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Falls Short (fall + short)
Selected AbstractsMonoclonal B cell lymphocytosis: Clinical and population perspectives,CYTOMETRY, Issue S1 2010Neil E. Caporaso Abstract Monoclonal B Cell Lymphocytosis (MBL) refers to clones of CLL-like cells that exhibit CLL characteristics that fall short of the numbers required for CLL diagnosis. Data from large CLL kindreds document increased prevalence of MBL suggesting a genetic contribution to its etiology. The molecular features that favor progression of MBL to CLL are poorly understood but an elevated B-cell count is a risk factor for progression. An important consideration when evaluating volunteers from CLL families who are willing to donate bone marrow is that MBL be ruled out since the MBL donor clone could result in a second CLL in the recipient. Further studies of MBL are needed to identify the molecular features and how they evolve during progression. Published 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Food Security in Protracted Crises: Building More Effective Policy FrameworksDISASTERS, Issue 2005Margarita Flores This paper considers the principal elements that underpin policy frameworks for supporting food security in protracted crisis contexts. It argues that maintaining the food entitlements of crisis-affected populations must extend beyond interventions to ensure immediate human survival. A ,policy gap' exists in that capacities for formulating policy responses to tackle the different dimensions of food insecurity in complex, fluid crisis situations tend to be weak. As a result, standardised, short-term intervention designs are created that fall short of meeting the priority needs of affected populations in the short and long term and only partially exploit the range of policy options available. The paper discusses key attributes of agency frameworks that could support more effective policy processes to address longer term as well as immediate food security needs. Additionally, it points to some main challenges likely to be encountered in developing such frameworks and, with the participation of beneficiaries, translating them into effective action. [source] The Treaty of Nice: The Sharing of Power and the Institutional Balance in the European Union,A Continental PerspectiveEUROPEAN LAW JOURNAL, Issue 3 2001Xenophon A. Yataganas This paper presents an initial response to the conclusions of the Nice Summit and the new EU Treaty which emerged from it. It consists of two parts: in the first I discuss the climate in which the Intergovernmental Conference (IGC) took place and the opening positions of the Institutions, the Member States, and the applicant countries. The results achieved at Nice are set out in the second part, with special emphasis on the themes that mark a shift of power within the Community's institutional architecture; i.e. the extension of qualified-majority voting in the Council and the co-decision procedure with the European Parliament, the reweighting of votes and the composition of the Institutions with a view to an enlargement which is both imminent and unprecedented in the history of the EU. I conclude that while the results of the IGC and the new Treaty of Nice fall short of what is needed in an EU with ambitions on a continental scale, they do mark another stage in the process of European integration and the permanent evolution of its constitution. In this sense, the balance of power is likely to be different from what it has been in the past. The Franco-German axis has been severely weakened, the UK and Spain seem to be determined to play a central role, and the smaller countries are seeking to retain some influence over how the process works. New alliances are likely to emerge, particularly after enlargement, with Germany in search of a dominant position, France desperately trying to preserve the status quo, and the UK wanting to influence the direction of moves towards integration from the inside. Nice seems to mark an interim stage in this process. A new IGC has already been scheduled for 2004. There is no doubt that the post-Nice period will be one of transition towards a new distribution of power within the EU, sanctioned by a new, highly constitutional treaty. [source] Ageing and the tax implied in public pension schemes: simulations for selected OECD countriesFISCAL STUDIES, Issue 2 2004Robert Fenge Abstract A key figure suited to measuring intergenerational imbalances in unfunded public pension schemes is given by the ,implicit tax rate' imposed on each generation's lifetime income. The implicit tax arises from the fact that, quite generally, pension benefits fall short of actuarial returns to contributions paid to these systems while actively working. Under current pension policies, implicit tax rates will increase sharply for younger generations in most industrialised countries. In this paper, this is illustrated for the cases of France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Sweden, the UK and the USA. Nevertheless, there are remarkable differences across countries regarding both the level of implicit taxes and their development over successive age cohorts, which can be attributed to differences in ageing processes and in the institutional features of national pension systems. In addition, we can demonstrate how effective different approaches to pension reform are in smoothing the intergenerational profile of implicit tax rates. [source] Academic Careers and Gender Equity: Lessons Learned from MIT1GENDER, WORK & ORGANISATION, Issue 2 2003Lotte Bailyn This article