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FH Patients (fh + patient)
Selected AbstractsCirculating mononuclear cells nuclear factor-kappa B activity, plasma xanthine oxidase, and low grade inflammatory markers in adult patients with familial hypercholesterolaemiaEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION, Issue 2 2010J. T. Real Eur J Clin Invest 2010; 40 (2): 89,94 Abstract Background, Few data are available on circulating mononuclear cells nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB) activity and plasma xanthine oxidase (XO) activity in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH). The goal of the study was to analyse circulating mononuclear cells NF-kB and plasma XO activities in FH patients. Materials and methods, Thirty FH index patients and 30 normoglycaemic normocholesterolaemic controls matched by age, gender, body mass index, abdominal circumference and homeostasis model assessment index were studied. Plasma XO and inflammatory markers were measured by standard methods. NF-kB was assayed in circulating mononuclear cells. Results, Familial hypercholesterolaemia patients showed a significantly higher NF-kB (75·0 ± 20·7 vs. 42·7 ± 16·8 relative luminiscence units) and XO (0·44 ± 0·13 vs. 0·32 ± 0·09 mU mL,1) activities than controls. In addition, interleukin-1, interleukin-6, high sensitivity C reactive protein (hsCRP) and oxidized LDL (LDL-ox) were also significantly higher in FH patients. In the total group (FH and controls), XO was significantly associated with LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C), apolipoprotein B (apoB), NF-kB and hsCPR, and NF-kB activity was significantly associated with XO, hsCPR, LDL-ox, LDL-C and apoB plasma values. Using multiple regression analysis, XO was independently associated with hsCPR and NF-kB, and NF-kB activity in circulating mononuclear cells was independently associated with apoB and LDL-ox plasma values. Conclusion, Familial hypercholesterolaemia patients show increased activities of NF-kB and XO, and higher values of low grade inflammatory markers related to atherosclerosis. NF-kB activity was independently associated with apoB plasma values. These data could explain in part the high cardiovascular disease risk present in these patients. [source] Impact of genetic defects on coronary atherosclerosis in patients suspected of having familial hypercholesterolaemiaEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION, Issue 1 2003O. S. Descamps Abstract Background In the present study we assessed whether the presence of genetic mutations typical of familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) was associated with greater atherosclerosis in the coronary vessels in patients with severe hypercholesterolaemia and a family history of early cardiovascular disease. Materials and methods Two hundred and thirty-five patients selected for having severe hypercholesterolaemia and a family history of cardiovascular disease were classified as FH (57 men and 38 women) or non-FH (84 men and 56 women) according to a genetic analysis of the LDL-R or ApoB genes. Coronary atherosclerosis was evaluated by performing a thoracic CT scan and exercise stress testing. Results Familial hypercholesterolaemia individuals had a significantly higher prevalence of coronary calcification than the non-FH patients from among both the men (OR = 3·90; 95% CI 1·86,8·19; P < 0·001) and the women (OR = 2·34; 95% CI 1·01,5·48; P = 0·05). In exercise stress testing, ECG abnormalities suggestive of cardiac ischaemia were found with a higher prevalence in the FH patients than the non-FH patients from among both the men (OR 6·15; 95% CI 2·16,17·5; P < 0·001) and the women (OR 4·76; 95% CI 0·91,24·6; P = 0·06). All differences were statistically significant after adjusting for age and cholesterol and for most classical risk factors that differed between the FH and non-FH groups. Conclusion Among patients with severe hypercholesterolaemia and a family history of early cardiovascular disease, the presence of a genetically ascertained FH is associated with a higher prevalence of coronary artery calcifications and a positive exercise stress test. These results suggest that despite a similar phenotype, patients carrying mutations suggestive of FH may have a greater cardiovascular risk than patients without these mutations. [source] Update of the molecular basis of familial hypercholesterolemia in The Netherlands,HUMAN MUTATION, Issue 6 2005Sigrid W. Fouchier Abstract Autosomal-dominant hypercholesterolemia (ADH) has been identified as a major risk factor for coronary vascular disease (CVD) and is associated with mutations in the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and the apolipoprotein B (APOB) gene. Since 1991 DNA samples from clinically diagnosed ADH patients have been routinely analyzed for the presence of LDLR and APOB gene mutations. As of 2001, 1,641 index patients (164 index patients per year) had been identified, while from 2001 onward a more sensitive, high-throughput system was used, resulting in the identification of 1,177 new index patients (average=294 index patients per year). Of these 1,177 index cases, 131 different causative genetic variants in the LDLR gene and six different causative mutations