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Expertise
Kinds of Expertise Selected AbstractsEXPERTISE AND POLICY-MAKING: LEGAL PROFESSIONALS IN LOCAL GOVERNMENTPUBLIC ADMINISTRATION, Issue 3 2006ELLA BATTEN Professional influence in policy-making is generally believed to rest on professionals successfully laying claim to access to expertise , knowledge, understanding or experience , not available to others, above all politicians. On the basis of a 2005 survey of nearly 800 lawyers serving in local authorities in England and Wales, this article explores the relationship between specialization and political influence. Lawyers who shape policy use conventional routes for political influence, establish contacts with political officeholders, tend to identify less with the profession at large and are less likely to see themselves as specialists in any field of law. This means that the relationship between expertise and political power is complex and that the notion that professionals use their expertise to shape policy should be treated with some caution. [source] The Association Between Accruals Quality and the Characteristics of Accounting Experts and Mix of Expertise on Audit Committees,CONTEMPORARY ACCOUNTING RESEARCH, Issue 3 2010DAN DHALIWAL First page of article [source] CODE IS SPEECH: Legal Tinkering, Expertise, and Protest among Free and Open Source Software DevelopersCULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY, Issue 3 2009GABRIELLA COLEMAN ABSTRACT In this essay, I examine the channels through which Free and Open Source Software (F/OSS) developers reconfigure central tenets of the liberal tradition,and the meanings of both freedom and speech,to defend against efforts to constrain their productive autonomy. I demonstrate how F/OSS developers contest and specify the meaning of liberal freedom,especially free speech,through the development of legal tools and discourses within the context of the F/OSS project. I highlight how developers concurrently tinker with technology and the law using similar skills, which transform and consolidate ethical precepts among developers. I contrast this legal pedagogy with more extraordinary legal battles over intellectual property, speech, and software. I concentrate on the arrests of two programmers, Jon Johansen and Dmitry Sklyarov, and on the protests they provoked, which unfolded between 1999 and 2003. These events are analytically significant because they dramatized and thus made visible tacit social processes. They publicized the challenge that F/OSS represents to the dominant regime of intellectual property (and clarified the democratic stakes involved) and also stabilized a rival liberal legal regime intimately connecting source code to speech. [source] Unequal Knowledges in Jharkhand, India: De-Romanticizing Women's Agroecological ExpertiseDEVELOPMENT AND CHANGE, Issue 5 2000Sarah Jewitt Taking the Jharkhand region of India as a case study, this article uses empirical data to intervene in ,women, environment and development' and ecofeminist debates regarding women's environmental knowledge. The article first outlines the adoption of gender/environmental issues into development planning and considers the dangers of overestimating women's agroecological knowledges and assuming that they can easily participate in development projects. It then highlights the local complexities of environmental knowledge possession and control with reference to gender and other variations in agricultural participation, decision-making and knowledge transfers between villagers' natal and marital places. Particular emphasis is placed on the economic, socio-cultural and ,actor' related factors that supplement gender as an influence on task allocation, decision-making, knowledge distribution and knowledge articulation. The article concludes that given the socio-cultural constraints women face in accumulating and vocalizing environmental knowledge, simplistic participatory approaches are unlikely to empower them. Instead, more flexible, site-specific development initiatives (coupled with wider structural change) are required if opportunities are to be created for women to develop and use their agroecological knowledges. [source] Ida Vera Simonton's Imperial Masquerades: Intersections of Gender, Race and African Expertise in Progressive-Era AmericaGENDER & HISTORY, Issue 2 2010Jeremy Rich Ida Vera Simonton, a New York socialite, visited the French colony of Gabon in 1906 and 1907. Her subsequent narratives about her stay demonstrate a very ambiguous view of the horrors of European colonialism that she claimed to despise and the amoral nature of Africans. Simonton ultimately employed her stay in Gabon to claim a right to form female self-defence squads in New York and to act as an independent defender of white women. By carefully shaping her public persona to alternately appropriate discourses of masculine regeneration through empire and to highlight her female vulnerability, she made herself into a provocative spectacle. In an ironic twist, given how much Simonton embellished on her own experiences, Broadway producers in 1925 plagiarised her 1912 novel Hell's Playground in their successful play White Cargo. Simonton successfully sued for damages, thus upholding her highly edited version of her trip in