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Selected AbstractsA comparison of heat pulse velocity and lesion lengths for assessing the relative virulence of mountain pine beetle-associated fungi on jack pineFOREST PATHOLOGY, Issue 4 2008A. V. Rice Summary The mountain pine beetle (MPB) vectors three blue-stain fungi, Grosmannia clavigera, Ophiostoma montium and Leptographium longiclavatum, which contribute to the success of the beetles and the death of the trees. The utility of two methods, heat pulse velocity (HPV) and lesion length, for assessing the relative virulence of these fungi were compared on jack pine in central Alberta. The HPV monitoring apparatus failed to detect xylem sap flow in any of the trees and, thus, could not be used to assess fungal virulence. In contrast, measurement of lesion lengths was more sensitive and provided further evidence that G. clavigera and L. longiclavatum are more virulent than O. montium. The failure of the HPV apparatus to detect sap flow suggests that the study trees were moisture stressed, a factor likely to increase their susceptibility to MPB. Thus, this method is not appropriate for assessing the response of the most susceptible (i.e. drought stressed) trees to MPB and its associated fungi. [source] Use of a functional assay to diagnose protein S deficiency; inappropriate testing yields equivocal resultsINTERNAL MEDICINE JOURNAL, Issue 6 2007A. M. Johnston Abstract Inherited deficiency of protein S (PS) is a rare but accepted risk factor for venous thromboembolism. There is accumulating evidence that inherited PS deficiency may be associated with a variety of adverse obstetric events. Acquired PS deficiency may be caused by a variety of clinical states including normal pregnancy. We conducted a retrospective audit of the results of screening for PS deficiency through our reference laboratory. The majority of patients in this audit with significantly reduced (<50%) free functional PS levels had a major confounding factor likely to cause acquired PS deficiency, most frequently pregnancy. Recommendations for PS testing for the diagnosis of hereditary PS deficiency include deferring testing until at least 40 days post-partum. It appears that these recommendations are not being adhered to leading to difficulty in the interpretation of results. [source] Habitat-specific normal and reverse diel vertical migration in the plankton-feeding basking sharkJOURNAL OF ANIMAL ECOLOGY, Issue 4 2005DAVID W. SIMS Summary 1Megaplanktivores such as filter-feeding sharks and baleen whales are at the apex of a short food chain (phytoplankton,zooplankton,vertebrate) and are sensitive indicators of sea-surface plankton availability. Even though they spend the majority of their time below the surface it is still not known how most of these species utilize vertical habitat and adapt to short-term changes in food availability. 2A key factor likely to control vertical habitat selection by planktivorous sharks is the diel vertical migration (DVM) of zooplankton; however, no study has determined whether specific ocean-habitat type influences their behavioural strategy. Based on the first high-resolution dive data collected for a plankton-feeding fish species we show that DVM patterns of the basking shark Cetorhinus maximus reflect habitat type and zooplankton behaviour. 3In deep, well-stratified waters sharks exhibited normal DVM (dusk ascent,dawn descent) by tracking migrating sound-scattering layers characterized by Calanus and euphausiids. Sharks occupying shallow, inner-shelf areas near thermal fronts conducted reverse DVM (dusk descent,dawn ascent) possibly due to zooplankton predator,prey interactions that resulted in reverse DVM of Calanus. 4These opposite DVM patterns resulted in the probability of daytime-surface sighting differing between these habitats by as much as two orders of magnitude. Ship-borne surveys undertaken at the same time as trackings reflected these behavioural differences. 5The tendency of basking sharks to feed or rest for long periods at the surface has made them vulnerable to harpoon fisheries. Ship-borne and aerial surveys also use surface occurrence to assess distribution and abundance for conservation purposes. Our study indicates that without bias reduction for habitat-specific DVM patterns, current surveys could under- or overestimate shark abundance by at least 10-fold. [source] Genetic modifiers of the physical malformations in velo-cardio-facial syndrome/DiGeorge syndromeDEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES RESEARCH REVIEW, Issue 1 2008Vimla S. Aggarwal Abstract Velo-cardio-facial syndrome/DiGeorge syndrome (VCFS/DGS), the most common micro-deletion disorder in humans, is characterized by craniofacial, parathyroid, and thymic defects as well as cardiac outflow tract malformations. Most patients have a similar hemizygous 3 million base pair deletion on 22q11.2. Studies in mouse have shown that Tbx1, a T- box containing transcription factor present on the deleted region, is likely responsible for the etiology of the syndrome. Furthermore, mutations in TBX1 have been found in rare non-deleted patients. Despite having the same sized deletion, most VCFS/DGS patients exhibit significant clinical variability. Stochastic, environmental and genetic factors likely modify the phenotype of patients with the disorder. Here, we review mouse genetics studies, which may help identify possible genetic modifiers for the physical malformations in VCFS/DGS. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Dev Disabil Res Rev 2008;14:19,25. [source] Using multi-scale species distribution data to infer drivers of biological invasion in riparian wetlandsDIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTIONS, Issue 1 2010Jane A. Catford Abstract Aim, Biological invasion is a major conservation problem that is of interest to ecological science. Understanding mechanisms of invasion is a high priority, heightened by the management imperative of acting quickly after species introduction. While information about invading species' ecology is often unavailable, species distribution data can be collected near the onset of invasion. By examining distribution patterns of exotic and native plant species at multiple spatial scales, we aim to identify the scale (of those studied) that accounts for most variability in exotic species abundance, and infer likely drivers of invasion. Location, River Murray wetlands, south-eastern Australia. Methods, A nested, crossed survey design was used to determine the extent of variation in wetland plant abundance, grazing intensity and water depth at four spatial scales (reaches, wetland clumps, wetlands, wetland sections), and among three Depth-strata. We examined responses of exotic and native species groups (grouped into terrestrial and amphibious taxa), native weeds and 10 individual species using hierarchical ANOVA. Results, As a group dominated by terrestrial taxa, exotic species cover varied at reach-, wetland- and section-scales. This likely reflects differences in abiotic characteristics and propagule pressure at these scales. Groups based on native species did not vary at any scale examined. Cover of 10 species mostly varied among and within wetlands (patterns unrelated to species' origin or functional group), but species' responses differed, despite individual plants being similar in size. While flora mostly varied among wetlands, exotic cover varied most among reaches (26%), which was attributed to hydrological modification and human activities. Main conclusions, Multi-scale surveys can rapidly identify factors likely to affect species' distributions and can indicate where future research should be directed. By highlighting disproportionate variation in exotic cover among reaches, this study suggests that flow regulation and human-mediated dispersal facilitate exotic plant invasion in River Murray wetlands. [source] Classical versus relational approaches to understanding controls on a contract with independent GPs in South AfricaHEALTH ECONOMICS, Issue 12 2003Natasha Palmer Abstract Contracts have played a central role in public sector reforms in developed countries over the last decade, and research increasingly highlights their varied nature. In low and middle income countries the use of contracts is encouraged but little attention has been paid to features of the setting that may influence their operation. A qualitative case study was used to examine different dimensions of a contract with private GPs in South Africa. Features of the contract are compared with the notions of classical and relational contracts. Formal aspects of the contract such as design, monitoring and resort to sanctions were found to offer little control over its outcome. The relational rather than classical model of contracting offered a more meaningful framework of analysis, with social and institutional factors found to play an important role. In particular, the individual nature of GP practices highlighted the role played by individual motivation where a contract exercised little formal control. Due to the similarity of factors likely to be present, results are argued to be relevant in many other LMIC settings, and policy-makers considering contracts for clinical services are advised to consider the possibility of experiencing a similar outcome. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] The Learning Transfer System Inventory (LTSI) translated into French: internal structure and predictive validityINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT, Issue 3 2007Christelle Devos The Learning Transfer System Inventory (LTSI, Holton et al., 2000) considers 16 factors likely to influence the transfer of training to the workplace. The purpose of this study is to translate the Learning Transfer System Inventory into French and to examine (1) the internal structure of the translated instrument; and (2) its predictive validity. The Learning Transfer System Inventory was administered to 328 participants from six companies during the week following the end of a training program. The transfer questionnaire was filled in by 106 of those participants 1,3 months later. The results showed that a principal component analysis reveals a factor structure very similar to the original structure: the 16 original factors are replicated. Second, seven factors display statistically significant correlations with transfer: learner readiness, motivation to transfer, transfer design, opportunity to use, transfer-performance expectations, performance-outcomes expectations and performance