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External Events (external + event)
Selected AbstractsGoverning Elites, External Events and Pro-democratic Opposition in Hong Kong (1986,2002)GOVERNMENT AND OPPOSITION, Issue 4 2003Ming Sing While China has been the most important constraint on Hong Kong's democratization, another neglected constraint has been the limited mobilization power of the pro-democracy opposition in both civil and political society for most of the period from 1984 to 2002. The mobilization power of the pro-democracy opposition, mediated by their degree of internal unity and ability to capitalize on external political opportunities, affected its overall bargaining power vis-à-vis the Chinese and British government over democratization in different phases. The self-censorship among Hong Kong's media, plus economic recession since the Handover, further sapped the mobilization and bargaining power of pro-democratic forces. [source] Models for the development of graduate entry medical courses: two case studiesMEDICAL EDUCATION, Issue 11 2004David Prideaux Introduction, The introduction of graduate entry medical courses requires attention to models of decision-making and change. Much of the educational literature describes change as either centralised or decentralised with the latter claimed to be more effective. Recently Fullan has argued for the importance of an ongoing culture of change. This paper examines the change culture of two medical schools adopting graduate entry courses; Flinders University in South Australia and St George's Hospital Medical School, London. Method, Comparative case study was used. Key informants were interviewed and documents and records analysed. Data were cross-checked and categorised to generate models of change. Results, There were four components of the change culture at Flinders but they were not sufficient on their own to generate change. The process was triggered by a significant external event. The nature of the change was also important. The descriptive model developed suggested a complex interplay of factors rather than attributing the success of the change to the change mechanisms adopted alone. The model was tested for explanatory potential at St George's. The culture there was described as both ,macro-innovative' and ,micro-conservative'. External events were also important but they exerted a positive force. A more centralised approach was adopted. Discussion, The models developed represent change as ,dynamic, complex and open' rather than a simple centralised or decentralised dichotomy. While some of the elements of a change culture were evident at both schools there were longer term questions of sustainability. This has implications for development of all programmes but particularly for graduate entry schools. [source] Trauma and traumatic neurosis: Freud's concepts revisited,THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOANALYSIS, Issue 2 2008Siegfried Zepf The authors examine Freud,'s concepts of ,trauma', ,protective shield against stimuli,' and ,traumatic neurosis' in the light of recent findings. ,Protective shield against stimuli' is regarded as a biological concept which appears in mental life as the striving to avoid unpleasant affects. ,Trauma' is a twofold concept in that it relates to mental experience and links an external event with the specific after-effects on an individual,'s psychic reality. A distinction needs to be made between mentally destructive trauma and affective trauma. A destructive trauma does not break through the protective shield but does breach the pleasure,unpleasure principle, so that in the course of its subsequent mastery it leads to a traumatic neurosis. An affective trauma can be warded off under the rule of the pleasure,unpleasure principle and leads to a psychoneurosis. [source] The atrium effect of website openness on the communication of corporate social responsibilityCORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, Issue 1 2008Nuno Guimarăes-Costa Abstract This paper applies the image of a Roman atrium to disclosure of CSR activities on company websites, through an examination of the website content of 19 large companies operating in Portugal. The analysis reveals a CSR discourse targeting stakeholders. What is stated is carefully chosen in order to mitigate potential reactions from offended stakeholders, these coming mostly from those areas where their negative impact could be more visible. We conclude that comparison with Roman atria can be made to the extent that (a) websites allow companies to suggest positive images about themselves, (b) their openness forces companies to adopt bi-focal messages where the target does not always coincide with the message's subject and (c) their visibility and accessibility induce companies to take a position on external events and to seek greater alignment between disclosure and action. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment. [source] Motor foundations of higher cognition: similarities and differences in processing regular and violated perceptual sequences of different specificityEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE, Issue 12 2009Andreja Bubic Abstract Processing perceptual sequences relies on the motor system, which is able to simulate the dynamics of the environment by developing internal representations of external events and using them to predict the incoming stimuli. Although it has previously been demonstrated that such models may incorporate predictions based on exact stimulus properties and single stimulus dimensions, it is not known whether they can also support abstract predictions pertaining to the level of stimulus categories. This issue was investigated within the present event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging study, which compared the processing of perceptual sequences of different specificity, namely those in which the sequential structure was based on the order of presentation of individual stimuli (token), and those in which such structure was defined by stimulus categories (type). The results obtained indicate a comparable engagement of the basic premotor,parietal network in processing both specific and categorical perceptual sequences. However, type sequences additionally elicited activations within the lateral prefrontal, occipital and posterior temporal regions that supported categorization in this task context. Introducing sequential deviants into token sequences activated parietotemporal and ventrolateral frontal cortices, whereas a less pronounced overall response, dominated by lateral prefrontal activation, was elicited by violations introduced into type sequences. Overall, the findings obtained suggest that, although forward models in perception may be able to incorporate expectations of lower specificity when compared to the motor domain, such processing is crucially dependent on additional contributions from lateral prefrontal as well as inferior occipital and temporal cortices that support categorization occurring in such a dynamic context. [source] Experiencing Conversations: Bridging the Gap between Discourse and ActivityJOURNAL FOR THE THEORY OF SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR, Issue 3 2008ANNALISA SANNINO ABSTRACT The article introduces the Vygotskian tradition in the realist theoretical discussion of the structure-agency problem. Archer's concept of internal conversation is discussed in terms of internalization and externalization of conversational dynamics. The article addresses in particular the methodological issue of observing how external events trigger internal use of language, and how these internal dynamics are externalized. The experience of talk is proposed as a conceptual key to the understanding of internal conversations and of the relation between structured activity and agency. The experience of talk is defined with the help of the notions of emotional experience, personal sense and inner speech, as they are conceptualized in activity theory and in particular in the works of L.S. Vygotsky and A.N. Leont'ev. Students' experiences of critical conversational events with teachers are analyzed on the basis of written autobiographical accounts. The experience of talk emerges from the analysis as a form of emotional experience in which the horizon of the individual's subjective view relates to specific circumstances external to the individual. Autobiographical accounts of critical conversations are suggested as a type of data which allows access to the experience of talk. [source] Managing risk and vulnerability in Asia: A (re)study from Thailand, 1982,83 and 2008ASIA PACIFIC VIEWPOINT, Issue 3 2009Jonathan Rigg Abstract In the 1980s, rural settlements in the Northeast of Thailand were farming focused, and strategies of living were structured around the need to secure subsistence in the face of a capricious environment and a weak developmental state. More than half of households in the region lived below the poverty line, and the immediate prospects for ,development' were not bright. Drawing on a 25-year longitudinal study of two villages in Mahasarakham, the paper describes and reflects on how risk and vulnerability have been re-shaped during a quarter of a century of profound economic and social change. From largely environmental and local, the pattern of risk and opportunity have become increasingly economic and non-local as external events wash across the shores of rural settlements like Ban Non Tae and Ban Tha Song Korn. [source] Behavioral Activation Treatment for Depression: A CommentaryCLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY: SCIENCE AND PRACTICE, Issue 3 2001Steven D. Hollon Over the last two decades, cognitive therapy has largely eclipsed more purely behavioral interventions in the treatment of depression. Although cognitive behavior therapy has fared well in controlled clinical trials, behavior therapy has tended to languish, despite doing well in earlier trials. Jacobson and colleagues describe an approach to behavioral activation that is likely to reinvigorate interest in more purely behavioral interventions. This approach is based on a contextual analysis of the external events that trigger distress and the consequences that follow what are often ineffectual efforts to cope. Recent studies suggest that the approach may both be effective and easy to disseminate to applied clinical settings. [source] | |||||||||||||