law. Her writings expose the intersections of racial anxieties, gendered visions of empire and feminist aspirations in the United States during the Progressive era. [source] Re-inscribing Gender in New Modes of Medical Expertise: The Investigator,Coordinator Relationship in the Clinical Trials IndustryGENDER, WORK & ORGANISATION, Issue 2 2010Jill A. Fisher This article analyses the ways in which research coordinators forge professional identities in the highly gendered organizational context of the clinic. Drawing upon qualitative research on the organization of the clinical trials industry (that is, the private sector, for profit auxiliary companies that support pharmaceutical drug studies), this article explores the relationships between predominantly male physician-investigators and female research coordinators and the constitution of medical expertise in pharmaceutical drug development. One finding is that coordinators actively seek to establish relationships with investigators that mirror traditional doctor,nurse relationships, in which the feminized role is subordinated and devalued. Another finding is that the coordinators do, in fact, have profound research expertise that is frequently greater than that of the investigators. The coordinators develop expertise on pharmaceutical products and diseases through their observations of the patterns that occur in patient,participants' responses to investigational drugs. The article argues, however, that the nature of the relationships between coordinators and investigators renders invisible the coordinators' expertise. In this context, gender acts as a persistent social structure shaping both coordinators' and investigators' perceptions of who can be recognized as having authority and power in the workplace. [source] Defining Expertise in Software Development While Doing GenderGENDER, WORK & ORGANISATION, Issue 4 2007Esther Ruiz Ben The optimism regarding opportunities for women to enter the professionalization process in software development during the past years has not been fully realized and the gender gap in Germany's information technology (IT) sector still persists. Women are almost completely unrepresented in the technical fields of the German software industry, particularly in small enterprises. In this article, I firstly offer an overview of the German IT sector's development and current status. Secondly, I discuss the construction of expertise and gendered meanings in the practice of software development and related implications for the enrolment of women in this field. Gender stereotypical assumptions about expertise in the practice of software development and structural factors related to the lack of life,work balance programmes, as well as the lack of internal training in most IT companies, contribute to organizational segregation [source] Expertise in Imaging TechnologyIMAGING & MICROSCOPY (ELECTRONIC), Issue 3 2009Martin Bossard Sometimes it is very difficult to decide what you really need. There is a large number of manufacturers for each available product. Especially if the product is expensive and the purposes are sophisticated, there is a high risk to purchase a product that has much more capacities than needed, or even the wrong ones. [source] Psychological Characteristics Contributing to Expertise in Audit JudgmentINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AUDITING, Issue 2 2006Pamela Kent Prior research has sought a better understanding of the relation between audit expertise and judgment of auditors. The motivation for this study is derived from the need to further understand psychological characteristics contributing to audit expertise. This paper adopts part of a framework derived from the decision-making literature in psychology and applies it to auditing. Shanteau proposes that expert decision makers inherently possess 14 psychological characteristics. The importance of these characteristics is assessed using the perceptions of 55 practising auditors from three national accounting firms in Australia within and across four phases of the audit using a survey instrument. The results indicate that each of the 14 characteristics is important across all four phases of the audit in varying degrees. In addition, the degree of importance varies across characteristics and between audit phases. These findings indicate that psychological characteristics are associated with audit expertise to be applied and tested in future research. [source] Uncovering the evidence of non-expert nephrology nursing practiceINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NURSING PRACTICE, Issue 2 2006Ann Bonner BAppSc(Nurs) MA PhD RN MRCNA Expertise in nursing has been widely studied although there have been no previous studies into what constitutes expertise in nephrology (renal) nursing. This paper, which is abstracted from a larger study into the acquisition and exercise of nephrology nursing expertise, provides evidence of the characteristics and practices of non-expert nephrology nurses. Using the grounded theory method, the study took place in one renal unit in New South Wales, Australia, and involved six non-expert and 11 expert nurses. Sampling was purposive then theoretical. Simultaneous data collection and analysis using participant observation, review of nursing documentation