self-efficacy. Comparisons with four similar previous studies allow us to draw directions for future research on the instrument. [source] Learning and skills formation in the new economy: evidence from GreeceINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT, Issue 4 2002Stella Zambarloukos In today's knowledge,driven economy, education and training are considered major factors affecting a society's level of economic attainment and growth. Lack of information,related knowledge and skills, in particular, are among the prime factors likely to delay a country's progress towards the information society. Experience, however, has shown that an educated labour force does not automatically translate into dynamic economic development and technological innovation. The human resource potential is not a simple outcome of the education system but it is a much more complex process that involves tacit knowledge, learning by doing and on,the,job training. This means that skills and knowledge acquired depend not only on the educational system but on firm organisation and culture as well as ties between organisations. The present study examines the relationship between skill supply, firm organisation and learning by means of interviews in 23 firms in Greece. It shows that a major problem faced by SMEs in peripheral European countries is the lack of in,house capabilities and knowledge which limits the amount and type of learning that takes place. Finally, the article argues that policy,makers should institute educational policies and training programmes that will compensate for the inability of Greek firms to provide a learning environment. [source] Does "Smarter" Lead to Safer?INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, Issue 4 2003An Assessment of the US Border Accords with Canada, Mexico The terrorist attacks of September 11 and their immediate aftermath along the US-Canadian and US-Mexican borders focused attention on border management strategies in ways previously unimaginable. Suddenly confronted by the fact that existing systems and processes were not particularly effective either at protecting security or facilitating legitimate traffic, the United States, in conjunction with the Canadian and Mexican Governments, demonstrated an uncharacteristic willingness to reconceptualize its approach to physical borders. While initiating a series of internal policy adjustments to secure themselves against terrorist threats, the US, Canadian, and Mexican Governments also signed two bilateral agreements , the 12 December 2001 United States-Canada Smart Border Declaration and the 22 March 2002 United States-Mexico Border Partnership Agreement. These agreements represent an important development in the US's relationship with each of its North American neighbours, acknowledging not only the deep economic, social, and cultural ties, but also the new reality that the United States cannot attain the additional security it desires through unilateral actions alone. Thus, while September 11 forced a reassessment of vulnerabilities, it simultaneously provided the United States an opportunity to work more systematically with its contiguous neighbours for security benefits, a realization likely to flow into other areas where the benefits of cooperation eclipse those of unilateralism. This paper analyses the first year of the two border accords, tracking their implementation and evaluating their successes and failures. Most importantly, the paper outlines outstanding challenges, highlights steps that the governments should take to achieve additional border security and efficiency, and draws conclusions regarding factors likely to make their efforts more, or less, successful. [source] Apparent inferiority of first-time breeders in the kittiwake: the role of heterogeneity among age classesJOURNAL OF ANIMAL ECOLOGY, Issue 3 2000Emmanuelle Cam Summary 1.,Many studies have provided evidence that first-time breeders have a lower survival, a lower probability of success, or of breeding, in the following year. Hypotheses based on reproductive costs have often been proposed to explain this. However, because of the intrinsic relationship between age and experience, the apparent inferiority of first-time breeders at the population level may result from selection, and experience may not influence performance within each individual. In this paper we address the question of phenotypic correlations between fitness components. This addresses differences in individual quality, a prerequisite for a selection process to occur. We also test the hypothesis of an influence of experience on these components while taking age and reproductive success into account: two factors likely to play a key role in a selection process. 2.,Using data from a long-term study on the kittiwake, we found that first-time breeders have a lower probability of success, a lower survival and a lower probability of breeding in the next year than experienced breeders. However, neither experienced nor inexperienced breeders have a lower survival or a lower probability of breeding in the following year than birds that skipped a breeding opportunity. This suggests heterogeneity in quality among individuals. 