describes the experience at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology after the publication of its report A Study on the Status of Women Faculty in Science at MIT. It starts by describing aspects of the academic career that make it difficult for women, or anyone with responsibilities outside of their academic work. It then outlines three definitions of gender equity based on equality, fairness, and integration, and probes the reasons behind persisting inequities. The MIT results fit well into the first two definitions of gender equity, but fall short on the last. Finally, the article analyses the factors that came together at MIT to produce the outcome described and indicates the lessons learned and those still to be learned. [source] A typology of reviews: an analysis of 14 review types and associated methodologiesHEALTH INFORMATION & LIBRARIES JOURNAL, Issue 2 2009Maria J. Grant Background and objectives:, The expansion of evidence-based practice across sectors has lead to an increasing variety of review types. However, the diversity of terminology used means that the full potential of these review types may be lost amongst a confusion of indistinct and misapplied terms. The objective of this study is to provide descriptive insight into the most common types of reviews, with illustrative examples from health and health information domains. Methods:, Following scoping searches, an examination was made of the vocabulary associated with the literature of review and synthesis (literary warrant). A simple analytical framework,Search, AppraisaL, Synthesis and Analysis (SALSA),was used to examine the main review types. Results:, Fourteen review types and associated methodologies were analysed against the SALSA framework, illustrating the inputs and processes of each review type. A description of the key characteristics is given, together with perceived strengths and weaknesses. A limited number of review types are currently utilized within the health information domain. Conclusions:, Few review types possess prescribed and explicit methodologies and many fall short of being mutually exclusive. Notwithstanding such limitations, this typology provides a valuable reference point for those commissioning, conducting, supporting or interpreting reviews, both within health information and the wider health care domain. [source] Reviews: A review of hereditary and acquired coagulation disorders in the aetiology of ischaemic strokeINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF STROKE, Issue 5 2010Lonneke M. L. De Lau The diagnostic workup in patients with ischaemic stroke often includes testing for prothrombotic conditions. However, the clinical relevance of coagulation abnormalities in ischaemic stroke is uncertain. Therefore, we reviewed what is presently known about the association between inherited and acquired coagulation disorders and ischaemic stroke, with a special emphasis on the methodological aspects. Good-quality data in this field are scarce, and most studies fall short on epidemiological criteria for causal inference. While inherited coagulation disorders are recognised risk factors for venous thrombosis, there is no substantial evidence for an association with arterial ischaemic stroke. Possible exceptions are the prothrombin G20210A mutation in adults and protein C deficiency in children. There is proof of an association between the antiphospholipid syndrome and ischaemic stroke, but the clinical significance of isolated mildly elevated antiphospholipid antibody titres is unclear. Evidence also suggests significant associations of increased homocysteine and fibrinogen concentrations with ischaemic stroke, but whether these associations are causal is still debated. Data on other acquired coagulation abnormalities are insufficient to allow conclusions regarding causality. For most coagulation disorders, a causal relation with ischaemic stroke has not been definitely established. Hence, at present, there is no valid indication for testing all patients with ischaemic stroke for these conditions. Large prospective population-based studies allowing the evaluation of interactive and subgroup effects are required to appreciate the role of coagulation disorders in the pathophysiology of arterial ischaemic stroke and to guide the management of individual patients. [source] Theorizing Migration Policy: Is There a Third Way?1INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION REVIEW, Issue 1 2007Christina Boswell This article critically reviews theories of migration policy according to two criteria: methodological rigor and explanatory plausibility. It finds that political economy accounts are theoretically robust, but at the price of oversimplification. Neo-institutional theories offer more sophisticated accounts, but fall short on a number of methodological and explanatory counts. As an alternative, this article suggests a theory focusing on the functional imperatives of the state in the area of migration, which shape its responses to societal interests and institutional structures. [source] Relations among mother and home visitor personality, relationship quality, and amount of time spent in home visitsJOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 6 2003Elizabeth A. Sharp Evaluations of a variety of home-based early childhood intervention programs show that home visit rates fall short of the number prescribed. In an attempt to add to knowledge about reasons for this phenomenon, the current study explored associations among mother and home visitor personality, relationship quality, and time spent in home visits. Maternal negative emotionality was positively related to both time spent in home visits and relationship quality. Maternal positive emotionality was inversely related to time spent in home visits. Home visitor negative emotionality was also positively related to mothers' assessments of relationship quality; however, it was inversely related to the amount of time spent in home visits. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comm Psychol 31: 591,606, 2003. [source] Application of the New Keystone-Species Concept to Prairie Dogs: How Well Does It Work?CONSERVATION BIOLOGY, Issue 6 2000Natasha B. Kotliar This prompted Power et al. (1996) to refine the definition: keystone species have large effects on community structure or ecosystem function (i.e., high overall importance), and this effect should be large relative to abundance (i.e., high community importance). Using prairie dogs (Cynomys spp.) as an example, I review operational and conceptual difficulties encountered in applying this definition. As applied to prairie dogs, the implicit assumption that overall importance is a linear function of abundance is invalid. In addition, community importance is sensitive to abundance levels, the definition of community, and sampling scale. These problems arise largely from the equation for community importance, as used in conjunction with removal experiments at single abundance levels. I suggest that we shift from the current emphasis on the dualism between keystone and nonkeystone species and instead examine how overall and community importance vary (1) with abundance, (2) across spatial and temporal scales, and (3) under diverse ecological conditions. In addition, I propose that a third criterion be incorporated into the definition: keystone species perform roles not performed by other species or processes. Examination of how these factors vary among populations of keystone species should help identify the factors contributing to, or limiting, keystone-level functions, thereby increasing the usefulness of the keystone-species concept in ecology and conservation. Although the quantitative framework of Power et al. falls short of being fully operational, my conceptual guidelines may improve the usefulness of the keystone-species concept. Careful attention to the factors that limit keystone function will help avoid misplaced emphasis on keystone species at the expense of other species. Resumen: Se ha sugerido que el concepto de especie pilar no sea usado más en ecología y conservación, principalmente debido a que el concepto ha sido pobremente definido. Esto instigó a Power et al. (1996) a refinar la definición: las especies pilar tienen grandes efectos en la estructura de una comunidad o la función de un ecosistema (alta importancia en lo general), y este efecto debe ser grande en relación con la abundancia (alta importancia en la comunidad). Usando los perros de pradera (Cynomys spp) como ejemplo, revisé las dificultades operativas y conceptuales encontradas durante la aplicación de esta definición. Al aplicarse a perros de pradera, la suposición implícita de que la importancia en lo general es una función lineal de la abundancia es inválida. Además, la importancia en la comunidad es sensible a los niveles de abundancia, a la definición de comunidad y a la escala de muestreo. Estos problemas surgen, en gran medida, de la ecuación para la importancia en la comunidad, al ser usada conjuntamente con experimentos de remoción a un solo nivel de abundancia. Sugiero que el énfasis actual en la dualidad sobre especies pilares/no pilares cambie para examinar cómo varía la importancia en lo general y en la comunidad; (1) con la abundancia, (2) a lo largo de escalas espaciales y temporales, y (3) bajo diversas condiciones ecológicas. Además, propongo que sea incorporado un tercer criterio en la definición: las especies pilar llevan a cabo funciones no llevadas a cabo por otras especies o procesos. El análisis de cómo varían estos factores entre poblaciones de especies pilar ayudará a identificar los factores que contribuyen, o limitan las funciones a nivel pilar, incrementando con ello la utilidad del concepto de especie pilar en ecología y conservación. Aunque el marco de trabajo cuantitativo de Power et al. no llega a ser completamente operacional, mis guías conceptuales pueden mejorar la utilidad de este concepto. Una atención especial a los factores que limitan el funcionamiento pilar ayudaría a evitar un énfasis mal ubicado en especies pilar a costa de otras especies. [source] Still falling short: protection and partnerships in the Lebanon emergency responseDISASTERS, Issue 4 2007David Shearer The Israeli,Hezbollah conflict in the summer of 2006, although brief, had a lasting impact on the region and prompted an intense humanitarian response. The conflict raised challenging questions for the United Nations (UN) about how to assist a middle-income yet extremely vulnerable population in a context where global and local relations are highly politicised. This paper focuses on two key questions that emerged from the humanitarian response. First, how can humanitarian agencies, and particularly the UN, improve the protection of civilians, and was what they did in Lebanon enough? Second, how can humanitarian agencies create partnerships with local actors and still remain true to core humanitarian principles when local actors are fiercely divided along confessional lines and influenced by external actors, and when some, such as Hezbollah, are parties to the conflict? This paper argues that despite the importance of protection