England's history. It argues that, as a result of post,World War II policy preoccupations, there has been too narrow a focus in the literature on the significance of reductions in marital fertility. In England's case this is conventionally dated to have occurred from 1876, long after the industrial revolution. With a wider angle focus on "reproduction," the historical evidence for England indicates that family planning began much earlier in the process of economic growth. Using a "compositional demography" approach, a novel social pattern of highly prudential, late marriage can be seen emerging among the bourgeoisie in the course of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. There is also evidence for a more widespread resort to such prudential marriage throughout the population after 1816. When placed in this context, the reduction in national fertility indexes visible from 1876 can be seen as only a further phase, not a revolution, in the population's management of its reproduction. [source] Diversity in fertility patterns in GuatemalaPOPULATION, SPACE AND PLACE (PREVIOUSLY:-INT JOURNAL OF POPULATION GEOGRAPHY), Issue 6 2006Sofie De Broe Abstract This study investigates urban and rural fertility trends in Guatemala up to 2002. It also aims to establish, using the theory of diffusion as its theoretical framework, the extent to which ethnicity and ethnic diversity are associated with geographical patterns in local-level fertility after controlling for socio-economic indicators. Data from the Demographic and Health Surveys of 1987, 1995,96 and 1998,99, the National Maternal and Child Health Survey of 2002 and the Census of 2002 were used. P/F ratios were calculated and used as an analytical tool and quality control measure of the data in order to establish the timing of changes in fertility patterns as measured by age-specific fertility rates (ASFRs) based on exact exposure in four-year periods from 1972 to 2002. Finally, the 2002 census data were used to analyse and model fertility at the municipio- level using ordinary least squares regression. The results suggest a steady but very slow decline in fertility from 1972 until the mid-1990s. Both the P/F ratios and ASFRs calculated using the Maternal and Child Health Survey and Census of 2002 show a sharp decline in fertility since 1998. The regression results for the census data suggest an independent and significant effect of ,proportion of indigenous people' and an almost significant effect of ethnic diversity on fertility at the municipio -level. The very slow decline in fertility in Guatemala until fairly recently can be attributed to the fact that Guatemala has been lagging behind in terms of socio-economic development and the additional challenge of having a culturally very diverse and segregated population, preventing the spread of modern reproductive ideas and behaviour. The accelerated fertility decline since the end of the 1990s seems likely to be associated with the widespread availability and increased uptake of family planning following declining fertility desires among its indigenous population. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] From Successful Family Planning to the Lowest of Low Fertility Levels: Taiwan's DilemmaASIAN SOCIAL WORK AND POLICY REVIEW, Issue 2 2009Wan-I Lin Since the implementation of family planning in the 1960s, Taiwan's fertility rate has rapidly decreased. This was praised as a family planning achievement. However, in the 21st century Taiwan has become one of the lowest of low fertility countries like European countries [Kohler, H. P., Billari, F. C., & Ortega, J. A. (2002). Population and Development Review, 28(4), 641,80]. The government has begun to worry that these extremely low birthrates will result in rapid population aging and bring about other negative socio-economic effects. Thus, in its Mega Warmth Social Welfare Program (MWSWP) of 2006, the Taiwanese government targeted the issue of low birthrates. Based on secondary data analysis, we found that the reasons for rapid decrease in Taiwanese birthrates are: (i) a declining marriage rate; (ii) later marriage; (iii) changing attitudes towards child bearing; (iv) the burdens of child care; and (v) an increase in female labour participation rates. The MWSWP includes maternity leave benefits, parental leave benefits, a childcare subsidy system and early children education and care (ECEC). First, this article presents a chronological understanding of the demography in Taiwan. Second, we attempt to evaluate the reasons contributing to the low birthrates. The policy response to this is discussed next. Finally, the article provides a careful conclusion: that the extent to which these policies can significantly stop the population from declining requires further observation. [source] Vulval vestibulitis: a common cause of dyspareunia?BJOG : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS & GYNAECOLOGY, Issue 4 2005Pat Munday The prevalence of vulval vestibulitis was evaluated in a prospective observational study. Four hundred women from West Hertfordshire, 100 each from community family planning, antenatal, general practice and genitourinary clinics were investigated. Participants completed a questionnaire and were examined for vulval erythema and point tenderness. An algesiometer was also used to evaluate tenderness. The prevalence of vestibulitis varied from 2.9% to 9.8% depending on the stringency of diagnostic criteria and the method of ascertaining pain. Vulval vestibulitis cannot be accurately defined by current criteria, but superficial dyspareunia appears to be a frequent problem in the community in women consulting for unrelated matters. [source] Perception and practice of child labour among parents of school-aged children in Ibadan, southwest NigeriaCHILD: CARE, HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT, Issue 3 2010F. O. Omokhodion Abstract Background The problem of child labour has lingered on in many countries because of the complex combination of social, cultural and economic factors involved. Parents play a critical role in child labour as it provides much needed extra income for the family. This study was carried out among parents of school-aged children in an urban, low-income community to determine the factors associated with child labour and attitudes to child labour in the community. Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out in an urban community in Ibadan, southwest Nigeria. Questionnaires were administered to parents of school-aged children. Results A total of 473 parents were interviewed. They were aged between 23 and 56 years, mean 37.9 years. Thirty-nine per cent of parents indicated that they thought their school-aged children should work. More women than men, those from polygamous homes and those with lower educational status held this view. Reasons given for wanting their children to work were to supplement family income, 45%, to gain experience, 35% and to help in family business, 10%. In all, 236 (50%) respondents reported that their school-aged children were working. Parental factors associated with practice of child labour were polygamous marriage, low educational status, unskilled or partly skilled occupation and large family size. Seventeen per cent of parents with working children were not satisfied with their children's work conditions and complained of low earnings, long working hours, work on school days and unsafe work environment. Measures suggested to control child labour include addressing the issue of household poverty, public enlightenment about the ills of child labour and free education up to junior secondary level. Enforcement of child labour laws was the least mentioned. Conclusion We conclude that control of child labour should be a multifaceted approach involving poverty alleviation, family planning to reduce family size and free, compulsory education up to junior secondary level. Public enlightenment especially for mothers will be of additional benefit. [source] | |||||||||||||