3.,Failed birds have a lower survival and a lower probability of breeding in the following year regardless of experience. This can be interpreted in the light of the selection hypothesis. The inferiority of inexperienced breeders may be linked to a higher proportion of lower-quality individuals in younger age classes. When age and breeding success are controlled for, there is no evidence of an influence of experience on survival or future breeding probability. 4.,Using data from individuals whose reproductive life lasted the same number of years, we investigated the influence of experience on reproductive performance within individuals. There is no strong evidence that a process operating within individuals explains the improvement in performance observed at the population level. [source] Osteoporosis after liver transplantationLIVER TRANSPLANTATION, Issue 4 2003Juliet E. Compston Osteoporosis remains a serious potential complication of liver transplantation, although its incidence may be significantly reduced by the use of lower doses of glucocorticoids. Additional factors likely to contribute to its pathogenesis include other immunosuppressive agents, particularly cyclosporin A and FK506, vitamin D insufficiency, secondary hyperparathyroidism, hypogonadism and pre-existing bone disease. Bone density assessment and spinal X-rays should be performed before transplantation to assess subsequent fracture risk and vitamin D and gonadal status assessed. Measures should be taken to optimise bone health prior to transplantation; in those with low bone mineral density and/or previous fragility fracture, prophylaxis against bone loss after transplantation should be considered. Although anti-fracture efficacy has not been established for any agent there is evidence, mainly in patients undergoing other forms of solid organ transplantation, that repeated infusions of pamidronate may be effective in preventing bone loss. [source] Understanding hind limb weight support in chimpanzees with implications for the evolution of primate locomotionAMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY, Issue 4 2009David A. Raichlen Abstract Most quadrupedal mammals support a larger amount of body weight on their forelimbs compared with their hind limbs during locomotion, whereas most primates support more of their body weight on their hind limbs. Increased hind limb weight support is generally interpreted as an adaptation that reduces stress on primates' highly mobile forelimb joints. Thus, increased hind limb weight support was likely vital for the evolution of primate arboreality. Despite its evolutionary importance, the mechanism used by primates to achieve this important kinetic pattern remains unclear. Here, we examine weight support patterns in a sample of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) to test the hypothesis that limb position, combined with whole body center of mass position (COM), explains increased hind limb weight support in this taxon. Chimpanzees have a COM midway between their shoulders and hips and walk with a relatively protracted hind limb and a relatively vertical forelimb, averaged over a step. Thus, the limb kinematics of chimpanzees brings their feet closer to the COM than their hands, generating greater hind limb weight support. Comparative data suggest that these same factors likely explain weight support patterns for a broader sample of primates. It remains unclear whether primates use these limb kinematics to increase hind limb weight support, or whether they are byproducts of other gait characteristics. The latter hypothesis raises the intriguing possibility that primate weight support patterns actually evolved as byproducts of other traits, or spandrels, rather than as adaptations to increase forelimb mobility. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2009. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Factors Affecting Fertility in Loosely Housed Sows and Gilts: Vulvar Discharge Syndrome, Environment and Acute-phase ProteinsREPRODUCTION IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS, Issue 6 2006J Oravainen Contents The effect of vulvar discharge syndrome (VDS) on sow and gilt fertility was studied on 26 farms. Of 824 animals inspected in 21 randomly selected and five VDS problem farms, 19 (2.3%) were afflicted with VDS. Altogether 542/799 of the examined animals (67.8%) farrowed thereafter. Nine of the 19 VDS animals (47.4%) and 533/780 non-VDS animals (68.3%) farrowed at the first chance after the examination (p = 0.05). None of the unmated gilts in this study had VDS. Environmental and individual factors likely to be associated with fertility and VDS were tested. In multivariate analysis, factors associated with farrowing were VDS, reproductive status, availability of roughage and confinement to individual stalls. None of the variables tested was associated with VDS. However, all of the VDS problem farms were overcrowded and had concrete, partly slatted floors with little or no bedding. The median value of haptoglobin (Hp) was 2.5 (range 1.3,3.1) g/l in VDS animals and 2.3 (0.5,4.3) g/l in controls (p = 0.6). The median C-reactive protein (CRP) in VDS animals was 30.3 (3.3,171.3) mg/l and in controls 25.9 (3.3,361.1) mg/l (p = 0.7). In conclusion, VDS decreased fertility of gilts and sows in the absence of a systemic acute-phase response, as indicated by stable concentrations of Hp and