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Familial Factors (familial + factor)
Selected AbstractsFamilial Factors Associated With the Use of Multiple Child-Care ArrangementsJOURNAL OF MARRIAGE AND FAMILY, Issue 2 2008Taryn W. Morrissey This study examined the use of multiple, concurrent, nonparental child-care arrangements among children under 5 with employed mothers in the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (N= 759). Older children, those primarily cared for in informal child care, those living in cohabitating or single-parent households, and those whose mothers were employed for 40 or fewer hours per week were likely to be in multiple arrangements. Higher quality primary child-care and lower maternal satisfaction with primary care predicted the subsequent use of multiple arrangements. Little support for income differences in selection into multiple arrangements was found. Findings highlight the importance of child-care characteristics and structure in child-care choice. Policy implications are discussed. [source] Familial factors in diabetic nephropathy: an offspring studyDIABETIC MEDICINE, Issue 3 2006E. Agius Abstract Aims Familial clustering of diabetic nephropathy in patients with Type 2 diabetes suggests that inherited factors predispose to diabetic nephropathy, but the nature of these factors is uncertain. The aim of the study was to compare the prevalence of known risk factors for nephropathy in non-diabetic offspring of Type 2 diabetic patients with and without nephropathy and in control subjects. Methods Three groups of patients were recruited with 40 or 41 subjects in each group. These were subjects having one Type 2 diabetic parent with nephropathy (DN); subjects having one parent with Type 2 diabetes without nephropathy (DnoN), and non-diabetic unrelated control subjects with no personal or parental history of diabetes (Control subjects). Results The median (interquartile range) albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR) was 1.40 (0.96,2.90) mg/mmol in DN; 0.94 (0.50,1.46) mg/mmol in DnoN and 1.22 (0.66,1.83) mg/mmol in Controls (anova: P = 0.03). ACR was higher in group DN than in DnoN (P < 0.006) and in Control subjects (P < 0.03), but there was no difference between DnoN and Control subjects. Twenty-four-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring showed mean daytime systolic blood pressure to be significantly higher in group DN than in DnoN (P < 0.02) or Control subjects (P < 0.01) (anova: P = 0.004). Fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were similar in the three groups. Conclusion Our data provide further evidence that genetic factors are important in determining urinary albumin excretion and renal disease associated with Type 2 diabetes and suggest that genes that affect systemic arterial blood pressure but not those relating to insulin resistance or inflammation are likely to be implicated. [source] Retention in methadone maintenance drug treatment for prescription-type opioid primary users compared to heroin usersADDICTION, Issue 5 2009Caleb J. Banta-Green ABSTRACT Aims To assess retention in methadone maintenance treatment for prescription-type opioid primary (PTOP) users compared to heroin users. Design and participants A retrospective cohort study was carried out to examine the association between opiate types used on 12-month retention. The study population consisted of adults admitted to one of 11 not-for-profit methadone maintenance clinics in 2004 and 2005 throughout Washington State (n = 2308). Logistic regression analyses with fixed effects for treatment agencies were conducted. Measurements Opiate use type in past 30 days: any heroin use or primary prescription opioid without heroin use. Demographics, other drugs used, self-reported medical and psychiatric concerns, social, familial and legal issues, public assistance type and housing stability were documented at intake using a comprehensive biopsychosocial instrument, the Treatment and Assessment Reports Generation Tool. Findings The odds of being retained in treatment for PTOP compared to heroin users not adjusting for other factors was 1.33 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03, 1.71). In the final logistic regression model the odds of retention for PTOP compared to heroin users was 1.25 (95% CI, 0.93, 1.67), indicating that there was no statistically significant difference in treatment retention by opiate type after adjusting for demographics, treatment agencies, other drug use, public assistance type, medical, psychiatric, social, legal and familial factors. Conclusion The findings of this study suggest that PTOP can be treated at methadone maintenance treatment facilities at least as effectively as heroin users in terms of treatment retention. [source] Physical activity in adolescence and smoking in young adulthood: a prospective twin cohort studyADDICTION, Issue 7 2007Urho M. Kujala ABSTRACT Aims To control for familial confounds, we studied the association between adolescent physical activity and later smoking in twin siblings discordant for their baseline physical activity. Design and measurements In this prospective population-based twin study, we asked whether persistent physical activity/inactivity in adolescence (assessed at 16, 17 and 18.5 years) predicted questionnaire-reported daily smoking at ages 22,27. Twins who, on the three baseline questionnaires, consistently reported frequent leisure physical activity (more than three times weekly) were classified as persistent exercisers, those who exercised less than three times monthly were called persistently inactive, others were occasional exercisers. Setting Finland. Participants A total of 4240 individuals, including 1870 twin pairs. Findings In analyses of individual twins, compared to persistent activity, persistent physical inactivity predicted increased risk of daily smoking (age- and sex-adjusted odds ratio 5.53, 95% confidence interval 3.88,7.88, P < 0.001). The