in the APOB gene were new for the Dutch population. Of these 131 mutations, 83 LDLR and four APOB gene mutations had not been reported before. The inclusion of all 2,818 index cases into the national screening program for familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) resulted in the identification of 7,079 relatives who carried a mutation that causes ADH. Screening of the LDLR and APOB genes in clinically diagnosed FH patients resulted in approximately 77% of the patients being identified as carriers of a causative mutation. The population of patients with ADH was divided into three genetically distinct groups: carriers of an LDLR mutation (FH), carriers of an APOB mutation (FDB), and non- LDLR/non- APOB patients (FH3). No differences were found with regard to untreated cholesterol levels, response to therapy, and onset of CVD. However, all groups were at an increased risk for CVD. Therefore, to ultimately identify all individuals with ADH, the identification of new genes and mutations in the genes that cause ADH is of crucial importance for the ongoing national program to identify patients with ADH by genetic cascade screening. Hum Mutat 26(6), 550,556, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] LDL-receptor mutations in Europe,HUMAN MUTATION, Issue 6 2004George V.Z. Dedoussis Abstract Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a clinical definition for a remarkable increase of cholesterol serum concentration, presence of xanthomas, and an autosomal dominant trait of either increased serum cholesterol or premature coronary artery disease (CAD). The identification of the low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-receptor (LDLR) as the underlying cause and its genetic characterization in FH patients revealed more insights in the trafficking of LDL, which primarily transports cholesterol to hepatic and peripheral cells. Mutations within LDLR result in hypercholesterolemia and, subsequently, cholesterol deposition in humans to a variable degree. This confirms the pathogenetic role of LDLR and also highlights the existence of additional factors in determining the phenotype. Autosomal dominant FH is caused by LDLR deficiency and defective apolipoprotein B-100 (APOB), respectively. Heterozygosity of the LDLR is relatively common (1:500). Clinical diagnosis is highly important and genetic diagnosis may be helpful, since treatment is usually effective for this otherwise fatal disease. Very recently, mutations in PCSK9 have been also shown to cause autosomal dominant hypercholesterolemia. For autosomal recessive hypercholesterolemia, mutations within the so-called ARH gene encoding a cellular adaptor protein required for LDL transport have been identified. These insights emphasize the crucial importance of LDL metabolism intra- and extracellularly in determining LDL-cholesterol serum concentration. Herein, we focus on the published European LDLR mutation data that reflect its heterogeneity and phenotypic penetrance. Hum Mutat 24:443,459, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Molecular characterization of familial hypercholesterolemia in German and Greek patients,,HUMAN MUTATION, Issue 3 2004George V. Z. Dedoussis Abstract We used the denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) method to define mutations in the promoter region, the 18 exons, and their flanking intronic sequences of the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor gene LDLR, causing familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) phenotype in 100 German and in 100 Greek hypercholesterolemic individuals. In addition, we tested all patients for the presence of mutations in codons 3456-3553 of the gene encoding apolipoprotein B-100 (APOB). Twenty-six aberrant DGGE patterns were identified and subsequently directly sequenced. In LDLR, two novel missense mutations (c.1957G>T/p.V653F, c.647 G>A/p.C216Y) and one novel homozygous base substitution c.1-156 C>T in the repeat 2 of the promoter region were identified among German FH patients; one novel splice site c.1060+10C>G was identified among Greek FH patients. One of the German FH patients was a carrier for the mutations c.1171G>A/p.A391T and p.V653F, and two of the Greek FH patients were compound heterozygotes for the mutations c.1150C>T/p.Q384X and c.1158C>G/p.D386E. Two German FH patients carried the mutation p.R3500Q within APOB. Comparing the mutations within the LDLR gene of the two European FH populations, the German population seems to be more heterogeneous than the Greek cohort. Further studies in progress are trying to elucidate the responsiveness to drug therapy in association with LDLR genotype and the nutritional habits of the two FH populations. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Prevalence and significance of cardiovascular risk factors in a large cohort of patients with familial hypercholesterolaemiaJOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE, Issue 2 2003P. R. W. De Sauvage Nolting Abstract., de Sauvage Nolting PRW, Defesche JC, Buirma RJA, Hutten BA, Lansberg PJ, Kastelein JJP (Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam; Clinical Research, Haarlem; Slotervaart Hospital, Amsterdam; the Netherlands). Prevalence and significance of cardiovascular risk factors in a large cohort of patients with familial hypercholesterolaemia. J Intern Med 2003; 253: 161,168. Objective., Patients with familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) vary widely in terms of onset of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Design., The association between cardiovascular risk factors and prevalent CVD was examined in a cross-sectional study in order to elucidate their contribution to atherogenesis. Setting and subjects., Patients were recruited from 37 Dutch Lipid Clinics. The diagnosis of FH was based on a uniform diagnostic protocol, confirmed by DNA analysis in 62% of the cases. All patients were investigated free from any lipid-lowering drug for at least 6 weeks. Main outcome measures., Differences in lipids, lipoproteins and other risk factors for CVD were analysed in FH patients with and without CVD. Results., A total of 526 patients were assessed and more than 37% had a history of CVD with a mean age of onset of 46.8 years. Mean LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) levels were severely elevated (8.38 ± 2.13 mmol L,1). In univariate analysis, age, presence of hypertension or diabetes, body mass index, triglycerides (TG) and low HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) were all significantly associated with CVD. Also in multivariate analysis, all these risk factors, except TG and diabetes, were significantly linked to CVD. Conclusion., A high CVD risk in this large well-documented characterized sample of FH patients is not only conferred by elevated LDL-C but also by low HDL-C. [source] Association of coronary heart disease with age-adjusted aortocoronary calcification in patients with familial hypercholesterolaemiaJOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE, Issue 4 2000J. M. Jensen Abstract. Jensen JM, Gerdes LU, Jensen HK, Christiansen TM, Brorholt-Petersen JU, Faergeman O (Aarhus Amtssygehus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark). Association of coronary heart disease with age-adjusted aortocoronary calcification in patients with familial hypercholesterolaemia. J Intern Med 2000; 247: 479,484. Objectives. Existing algorithms of risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) do not pertain to patients with familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH), whose arteries have been exposed to hypercholesterolaemia since birth. We studied a cohort of FH patients to compare four diagnostic models of CHD: traditional risk factors of CHD (age, sex, cholesterol, hypertension, smoking and body mass index), cholesterol year score, and aortic as well as coronary calcium measured by spiral computed tomography (CT). Subjects. We invited 88 individuals with molecularly defined FH of whom 80 (91%) decided to participate. Results. Analysis of receiver operating characteristic curves showed that the age-adjusted coronary calcium score was more strongly associated with clinical manifestations of CHD than were traditional risk factors (P < 0.002), cholesterol year score (P << 0.0001), and the age-adjusted aortic calcium score (P < 0.0004). Conclusions. Age-adjusted coronary calcium score shows promise as an indicator of CHD in FH patients. [source] The A370T Variant (StuI Polymorphism) in the LDL Receptor Gene is not Associated with Plasma Lipid Levels or Cardiovascular Risk in UK MenANNALS OF HUMAN GENETICS, Issue 6 2006José Ricardo S. Vieira Summary Over 800 different missense mutations in the low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor gene (LDLR) have been identified in patients with familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH). Only two of them, including the Alanine to Threonine change at position 370 (A370T), have been discovered in FH patients but do not cause FH. The frequency of the 370T allele has been reported worldwide to be between 0.022 and 0.070, with no clear association with high cholesterol levels or risk for coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke. To explore this relationship in more detail we have determined this genotype in 2,659 healthy middle-aged (50,61 years) men participating in the prospective Second Northwick Park Heart Study, with 236 CHD and 67 stroke incident events. The genotype distribution was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and in the no-event group the frequency of 370T was 0.046 (95% CI 0.040,0.052). Overall, there was no significant association of the 370T allele with any measured plasma lipid trait, and there was no difference in genotype distribution or allele frequency between the no-event and CHD (0.059; 95% CI 0.040,0.085) or stroke (0.037; 95% CI 0.012,0.085) groups ( p= 0.18 and 0.65, respectively). There was evidence for significant interaction ( p= 0.006) between body mass index (BMI) and genotype on CHD risk, with 370A homozygotes showing the expected higher CHD risk for those with higher BMI, whilst risk for 370T allele carriers was highest in men in the lowest tertile of BMI. The explanation for this association is unclear, and may simply be chance. Thus, these data confirm the absence of a significant impact of the A370T polymorphism on LDL receptor function, at least as measured by the effect on plasma lipid levels and CHD risk. [source] | |||||||||||||