and partnerships to the humanitarian response, their role in the UN emergency response still falls short. [source] A Theory of Migration as a Response to Relative DeprivationGERMAN ECONOMIC REVIEW, Issue 2 2000Oded Stark We model migration as a response to relative deprivation. We present a specific configuration of incomes in which the process of migration in response to relative deprivation reaches a steady state. However, for the general configuration of incomes we show that it is impossible to prove the existence of a steady state. We study the social welfare implications of the two cases and show that if individuals are left to pursue their betterment, the resulting state falls short of the best social outcome. We present several implications of the model including federalism and the demand for secession. [source] Comment on ,The Eviction of Critical Perspectives from Gentrification Research'INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF URBAN AND REGIONAL RESEARCH, Issue 1 2008LANCE FREEMAN Abstract 'The eviction of critical perspectives from gentrification research' offers the premise that scholars are becoming less critical of gentrification and that this trend is detrimental to those most vulnerable to gentrification. This argument falls short on a number of grounds. First, the article does not persuasively show that the scholarly literature on gentrification has indeed become less critical. More significantly, Slater does not consider perhaps the most important reason that gentrification can be accurately described in both critical and less than critical terms , gentrification's impacts are multifaceted, affecting different people differently and even the same individuals in different ways. Finally, those most threatened by gentrification are likely to need a combination of resistance and persuasion to blunt the ill effects of gentrification. Slater's call for more critical approaches may inspire some to resist, but will do little to persuade the larger society to take their concerns seriously. Given that those most threatened by gentrification are among the least powerful, their cause will most benefit from a combination of literature that inspires resistance as well as literature that persuades others that gentrification is truly a predicament. Therefore, literature that not merely criticizes gentrification but offers a rationale for blunting its detrimental effects is needed as well. Résumé L'article intitulé The eviction of critical perspectives from gentrification research pose en principe que les chercheurs se font moins critiques sur la ,gentrification' et que cette tendance porte préjudice aux plus vulnérables face à ce phénomène. Cet argument ne tient pas pour plusieurs raisons. D'abord, il n'est pas montré de manière probante que la littérature académique sur la ,gentrification' soit vraiment devenue moins critique. De façon plus marquante, Slater n'étudie pas la raison, peut-être la plus importante, pour laquelle la ,gentrification' peut être décrit avec exactitude en termes à la fois critiques et moins critiques : en effet, ses impacts revêtent plusieurs aspects, affectant différemment les populations différentes, voire les mêmes populations. Enfin, les plus menacés par la ,gentrification' ont sans doute besoin d'un mélange de résistance et de persuasion pour atténuer les effets négatifs du processus. L'appel de Slater à des approches plus critiques peut susciter la résistance chez certains, mais va difficilement convaincre la société de traiter sérieusement le problème. Etant donné que les plus menacés font partie des moins puissants, leur cause bénéficiera surtout d'une combinaison de publications inspirant la résistance et de textes capables de convaincre de toute la complexité de la situation liée à la ,gentrification'. En conséquence, une littérature qui ne se contente pas de critiquer la ,gentrification', mais qui propose un raisonnement pour en atténuer les effets néfastes, a tout autant d'utilité. [source] Monophasic Action Potential Recordings in HumansJOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY, Issue 7 2007HANS J. MOORE M.D. Bridging basic and clinical electrophysiology has been facilitated by monophasic action potential recordings. The electrocardiogram is a useful clinical approach in detecting abnormal repolarization, but falls short in depicting local repolarization details. The MAP waveform is a reflection of local transmembrane action potentials. We hope to convey a basic understanding of monophasic action potential recording and highlight the clinical utility in both ventricular and atrial arrhythmias. [source] The SARS Crisis: Was Anybody Responsible?JOURNAL OF CONTINGENCIES AND CRISIS MANAGEMENT, Issue 2 2006Stephanie Buus As scholars in fields such as media studies, crisis studies and public policy studies have argued, there exists a fundamental link between crises and the media. Once an event has been interpreted as a crisis, questions of accountability inevitably appear on the media agenda, and the struggle to attribute blame and responsibility to a specific entity or entities,the blame game,thus becomes an inexorable part of the crisis process. Focusing on three liberal Western newspapers with an international, primarily Western elite readership and a reputation for in-depth analysis of global events, The Economist, the Financial Times and the International Herald Tribune, this article employs Iyengar's and Valkenburg's notions of responsibility frames to examine whether initial coverage of the 2003 SARS crisis in these accounts held any particular entity