and semistructured interviews was undertaken. The study revealed a three-stage skills-acquisitive process that was identified as non-expert, experienced non-expert and expert stages. Non-expert nurses showed superficial nephrology nursing knowledge and limited experience; they were acquiring basic nephrology nursing skills and possessed a narrow focus of practice. [source] Age and Assessments of Professional Expertise: The Relationship between Higher Level Employees' Age and Self-assessments or Supervisor Ratings of Professional ExpertiseINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SELECTION AND ASSESSMENT, Issue 4 2001Beatrice Van Der Heijden In this article the relationship between higher level employees' age and assessments of professional expertise is described. Hypotheses have been tested with original survey data from 417 higher level employees and 224 direct supervisors. Concerning the analyses of the effects of age, our hypotheses have for the greater part been confirmed. In our study, we have found that age-related stereotyping is an important phenomenon where assessments concerning professional expertise are made by supervisors. As regards the self-ratings, there is no relationship between age and professional expertise. Further research is needed to understand the pattern of differences between the two types of ratings. Some speculations concerning improvements of the measurements are discussed. [source] Perfect Masters of Their Art: Re-imagining ExpertiseJOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURAL EDUCATION, Issue 3 2000Peter Schneider This essay examines the testimony presented in a court action that took place in Utrecht, Holland in 1542. It uses the trial as a case study that illustrates and elaborates the significant issues that emerge when the basis of any professional expertise is challenged and tested. It suggests that the case presents us with a model for understanding one way in which the professions make use of specialized definitions of their expertise to circumscribe and defend the privileged domains of their beliefs and practices. It also provides us with a documented example of the way in which the new, platonic view of the architect framed by both Vitruvius and Alberti was rapidly received, adopted, and diffused in postmedieval Europe. [source] Credibility Assessments of Online Health Information: The Effects of Source Expertise and Knowledge of ContentJOURNAL OF COMPUTER-MEDIATED COMMUNICATION, Issue 4 2001Matthew S. Eastin Millions of Americans use the Internet as a resource for information, with a large proportion seeking health information. Research indicates that medical professionals do not author an extensive amount of health information available on the Internet. This creates a possibility for false information, thereby potentially leading ill people away from proper care. One way to begin addressing this problem is to assess perceptions of credibility about information found online. A between-groups, 2 (message type) × 3 (source type) factorial design was tested by manipulating source expertise (high, medium, low) and content knowledge (known and unknown). While findings did not indicate a significant interaction between source and content type, they did indicate an overall tendency to rate all information as relatively credible. In addition, results indicate that both knowledge of content and source expertise affect perceptions of online health information. [source] An Insight into Forensic Document Examiner Expertise for Discriminating Between Forged and Disguised SignaturesJOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES, Issue 5 2008Adrian G. Dyer Ph.D. Abstract:, It has previously been shown that forensic document examiners (FDEs) have expertise in providing opinions about whether questioned signatures are genuine or simulated. This study extends the exploration of FDE expertise by evaluating the performance of eight FDEs and 12 control subjects at identifying signatures as either forgeries or the disguised writing of a specimen provider. Subject eye movements and response times were recorded with a Tobii 1750 eye tracker during the signature evaluations. Using a penalty scoring system, FDEs performed significantly better than control subjects (t = 2.465, p = 0.024), with one FDE able to correctly call 13 of the 16 test stimuli (and three inconclusive calls). An analysis of eye movement search patterns by the subjects indicated that a very similar search strategy was employed by both groups, suggesting that visual inspection of signatures is mediated by a bottom up search strategy. However, FDEs spent greater than 50% longer to make a decision than the control group. The findings are suggestive that for some stimuli FDEs can discriminate between forgeries and disguises, and that this ability is due to a careful inspection and consideration of multiple features within a signature. [source] The Undecidable Grounds of Scientific Expertise: Science Education and the Limits of Intellectual IndependenceJOURNAL OF PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION, Issue 2 2001Stella Gaon Motivated by the work of Hardwig (1985, 1991) on epistemic dependence and trust in expertise, we enquire into the nature and extent of the critical assessment that non-scientists can