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Eyewitness Memory (eyewitness + memory)
Selected AbstractsEyewitness Memory and Eyewitness Identification Performance in Adults with Intellectual DisabilitiesJOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES, Issue 6 2008Marguerite Ternes Background, Since individuals with intellectual disabilities are often the only witnesses to alleged crimes, it is important to know their capacity to provide eyewitness testimony. Methods, Twenty-two participants with intellectual disabilities and 23 comparison group participants had their photographs taken by a confederate. One to two weeks following the photography session, participants were interviewed about the event and were asked to identify the photographer. Two misleading questions, to test for suggestibility, were asked at the end of the interview. Results, Comparison group participants performed significantly better than participants with intellectual disabilities with a target-present lineup, but no significant differences were found between participant groups with a target-absent lineup. Comparison group participants performed significantly better than chance with the target-absent lineup, but participants with intellectual disabilities did not. In the interview, participants with intellectual disabilities provided significantly fewer details than comparison group participants, and the details provided by both groups were mainly accurate. Participants with intellectual disabilities were significantly more likely to acquiesce to one of the suggestive questions than comparison group participants, but the two participant groups did not differ in likelihood of acquiescence for the other suggestive question. Conclusions, It seems that individuals with intellectual disabilities may make adequate witnesses if they are interviewed in a non-leading manner. Future research should examine methods to improve their eyewitness identification performance. [source] Facilitating eyewitness memory in adults and children with context reinstatement and focused meditationJOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE PSYCHOLOGY AND OFFENDER PROFILING, Issue 2 2006Laura Hammond Abstract This study examined the comparative efficacy of two brief techniques for facilitating eyewitness memory in police investigations. Adult and child participants (N = 126; 64 children and 62 adults) who had viewed a videotape of a crime were subsequently tested for their memory of the event following either a focused meditation procedure (FM, derived from hypnotic interviewing techniques), a context reinstatement procedure (CR, a component of the cognitive interview), or a control procedure (no memory facilitation instructions). For both adults and children, the FM and CR procedures enhanced performance on both open-ended and closed questions to levels above those achieved by controls, although those in the CR condition produced significantly more correct responses than those in the FM condition. However, only those in the CR group displayed elevated levels of confidence in relation to incorrect responses on closed questions. Implications for the possible use of such procedures are discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Eyewitness identification under stress in the London Dungeon,APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 2 2009Tin Valentine Eyewitness experiments do not induce the stress experienced by victims of crime. It is important to understand the effect of stress if results of laboratory studies are to be generalised to victims and witnesses of real crimes, but previous research has shown a mixed picture. The ability of visitors to the London Dungeon to describe and identify somebody encountered in the Horror Labyrinth was investigated, as a function of their state anxiety. To validate the measure of state anxiety, participants wore a wireless heart rate monitor whilst in the labyrinth. High state anxiety was associated with a higher heart rate. Subsequently, visitors completed measures of their state anxiety experienced whilst in the labyrinth and a measure of trait anxiety. High state anxiety was associated with reporting fewer correct descriptors of the target person, more incorrect details and making fewer correct identifications from a lineup. There was no effect of trait anxiety on eyewitness memory. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Repeated partial eyewitness questioning causes confidence inflation but not retrieval-induced forgettingAPPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 1 2009Geralda Odinot During a crime investigation eyewitnesses are often interviewed more than once. Repeated post-event questioning offers an opportunity for retrieval practice. Practicing retrieval of a subset of memories may suppress access to related memories, a phenomenon known as retrieval-induced forgetting. In this short report we investigated the generalization of retrieval-induced forgetting to episodic eyewitness memory of a complex event. The results indicated that repeated retrieval improves future recall of practiced information, but does not induce forgetting of related information. Retrieval practice, however, did result in higher confidence ratings, both for correct and incorrect answers. The practical consequence of this study is that repeated questioning should be avoided if possible. Not because it may induce retrieval-induced forgetting, but because it may lead to confidence inflation. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Selective retrieval and induced forgetting in eyewitness memoryAPPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 9 2007Malen Migueles This study analyses retrieval-induced forgetting (RIF) in eyewitness memory. Selective retrieval of specific information about an event could cause eyewitnesses to forget related contents. Based on a video of a man being robbed while withdrawing money from a cash machine, we examined the effects of partial retrieval on the most relevant aspects of the event: actions (Experiment 1) and offender characteristics (Experiment 2), in both immediate and long-term recall (24 hours). In both experiments long-term recall was a replica of immediate recall for correct information as well as errors. The effects of partial retrieval practice were also repeated in long-term recall. Conventional RIF was found for offender characteristics but selective retrieval of the actions of the event produced no comparable effect. It is assumed that the organisation and integration of the actions of the event protected them from RIF. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Blind drunk: the effects of alcohol on inattentional blindnessAPPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 5 2006Seema L. Clifasefi Alcohol consumption is a major contributor to road accidents. While it is likely that perceptual processing deficits contribute to poorer driving performance among intoxicated individuals, we know little about alcohol's role in particular perceptual processes. For instance, we know that even sober individuals can fail to detect unexpected salient objects that appear in their visual fields, a phenomenon known as inattentionalblindness (IB; Mack & Rock, 1998). We were interested in whether these visual errors become more or less likely when subjects are under the influence of alcohol or just think that they are drunk. We told half our subjects that they had received alcohol, and half that they had received a placebo. This information was either true or false. Intoxicated subjects (regardless of what they were told) were more likely to show ,blindness' to an unexpected object in their visual field. This finding has practical implications for human performance issues such as driving and eyewitness memory, and theoretical implications for visual cognition. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] A real-life event enhances the accuracy of preschoolers' recallAPPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 3 2004Karen L. Thierry Children's memory and susceptibility to misinformation about a real-life and video event were examined. Eighty-six three- to four-year-olds and five- to six-year-olds observed an event either in real life or on video. Immediately afterward, they freely recalled the event and answered misleading questions about central and descriptive information. Three- to four-year-olds in the video condition were less likely to accurately recall descriptive information than three- to four-year-olds in the live condition and five- to six-year-olds in either condition. Children in the video condition were less accurate in response to misleading questions than those in the live condition. When video condition three- to four-year-olds in Experiment 2 were asked nonmisleading questions that prompted them for descriptive information, they recalled descriptors less accurately than those in the live condition. These results have particularly important implications for studies that utilize video events when investigating children's eyewitness memory. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] The role of self-rated ability in the accuracy of confidence judgements in eyewitness memory and general knowledgeAPPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 2 2004Timothy J. Perfect It is argued that confidence stems in part from self-rated ability in a domain of knowledge and that in eyewitness memory such perceptions are erroneous. Two experiments tested these hypotheses. In both experiments participants rated their relative ability in the domains of eyewitness memory and general knowledge and subsequently took tests of each, giving confidence ratings for each item attempted. In both studies, self-rated ability predicted performance for general knowledge, but not eyewitness memory. Across participants confidence ratings were significant predictors of accuracy for general knowledge, but not for eyewitness memory. In Experiment 1 self-rated ability was predictive of confidence ratings for both domains, although this effect was weaker in Experiment 2. The argument that the accuracy of confidence judgements in eyewitness memory is undermined by a lack of insight into relative expertise is therefore supported. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] How schemas affect eyewitness memory over repeated retrieval attemptsAPPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 7 2003Michelle Rae Tuckey After observing a crime eyewitnesses are typically interviewed many times over an extended period of time. We examined how schema for a crime influenced the types of information eyewitnesses remembered and forgot across multiple interviews. People's schema for a bank robbery were identified, and recall of schema-consistent, schema-inconsistent and schema-irrelevant information was extracted from eyewitness interviews conducted in two experiments which manipulated retention interval (3 days,12 weeks) and number of interviews (2,4). Consistent with fuzzy-trace and associative network theories, schemas preserved accuracy for information central to the crime (schema-consistent and inconsistent) at the expense of schema-irrelevant information. Schema-consistent intrusions did not increase across interviews. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Retrieval-induced forgetting in eyewitness memory: forgetting as a consequence of rememberingAPPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 2 2002Malcolm MacLeod Recent psychological research on memory has demonstrated that the act of remembering can also prompt forgetting, or more specifically, the inhibition of particular items in memory (i.e. retrieval-induced forgetting). Extending this line of inquiry, this article reports the findings from two studies designed to establish whether retrieval-induced forgetting can occur for meaningful stimuli that could be experienced under eyewitness situations. In Study 1, participants were asked to recall previously presented household items that had ostensibly been stolen in burglaries, while in Study 2, participants were asked to recall descriptive details about two individuals suspected of making bogus money collections. Both studies provided unequivocal evidence that retrieval-induced forgetting can occur for such meaningful stimuli. Importantly, in each case it was demonstrated that the observed effects could not be attributed to output interference. This article considers the likely extent of the problem posed by retrieval-induced forgetting for eyewitness reliability and some of the practical and theoretical implications of this work. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Watching the birdie watching you: eyewitness memory for actions using CCTV recordings of actual crimesAPPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 4 2001Penny S. Woolnough In this paper we describe a method of assessing eyewitness performance for actual crimes that could prove a valuable addition to more traditional experimental and field-based approaches to the study of eyewitnessing. We present the findings of the first reported attempt to assess the accuracy of information contained in police statements given by eyewitnesses to actual criminal episodes using CCTV as a means of verification. Employing the criterion of using only those items that could be verified against CCTV recordings (largely action details), both victims and bystanders from eight incidents of assault were found to be highly accurate in their accounts (96% accurate). These results are discussed in terms of what they might indicate about the relationship between arousal and eyewitness performance and how they compare with laboratory and other field-based approaches to the study of eyewitness memory. In addition, we consider some of the methodological, technological and practical constraints associated with this novel approach and its possible future applications to the study of everyday memory as well as memory for unusual events. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] | ||||||||||