CRP. [source] Emanuel Miller Lecture Developmental Risks (Still) Associated with Early Child CareTHE JOURNAL OF CHILD PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY AND ALLIED DISCIPLINES, Issue 7 2001Jay Belsky In the mid to late 1980s a major controversy erupted when Belsky's (1986, 1988, 1990) analysis of research produced the conclusion that early and extensive nonmaternal care carried risks in terms of increasing the probability of insecure infant-parent attachment relationships and promoting aggression and noncompliance during the toddler, preschool, and early primary school years. Widespread critiques of Belsky's analysis called attention to problems associated with the Strange Situation procedure for measuring attachment security in the case of day-care reared children and to the failure of much of the cited research to take into consideration child-care quality and control for background factors likely to make children with varying child-care experiences developmentally different in the first place. In this lecture, research concerning the developmental effects of child care and maternal employment initiated in the first year of life that has emerged since the controversy broke is reviewed. Evidence indicating that early, extensive, and continuous nonmaternal care is associated with less harmonious parent-child relations and elevated levels of aggression and noncompliance suggests that concerns raised about early and extensive child care 15 years ago remain valid and that alternative explanations of Belsky's originally controversial conclusion do not account for seemingly adverse effects of routine nonmaternal care that continue to be reported in the literature. [source] Morphological characteristics of on-farm water storages and their similarity to natural water bodies in the Border Rivers Catchment, AustraliaAQUATIC CONSERVATION: MARINE AND FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS, Issue 1 2010Susan Lutton Abstract 1.Natural wetlands throughout the world are under threat from water resource development required to support an ever increasing population. In the Border Rivers Catchment in Queensland, Australia, a large irrigation industry and highly variable flow regime have necessitated the building of large on-farm water storages. With the decline in number and size of natural wetlands, the presence of these storages on the floodplain has raised the question of their suitability as alternative habitat for aquatic fauna. This paper explores the variety of water storage types in the Border Rivers Catchment and how their morphology compares with that of natural wetlands , in particular, factors likely to influence aquatic biodiversity. 2.Storages and natural wetlands formed two distinct groups based on morphology. Storages tended to be large, deep structures with a more regular shape while natural wetlands were irregular and shallow with large perimeters. Although there was a degree of variability amongst the storage sites, a large proportion fell into one group and were considered ,typical storages'. Typical storages contained tailwater and had the following characteristics: situated 3,km from the source river, 10 years old, embankment height of 5,m, area of 400,000,m2, perimeter of 2.5,km and capacity of 1,700,000,m3. 3.Due to their uniform structure we believe that most on-farm storages are unlikely to support as diverse or abundant an aquatic population as natural wetlands. The presence of tailwater and associated chemicals is also likely to reduce the aquatic biodiversity of storages compared with natural wetlands. While they may be unsuitable as replacement wetlands, given their numbers they could provide significant aquatic habitat across the landscape, if managed effectively. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Mosquito-borne disease and climate change in Australia: time for a reality checkAUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY, Issue 1 2009Richard C Russell Abstract Will warming climate increase the risk or prevalence of mosquito-borne disease in Australia, as has been projected in a number of scientific publications and governmental reports? Unfortunately, most of these ,predictions' do not adequately consider the current and historical distribution of the vectors and diseases, their local ecology and epidemiology and the impact of societal features and the capacity for public health interventions in Australia. Overall, a strong case can be made that we are unlikely to see significant changes in the distribution of transmission of the exotic pathogens causing malaria and dengue, and while activity of endemic arboviruses such as Murray Valley encephalitis and Ross River viruses may possibly increase in some areas, it is likely to decrease in others. The ecologies of mosquito-borne diseases can be complex and difficult to predict, and any evaluation of potential effects of changes in climate will need a detailed examination of site-specific vector, host and other factors likely to influence the outcomes on human health. Of itself, climate change as currently projected, is not likely to provide great cause for public health concern with mosquito-borne disease in Australia. [source] Differences in the Annual Incomes of Emergency Physicians Related to GenderACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE, Issue 5 2007William B. Weeks MD ObjectivesTo examine the association between physician gender and income for emergency physicians (EPs) after correcting for factors likely to influence income. MethodsThe authors used survey responses collected during the 1990s from 392 actively practicing white EPs. Linear regression modeling was used to determine the association between provider gender and annual income after controlling for workload, provider characteristics, and practice characteristics. ResultsWhite female EPs reported seeing 7% fewer visits but worked 3% more annual hours than their white male counterparts. White female EPs had practiced medicine for fewer years than white male EPs, although the distribution of respondents across categories of years practicing medicine was not dramatically different. Female EPs were more likely to be employees, as opposed to having an ownership interest in the practice. Female EPs were less likely than their male counterparts to be board certified. After adjustment for work effort, provider characteristics, and practice characteristics, the mean annual income of white female EPs was 193,570, or 47,854 (20%) lower than that for white male EPs (95% confidence interval =,82,710 to ,12,997; p = 0.007). ConclusionsDuring the 1990s, female gender was associated with lower annual income among EPs. These findings warrant further exploration to determine what factors might cause the gender-based differences in income that were found. [source] Two peculiar conditions following a coma: A clinical case of heterotopic ossification concomitant with keloid formationCLINICAL ANATOMY, Issue 4 2008Carla Palumbo Abstract The etiology and formation pattern of heterotopic ossifications (HO) are still unknown. They occur in soft tissues in which bone does not normally form, near one or more proximal joints. In this article, the authors report a peculiar case of a 31-year-old patient affected by scapulo-humeral ankylosis that occurred about 6 months after a coma, in which two unusual concomitant conditions were observed: HO formation in the scapulo-humeral region and the development of keloids during wound repair. The scapulo-humeral ankylosis was resolved surgically with the removal of the HO, which was then studied morphologically to understand its formation pattern. By light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, it was observed that heterotopic bone displays the normal microscopic structure of primary bone, in which two types of bone tissue were recognized, i.e., woven-fibered bone, deeply located and produced first, and lamellar bone. This suggests that the pattern of HO formation retraces the ontogenetic steps that normally occur during intramembranous ossification. The authors also discuss the peculiar concomitance of HO formation and keloid development, speculating that, although they are different conditions localized in dissimilar regions, they might be hypothetically triggered by a common event, such as the release of factors likely issued during the coma status. Clin. Anat. 21:348,354, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Exploring therapeutic alliance in brief inpatient psychotherapy: a preliminary studyCLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHOTHERAPY (AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THEORY & PRACTICE), Issue 5 2010Mark A. Blais Abstract Background: Therapeutic alliance is one of the most widely investigated variables in psychotherapy research but few studies have explored its role in inpatient psychotherapy. Many factors likely contribute to the lack of inpatient alliance research including the short length of hospital stays, complexity of patient psychopathology and the burdensome quality of most alliance scales. This paper reports on the development and initial application of two comparable brief scales designed to capture patient and therapist alliance ratings. Method: Participants were 20 patients receiving supportive,expressive inpatient psychotherapy. The patients were predominantly depressed women. Baseline measures of distress, symptom severity and functioning were obtained at the first and third sessions. Measures of alliance were obtained at the second session. Results: The brief alliance scales demonstrated adequate internal consistency and the individual items had good adjusted item-to-scale correlations. Consistent with the broad alliance literature, we found that patients rated alliance higher than therapists, patient and therapist alliance ratings were not significantly correlated, and level of functioning was significantly associated with both patients and therapists' alliance ratings. The perceived depth of psychotherapy was also significantly associated with alliance. Unexpectedly, alliance ratings were also negatively associated with improvement during hospitalization. Conclusions: Overall, the study demonstrates both the feasibility and potential benefit of conducting inpatient psychotherapy research.,Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Key Practitioner Message: This paper shows that inpatient psychotherapy can be studied and potentially improved through the application of brief targeted instruments. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||