make,and that they should be taught to make,with regard to science. Our thesis is that critical assessment of science is possible for non-experts because at the basis of science is a set of norms, beliefs and values that are contestable by non-scientists. These norms, beliefs and values are of critical importance to science education and valuable to explore from a pedagogical perspective. [source] Motivating Health: Strategies for the Nurse PractitionerJOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF NURSE PRACTITIONERS, Issue 5 2003Lynne S. Duran ARNP Purpose To provide the nurse practitioner (NP) with a practical prescription for acquiring expertise in health behavior change using integrated principles from the transtheoretical model of change and motivational interviewing. Data Sources Extensive literature review of current theory and research on health behavior change. Conclusion Expertise in motivating health behavior change is essential to effective health promotion and to the NP role. Implications for Practice Lifestyle choices are principal contributors to the leading causes of death and most chronic diseases in the United States. Traditional health behavior interventions are often ineffective in motivating and sustaining lifestyle change. [source] Learning to Dispute: Repeat Participation, Expertise, and Reputation at the World Trade OrganizationLAW & SOCIAL INQUIRY, Issue 3 2010Joseph A. Conti This mixed-method analysis examines the effects of repeat participation on disputing at the World Trade Organization (WTO). Differences between disputants in terms of their experience with WTO disputing processes affect the likelihood of a dispute transitioning to a panel review in distinct ways, depending upon the configuration of the parties. More experienced complainants tend to achieve settlements, while more experienced respondents tend to refuse conciliation. Strategies of experienced respondents are derived from the expertise generated from repeated direct participation and the normalcy of disputing for repeat players as well as the benefits accruing from a reputation for being unlikely to settle. Repeat players also seek to avoid disputes expected to produce unfavorable jurisprudence but do not actively try to create new case law through the selection of disputes. This research demonstrates a dynamic learning process in how parties use international legal forums and thus extends sociolegal scholarship beyond the nation-state. [source] Better Women: The Cultural Politics of Gendered Expertise in IndonesiaAMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST, Issue 2 2010Carla Jones ABSTRACT, Through analysis of an increasingly popular phenomenon of courses training feminine comportment in Indonesia, I argue in this article that the appeal and work of femininity can be analyzed as a form of what Timothy Mitchell has called the "rule of experts." Building on Mitchell, I suggest that expertise is central to authoritarian projects and postauthoritarian aftermath and is especially evident in zones that masquerade as least public and yet most self-evident. As a result, expertise gains its value from the conditions it claims to alleviate. Placing gender at the center of the analytical frame reveals these effects more clearly and can potentially expose the ideological contradictions that ground their allure. [source] Strategic Display and Response to Emotions: Developing Evidence-based Negotiation Expertise in Emotion Management (NEEM)NEGOTIATION AND CONFLICT MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, Issue 4 2008Georges Potworowski Abstract This article conceptualizes emotion management as a form of negotiation expertise, and integrates the nascent empirical literature on emotion in negotiation with concepts from the learning sciences literature to suggest how negotiation expertise in emotion management (NEEM) can be taught. We argue that NEEM differs from emotional intelligence in fundamental ways, and that it consists of sensitivity to strategically relevant emotional cues, ability to strategically display and respond to emotions in negotiations, and the inclination to manage emotions for superior objective and subjective negotiation performance. We propose a method of developing NEEM in the classroom and identify directions for future research. [source] Expertise and the Scholarship of TeachingNEW DIRECTIONS FOR TEACHING & LEARNING, Issue 86 2001Ronald Smith Faculty can move beyond excellence and develop expertise in teaching as well as in the scholarship of teaching. This author explores growth in teaching and in the scholarship of teaching from three different perspectives on the development of expertise. [source] Patient handover from surgery to intensive care: using Formula 1 pit-stop and aviation models to improve safety and qualityPEDIATRIC ANESTHESIA, Issue 5 2007KEN R. CATCHPOLE PhD Summary Background:, We aimed to improve the quality and safety of handover of patients from surgery to intensive care using the analogy of a Formula 1 pit stop and expertise from aviation. Methods:, A prospective intervention study measured the change in performance before and after the implementation of a new handover protocol that was developed through detailed discussions with a Formula 1 racing team and aviation training