accountable for the crisis, looks at three key themes used to communicate to the reader a particular way of thinking about responsibility for SARS and examines some of the consequences of the kind of responsibility frame constructed around the SARS crisis in these accounts. As our findings show, there is an entity that the early news accounts studied consistently held responsible for the 2003 SARS crisis, the Chinese system, and the corresponding responsibility frame at operation in these accounts is thematic rather than episodic in nature, since it consistently places the SARS crisis within a broader context (a product of "China" itself and/or of societal-governmental forces in China) rather than in relation to a specific episode or as the result of the particular actions of individuals. The SARS crisis narrative therefore presented in these accounts tells the story of an anachronistic Chinese system faced with a contemporary health threat that, by its very nature, it is incapable of assessing accurately or managing responsibly. By way of conclusion, we argue that, while the use of such a thematic frame to explain China's role in the 2003 SARS crisis may be accurate in certain respects, this frame falls short in other respects and proves particularly inadequate to the challenge of capturing the economic complexities of China's role during the crisis. [source] The genic view of the process of speciationJOURNAL OF EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY, Issue 6 2001Chung-I Wu The unit of adaptation is usually thought to be a gene or set of interacting genes, rather than the whole genome, and this may be true of species differentiation. Defining species on the basis of reproductive isolation (RI), on the other hand, is a concept best applied to the entire genome. The biological species concept (BSC; Mayr, 1963) stresses the isolation aspect of speciation on the basis of two fundamental genetic assumptions , the number of loci underlying species differentiation is large and the whole genome behaves as a cohesive, or coadapted genetic unit. Under these tenets, the exchange of any part of the genomes between diverging groups is thought to destroy their integrity. Hence, the maintenance of each species' genome cohesiveness by isolating mechanisms has become the central concept of species. In contrast, the Darwinian view of speciation is about differential adaptation to different natural or sexual environments. RI is viewed as an important by product of differential adaptation and complete RI across the whole genome need not be considered as the most central criterion of speciation. The emphasis on natural and sexual selection thus makes the Darwinian view compatible with the modern genic concept of evolution. Genetic and molecular analyses of speciation in the last decade have yielded surprisingly strong support for the neo-Darwinian view of extensive genetic differentiation and epistasis during speciation. However, the extent falls short of what BSC requires in order to achieve whole-genome ,cohesiveness'. Empirical observations suggest that the gene is the unit of species differentiation. Significantly, the genetic architecture underlying RI, the patterns of species hybridization and the molecular signature of speciation genes all appear to support the view that RI is one of the manifestations of differential adaptation, as Darwin (1859, Chap. 8) suggested. The nature of this adaptation may be as much the result of sexual selection as natural selection. In the light of studies since its early days, BSC may now need a major revision by shifting the emphasis from isolation at the level of whole genome to differential adaptation at the genic level. With this revision, BSC would in fact be close to Darwin's original concept of speciation. [source] How should the risk associated with the introduction of biological control agents be estimated?AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST ENTOMOLOGY, Issue 1 2010Earl D. McCoy 1Florida has an exceptional burden of invasive species. The history of the classical biological control of invasive arthropod pest species in the region largely is one of inadequate pre-release testing for nontarget effects. 2A recent analysis indicated that a substantial risk of nontarget effects may exist in Florida, although the risk appears to be confined to a relatively small group of species within approximately ten families and documented cases of nontarget effects are rare, despite previous risky practices. 3Great progress has been made recently in creating an organized framework for dealing with the uncertainty accompanying biological control importations in Florida and elsewhere. We suggest some ways in which balancing the risks and associated costs of releasing a biological control agent against the risks and associated costs of not releasing the agent may be improved. 4Ultimately, experts will need to set some level of acceptable risk, and the ,precautionary principle' has been advanced to guide this process. As it stands, however, the precautionary principle applied to biological control falls short as a guide because it does not provide a prescription for action. 