risk remained elevated even after excluding all those who had smoked 50 cigarettes or more life-time at baseline and adjusted for educational level in adolescence. In within-pair analyses compared to the active members of discordant twin pairs, the physically inactive co-twins had increased risk of future daily smoking (sex-adjusted odds ratio 3.39, 95% confidence interval 1.56,7.39, P = 0.002). Conclusions Persistent physical inactivity in adolescence relates to adult smoking, even after familial factors are taken into account. [source] Foster Family Characteristics and Behavioral and Emotional Problems of Foster Children: A Narrative Review,FAMILY RELATIONS, Issue 1 2001John G. Orme The purpose of this article is to review the literature on the foster family characteristics that are thought to contribute to the behavioral and emotional problems of foster children. The review is shaped by an understanding of the personal and familial factors associated with children's problem behaviors in the general population. These factors include parenting, the family home environment, family functioning, marital functioning, family demography, child temperament, parents' mental health, and social support. Limitations within the existing research on these foster family characteristics are noted, and suggestions for future research are provided. [source] Multilevel Factors Influencing Maternal Stress During the First Three YearsJOURNAL OF MARRIAGE AND FAMILY, Issue 4 2002Miriam Mulsow This prospective study applies family stress theory to the influence of personal, child, and familial factors on a mother's parenting stress during the first 3 years of her infant's life. Participants included 134 mothers and their infants at ages 1, 6, 15, 24, and 36 months from one site of a multisite, longitudinal study. Mother's personality was most predictive of parenting stress cross-sectionally and longitudinally. Intimacy with partner reduced parenting stress early in the infant's life and at 36 months, whereas general social support was more important in the second year. Child temperament was influential at 1 and 36 months. Counterintuitively, mothers who were more satisfied with work or school choices were more likely to be chronically stressed. Implications are discussed. [source] Sublingual immunotherapy in the treatment of childrenALLERGY, Issue 2006N. Pham-Thi Children with controlled intermittent mild-to-moderate asthma, controlled rhinitis and a single sensitivity may be appropriate candidates for sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT). Positive effects of SLIT may depend on initiation in early childhood and a long duration of treatment. To ensure optimum compliance, sociological, economic and familial factors should also be taken in to consideration when prescribing SLIT. Evidence from recent long-term trials indicates that SLIT interfered with the atopic march and the allergic progression from rhinitis to asthma without any severe adverse side effects. Local immune response has been seen to be blunted with SLIT, which suggests that treatment has an immunomodulatory effect. In addition, it may also decrease the risk of new sensitizations. Ongoing developments in SLIT, particularly advances in dosing and new indications, such as food allergies, will increase the use of this treatment modality in children. [source] Critical evaluation of prognostic factors in childhood asthmaPEDIATRIC ALLERGY AND IMMUNOLOGY, Issue 2 2002H. P. Van Bever Current knowledge of the natural history of asthma is improving through the establishment of a more precise definition of asthma linked with information from a number of large-scale longitudinal studies. Risk factors for the development of childhood asthma are now more clearly understood. They include gender, atopic status, genetic and familial factors, respiratory infections, and outdoor and indoor pollution (1). In the present review two types of asthma and their prognosis will be discussed: 1Asthma in preschool children and its risk factors for evolution towards persistent childhood asthma. 2Asthma in older children and its risk factors for evolution towards adult asthma. [source] Maternal history, sensitization to allergens, and current wheezing, rhinitis, and eczema among children in Costa RicaPEDIATRIC PULMONOLOGY, Issue 4 2002Manuel E. Soto-Quiros MD Abstract Little is known about the factors associated with asthma, allergic rhinitis, and eczema in Latin American countries. We investigated the relation between potential risk factors and current wheezing, allergic rhinitis, and eczema among 208 Costa Rican children aged 10,13 years participating in phase II of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC). The geometric mean (,±,SD) serum total IgE level of children with current wheezing was significantly higher than that of children without current wheezing (533.8,±,5.2 vs. 144.7,± 6.0 IU/mL, P,<,0.01). In a multivariate analysis, a maternal history of asthma, skin test reactivity (STR) to house dust mites, and STR to Alternaria were significantly associated with current wheezing. Children who had a maternal history of asthma had 2.4 times higher odds of current wheezing than those without maternal history of asthma (95% CI for OR,=,1.1,5.3). Sensitization to either house dust mite or Alternaria was associated with 3.3 times increased odds of current wheezing (95% CI for OR for STR to dust mite,=,1.6,6.7; 95% CI for OR for STR to Alternaria,=,1.1,11.0). In a multivariate analysis, STR to house dust mite and STR to cat dander were significantly associated with allergic rhinitis, and a maternal history of eczema and STR to dog dander were associated with eczema in the child. The interaction between familial factors and lifestyle changes resulting from social reforms implemented 60 years ago may explain the high prevalence of atopic diseases in Costa Rica. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2002; 33:237,243. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Familial associations of intense preoccupations, an empirical factor of the restricted, repetitive behaviors and interests domain of autismTHE JOURNAL OF CHILD PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY AND ALLIED DISCIPLINES, Issue 8 2009Christopher J. Smith Background:, Clinical heterogeneity of autism likely hinders efforts to find genes associated with this complex psychiatric disorder. Some studies have produced promising results by restricting the sample according to the expression of specific familial factors or components of autism. Previous factor analyses of the restricted, repetitive behaviors and interest (RRBI) domain of autism have consistently identified a two-factor model that explains a moderate amount of variance. The identification of additional factors may explain more variance in the RRBI domain and provide an additional component of autism that may help in the identification of underlying genetic association. Methods:, We conducted factor analyses of RRBI symptoms with a sample that included verbal subjects meeting full criteria for autism aged 5 to 22 years (n = 245). Among affected sibling pairs (n = 126) we examined the familial aggregation of the identified factors. We also examined the associations of the factors with autism-related personality traits in fathers and mothers (n = 50). Results:, The previously identified two-factor model , insistence on sameness (IS) and repetitive stereotypic motor behaviors (RSMB) , was replicated in our sample. Next, a second factor analysis that included the item for verbal rituals resulted in a four-factor model , IS, ,simple' RSMB, ,complex' RSMB, and a fourth factor including symptoms associated with intense preoccupations (IP). Of these four, both IS and IP were significantly familial among affected siblings, but only IP was significantly correlated with the broader autism phenotype traits of rigidity and aloofness in fathers. Conclusions:, The results support previous evidence for the IS factor, its familiality, and the identification of IP as an additional strong candidate trait for genetic studies of autism. [source] Quantification of the familial contribution to juvenile idiopathic arthritisARTHRITIS & RHEUMATISM, Issue 8 2010Sampath Prahalad Objective We previously demonstrated that there is familial aggregation of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). Using a large JIA cohort, we sought to identify additional clusters of JIA cases and to calculate robust estimates of the relative risk (RR) of JIA in the siblings and cousins of JIA probands. We also estimated the population attributable risk (PAR) of familial factors in JIA. Methods A probabilistic record-linking analysis was performed by matching the records of 862 patients with JIA with the records of ,7 million individuals in the Utah Population Database (UPDB), a computerized genealogic database. For each patient, 5 control subjects matched for birth year and sex were selected from the UPDB. Specialized software was used to test for familial aggregation of disease, to estimate the magnitude of familial risks, and to identify families at high risk of disease. Results We identified 22 founders who had significantly more descendants with JIA than expected (5,13 descendants; P values ranged from <0.0001 to <0.008). The PAR of familial factors for JIA was ,13%. The RR of JIA in the siblings of patients was significantly increased (11.6, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 4.9,27.5, P < 2.59 × 10,8). The RR of JIA in first cousins was also increased (5.82, 95% CI 2.5,13.8, P < 6.07 × 10,5). Conclusion We have identified the largest sets of JIA pedigrees described to date. Approximately 13% of cases of JIA can be attributed to familial factors. Siblings and first cousins of probands with JIA have an increased risk of JIA. The observed decline in the magnitude of risk between siblings and cousins suggests that JIA is influenced by shared genetic factors. [source] Parenting style and obsessive-compulsive symptoms and personality traits in a student sampleCLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHOTHERAPY (AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THEORY & PRACTICE), Issue 6 2002Ayse Aycicegi There is widespread acceptance of the idea that aspects of parenting such as overprotectiveness and perfectionism contribute to the pathogenesis of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Less resolved is whether the important dimensions of parenting are overprotectiveness, lack of acceptance, authoritarian style, discouragement of risk-taking, and/or induction of guilt. It is also unclear whether different parenting characteristics are associated with the development of symptoms of OCD, compared to the traits of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD). OCD symptoms and OC personality traits were measured in a non-clinical, student sample and correlated with students' report of parents' acceptance, disciplinary firmness, and psychological control (a construct which included psychological manipulation and guilt-induction). Following the literature on both clinical and subclinical OCD and OCPD, we predicted that all three scales would correlate with OCD symptoms and OCPD traits. Stepwise regression analysis revealed that psychological control was the unique predictor, controlling for depressive symptoms. Unexpectedly, a controlling parenting style was not selectively associated with classical OC symptoms or OC personality traits. Rather, psychological control was associated with a broad-spectrum of anxiety and depressive symptoms which cut across diagnostic boundaries. Findings are generally compatible with a single underlying vulnerability to both OCD and OCPD, as well as generalized/social anxiety and depressive symptoms, which can be shaped by cultural and familial factors to a specific clinical presentation. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] | ||||||||||||||||