captains. Fifty (23 before and 27 after) postsurgery patient handovers were observed. Technical errors and information omissions were measured using checklists, and teamwork was scored using a Likert scale. Duration of the handover was also measured. Results:, The mean number of technical errors was reduced from 5.42 (95% CI ±1.24) to 3.15 (95% CI ±0.71), the mean number of information handover omissions was reduced from 2.09 (95% CI ±1.14) to 1.07 (95% CI ±0.55), and duration of handover was reduced from 10.8 min (95% CI ±1.6) to 9.4 min (95% CI ±1.29). Nine out of twenty-three (39%) precondition patients had more than one error in both technical and information handover prior to the new protocol, compared with three out of twnety-seven (11.5%) with the new handover. Regression analysis showed that the number of technical errors were significantly reduced with the new handover (t = ,3.63, P < 0.001), and an interaction suggested that teamwork (t = 3.04, P = 0.004) had a different effect with the new handover protocol. Conclusions:, The introduction of the new handover protocol lead to improvements in all aspects of the handover. Expertise from other industries can be extrapolated to improve patient safety, and in particular, areas of medicine involving the handover of patients or information. [source] Interventions (Solutions) Usage and Expertise in Performance Technology Practice: An Empirical InvestigationPERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT QUARTERLY, Issue 3 2004Darlene M. Van Tiem ABSTRACT Performance technology (PT) is complex, drawing theory from instructional design, organizational development, communications, industrial psychology, and industrial engineering to name a few. The Standards of Performance Technology developed for the certified performance technology designation codified the processes used in the practice of performance improvement. The Human Performance Technology (HPT) Model of the International Society for Performance Improvement illustrates the Standards for the Performance Technology process, including the selection, design, and implementation of appropriate performance interventions. Research exists on specific PT interventions, such as problem solving, feedback, or job analysis. This foundational study considers intervention usage within organizations and the expertise of performance technologists. Findings indicate that years of experience in the field or related field is positively correlated to expertise. Some alignment was found between higher ranked PT expertise and higher ranked intervention usage within those organizations. [source] Easing the Inferential Leap in Competency Modelling: The Effects of Task-related Information and Subject Matter Expertise,PERSONNEL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 4 2004FILIP LIEVENS Despite the rising popularity of the practice of competency modeling, research on competency modeling has lagged behind. This study begins to close this practice,science gap through 3 studies (1 lab study and 2 field studies), which employ generalizability analysis to shed light on (a) the quality of inferences made in competency modeling and (b) the effects of incorporating elements of traditional job analysis into competency modeling to raise the quality of competency inferences. Study 1 showed that competency modeling resulted in poor interrater reliability and poor between-job discriminant validity amongst inexperienced raters. In contrast, Study 2 suggested that the quality of competency inferences was higher among a variety of job experts in a real organization. Finally, Study 3 showed that blending competency modeling efforts and task-related information increased both interrater reliability among SMEs and their ability to discriminate among jobs. In general, this set of results highlights that the inferences made in competency modeling should not be taken for granted, and that practitioners can improve competency modeling efforts by incorporating some of the methodological rigor inherent in job analysis. [source] Zur Sicherheit von Vitaminen.PHARMAZIE IN UNSERER ZEIT (PHARMUZ), Issue 2 2009Kontraindikationen und Intoxikationen, Nebenwirkungen Im Rahmen der Prävention und Therapie mit Vitaminpräparaten sind die Heilberufe besonders gefordert, ihre Expertise in die Beratung sowohl von Verbrauchern als auch Patienten einzubringen. Entgegen der weltweit verbreiteten Ansicht vieler Verbraucher, die den Vitaminen nur Positives abgewinnen und diesen Substanzen grundsätzlich unkritisch gegenüberstehen, macht insbesondere die langfristige Einnahme hoher Dosen eine Nutzen-Risiko-Abwägung für den einzelnen Verbraucher/Patienten erforderlich. [source] Negotiating Expertise: The Globalizing Cultures of British and American Conflict Resolution ExpertsPOLAR: POLITICAL AND LEGAL ANTHROPOLOGY REVIEW, Issue 1 2004Christopher T. Timura First page of article [source] Expertise, Evaluative Motivation, and the Structure of Citizens' Ideological CommitmentsPOLITICAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 5 2007Christopher M. Federico Political psychologists have typically argued that ideological commitments are structured in a bipolar fashion, where a positive evaluation of conservative objects implies a negative evaluation of liberal objects (and vice versa). Individual