5Florida case histories clearly illustrate both the complexity and urgency related to developing a prescription for action. [source] Insurance, Bond Covenants, and Under- or Over-investment With Risky Asset ReconstitutionJOURNAL OF RISK AND INSURANCE, Issue 1 2007Arthur HauArticle first published online: 8 MAR 200 Traditional theory predicts that the shareholders of a limited liability company financed partly by bonds may underinvest by not replacing damaged company assets. It also precludes the possibility of overinvestment. By relaxing the restrictive assumption maintained under traditional theory, namely, that the effects of reconstituting damaged assets are nonstochastic, this article shows that both over and underinvestment are possible. It is shown that these moral hazard problems can be mitigated by incorporating appropriate insurance requirements into bond covenants. Moreover, it is shown that the insurance requirements for alleviating underinvestment and overinvestment are quite different. Particularly, for underinvestment, the required insurance only needs to make the bonds riskless in the best asset reconstitution states of the loss states in which the company value falls short of the promised bond repayment; however, for overinvestment, the required insurance should make the bonds totally riskless. The difference in insurance requirements is especially important when insurance is actuarially unfavorable such that more-than-required insurance is always undesirable. [source] Defect density dependence of carrier dynamics in AlGaN multiple quantum wells grown on GaN substrates and templatesPHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI (C) - CURRENT TOPICS IN SOLID STATE PHYSICS, Issue 7 2005G. A. Garrett Abstract Subpicosecond time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) has been used to compare the room temperature carrier dynamics in Al0.1Ga0.9N/Al0.3Ga0.7N multiple quantum well (MQW) structures simultaneously deposited on a high quality free standing HVPE GaN substrate (dislocation density ,1 × 107cm,2) and 1 µm MOCVD GaN template on sapphire. The PL lifetime of ,500 ps in the MQW on GaN substrate is about 5 times longer than that for the MQW on GaN template, with a concomitant increase in CW PL intensity. This behavior is attributed primarily to an increase in nonradiative lifetime associated with a 100 times reduction in dislocation density in the GaN substrate. The observation that the PL lifetime in the MQW falls short of the ,900 ps dominant decay time in the GaN substrate may be indicative of generation of additional defects and dislocations due to substrate surface preparation, strain relaxation, and nonoptimal growth temperature associated with the difference in heating of the thin GaN template on sapphire and the thick GaN substrate. An extended PL rise time of greater than 20 ps for the MQW emission when above barrier pumping is employed implies that both wells and barriers are of high quality. (© 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Poor Performance of Corals Transplanted onto Substrates of Short DurabilityRESTORATION ECOLOGY, Issue 4 2010Sebastian C.A. Ferse Worldwide, coral reefs are degrading due to increasing anthropogenic pressures. Yet, management of reefs still falls short of effectively addressing these threats, and active restoration methods are increasingly being called for. Coral transplantation is frequently advocated as a possible means of coral reef rehabilitation. Fragments produced in coral nurseries or farms have been proposed as a potential source for transplantation, and culture media (inexpensive but non-durable materials such as wood or bamboo) may serve as transplantation substrate if placed directly in the reef. However, the performance of coral transplants attached to such substrates has not been examined yet. Here, the long-term survival of transplants attached to bamboo substrates is reported. A total of 6,164 fragments of 4 coral species (Acroporids and Pocilloporids) were monitored for up to 20 months at three sites in North Sulawesi/Indonesia. Bamboo failed as a suitable inexpensive substrate in at least two of the three sites examined. Mortality of transplants 2 years after transplantation was high in three of the four species (67,95%) and was partially linked to substrate disintegration. The results show that, in places were currents or waves threaten to dislocate transplants, a higher effort needs to be directed at a strong and durable attachment of transplanted corals. [source] Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design and Consumption Control in the United StatesTHE HOWARD JOURNAL OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE, Issue 3 2000Alejandro Del Carmen CPTED theory, research and practice are frequently held to be relatively recent developments in the field of American criminology, generated largely by the works of Oscar Newman (1972) and C. Ray Jeffery (1971). This view of CPTED and its development in the United States falls short of providing an adequate understanding of the vital part that it has played, and can play, in the advancement of crime prevention theory and public policy. CPTED is actually broader than as it is currently understood in the discipline of criminology. This is demonstrated through an examination of the ,era of consumption'' (that is, the time period roughly from the early 1800s to early 1900s where the disease later referred to as tuberculosis was widespread in the US); during this time period, efforts to control the spread of illness were achieved through CPTED strategies which preceded the academic writings of those considered to be the founders of CPTED. Our main goal is to increase the understanding of and appreciation for the vital role that CPTED has played in the history of crime prevention in the United States. Finally, implications are discussed for the prevention of tuberculosis today, as well as HIV infection and AIDS. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||