differences in conformity to this pattern are usually attributed to an ability-related variable, i.e., political expertise. Departing from this strict focus on ability, this study examines the hypotheses that an important motivational variable,the need to evaluate, or the desire to form opinions of objects as "good" or "bad",would (1) predict deviations from ideological bipolarity, even controlling for expertise; and (2) moderate the relationship between expertise and deviations from bipolarity. Data from two national surveys provided evidence for these hypotheses and indicated that the results extended to deviations from bipolarity in evaluations of presidential candidates and political parties. [source] Expertise and self-regulation processes in a professional taskAPPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 7 2009Nathalie Huet This study investigated self-regulation processes in a professional task, a beverage service task, using the model of self-regulated study. The main purpose was to explore how self-regulatory activity changes both with professional experience and with memory task demands. In a simulated beverage service task, 22 beginner waiters and 22 experienced waiters were asked to request the drink ordered by each customer until they were sure they knew the entire order. Then, they had to execute an immediate recall of the customer-beverage pairs and a delayed recall. Results showed that globally beginners did not modify their self-regulation processes as a function of task demands. By contrast to beginners, experienced waiters increased their self-regulatory activity when they had to face with a more demanding task. Besides, experts showed higher recall performance than beginners under all conditions. In the conclusion, results from this more naturalistic task were compared to those obtained in experimental studies and discussed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] The Breadwinner, his Wife and their Welfare: Identity, Expertise and Economic Security in Australian Post-War ReconstructionAUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF POLITICS AND HISTORY, Issue 4 2004Ann Firth The architects of Australian post-war reconstruction had learned from the experience of the Depression that subordinating the social order to economic objectives could have disastrous results. In Australia as elsewhere, interwar political and civic institutions were not sufficiently robust to protect society from the instability of a system based on the economically rational choices of individual entrepreneurs. High unemployment, which had characterised the interwar years and reached catastrophic levels in the Depression, convinced the architects of post-war reconstruction that new political institutions were necessary. The civil and political institutions they attempted to create were expressed in a particular anthropology constituted around their own identity as experts and the identities of the entrepreneur, the breadwinner and his wife. [source] The Use of Simulation in the Development of Individual Cognitive Expertise in Emergency MedicineACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE, Issue 11 2008William Bond MD Abstract This consensus group from the 2008 Academic Emergency Medicine Consensus Conference, "The Science of Simulation in Healthcare: Defining and Developing Clinical Expertise," held in Washington, DC, May 28, 2008, focused on the use of simulation for the development of individual expertise in emergency medicine (EM). Methodologically sound qualitative and quantitative research will be needed to illuminate, refine, and test hypotheses in this area. The discussion focused around six primary topics: the use of simulation to study the behavior of experts, improving the overall competence of clinicians in the shortest time possible, optimizing teaching strategies within the simulation environment, using simulation to diagnose and remediate performance problems, and transferring learning to the real-world environment. Continued collaboration between academic communities that include medicine, cognitive psychology, and education will be required to answer these questions. [source] Developing Technical Expertise in Emergency Medicine,The Role of Simulation in Procedural Skill AcquisitionACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE, Issue 11 2008Ernest E. Wang MD Abstract Developing technical expertise in medical procedures is an integral component of emergency medicine (EM) practice and training. This article is the work of an expert panel composed of members from the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine (SAEM) Interest Group, the SAEM Technology in Medical Education Committee, and opinions derived from the May 2008 Academic Emergency Medicine Consensus Conference, "The Science of Simulation in Healthcare." The writing group reviewed the simulation literature on procedures germane to EM training, virtual reality training, and instructional learning theory as it pertains to skill acquisition and procedural skills decay. The authors discuss the role of simulation in teaching technical expertise, identify training conditions that lead to effective learning, and provide recommendations for future foci of research. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||