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Expression Patterns (expression + pattern)
Kinds of Expression Patterns Terms modified by Expression Patterns Selected AbstractsAlcohol Exposure Alters the Expression Pattern of Neural Cell Adhesion Molecules During Brain DevelopmentJOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY, Issue 3 2000R. Miñana Abstract: Neural cell adhesion molecules (NCAMs) play critical roles during development of the nervous system. The aim of this study is to investigate the possible effect of ethanol exposure on the pattern of expression and sialylation of NCAM isoforms during postnatal rat brain development because alterations in NCAM content and distribution have been associated with defects in cell migration, synapse formation, and memory consolidation, and deficits in these processes have been observed after in utero alcohol exposure. The expression of NCAM isoforms in the developing cerebral cortex of pups from control and alcohol-fed mothers was assessed by western blotting, ribonuclease protection assay, and immunocytochemistry. The highly sialylated form of NCAM [polysialic acid (PSA)-NCAM] is mainly expressed during the neonatal period and then is down-regulated in parallel with the appearance of NCAM 180 and NCAM 140. Ethanol exposure increases PSA-NCAM levels during the neonatal period, delays the loss of PSA-NCAM, decreases the amount of NCAM 180 and NCAM 140 isoforms, and reduces sialyltransferase activity during postnatal brain development. Neuraminidase treatment of ethanol-exposed neonatal brains leads to more intense band degradation products, suggesting a higher content of NCAM polypeptides carrying PSA in these samples. However, NCAM mRNA levels are not changed by ethanol. Immunocytochemical analysis demonstrates that ethanol triggers an increase in PSA-NCAM immunolabeling in the cytoplasm of astroglial cells, accompanied by a decrease in immunogold particles over the plasma membrane. These findings indicate that ethanol exposure during brain development alters the pattern of NCAM expression and suggest that modification of NCAM could affect neuronal-glial interactions that might contribute to the brain defects observed after in utero alcohol exposure. [source] Expression Pattern, Ethanol-Metabolizing Activities, and Cellular Localization of Alcohol and Aldehyde Dehydrogenases in Human Pancreas: Implications for Pathogenesis of Alcohol-Induced Pancreatic InjuryALCOHOLISM, Issue 6 2009Chien-Ping Chiang Background:, Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) are major enzymes responsible for metabolism of ethanol. Genetic polymorphisms of ADH1B, ADH1C, and ALDH2 occur among racial populations. The metabolic effect and metabolites contribute to pathogenesis of pancreatic injury. The goal of this study was to determine the functional expressions and cellular localization of ADH and ALDH families in human pancreas. Methods:, Fifty five surgical specimens of normal pancreas as well as 15 samples each for chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer from archival formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue specimens were investigated. Class-specific antibodies were prepared by affinity chromatographies from rabbit antisera raised against recombinant human ADH1C1, ADH4, ADH5, ADH7, ALDH1A1, ALDH2, and ALDH3A1. The isozyme expression patterns of ADH/ALDH were identified by isoelectric focusing, and the activities were assayed spectrophotometrically. The protein contents of ADH/ALDH isozymes were determined by immunoblotting, and the cellular localizations were detected by immunohistochemistry and histochemistry. Results:, At 33 mM ethanol, pH 7.5, the activities were significantly different between allelic phenotypes of ADH1B. The activity of ALDH2-inactive phenotypes was slightly lower than ALDH2-active phenotypes at 200 ,M acetaldehyde. The protein contents were in the following decreasing order: ALDH1A1, ALDH2, ADH1, and ADH5. ADH1B was detected in the acinar cells and ADH1C in the ductular, islet, and stellate cells. The expression of ADH1C appeared to be increased in the activated pancreatic stellate cells in chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer. Conclusions:, Alcohol dehydrogenase and ALDH family members are differentially expressed in the various cell types of pancreas. ADH1C may play an important role in modulation of activation of pancreatic stellate cells. [source] Expression Pattern of Apoptotic Genes in Vitrified-Thawed Bovine OocytesREPRODUCTION IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS, Issue 5 2010VM Anchamparuthy Contents This study describes a method for quantification of transcripts from low numbers of bovine oocytes using real time RT-PCR. The objective was to evaluate the expression pattern of apoptotic genes (Fas, FasL, Bax and Bcl-2) in vitrified-thawed oocytes. Oocytes were evaluated at germinal vesicle stage; at 15 h of maturation; after vitrification and warming at 15 h of maturation and at 9 h of additional maturation. All transcripts showed an increase in at least 1.2-fold change post-vitrification warming, but the levels tended to decrease at 9 h of maturation post-vitrification warming. Transcript abundance for Fas mRNA was 1.4-fold for oocytes after vitrification and warming. The level of Fas mRNA upon maturation was 0.8-fold. The increase in the abundance of FasL mRNA was 2.1, while it was 0.5-fold relative to control. Vitrification resulted in 1.5-fold change in Bax mRNA expression in oocytes. After 9 h of maturation post-vitrification warming, the level for Bax mRNA was 0.6-fold. The mRNA for Bcl-2 was nearly the same after vitrification and warming. The abundance of mRNA for Bcl-2 was 1.2-fold in vitrified oocytes and fell (p = 0.05) to 0.5 at 9 h of maturation post-vitrification and warming. The up-regulation of apoptotic genes in vitrified oocytes may be an early indicator of reduced developmental competence following vitrification. Yet, results from terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labelling and caspase assays did not support the evidence of apoptosis in embryos derived from large numbers of vitrified oocytes. [source] Distinct Expression Pattern of Cytokines in Semen of Men with Genital Infection and Oligo-Terato-AsthenozoospermiaAMERICAN JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTIVE IMMUNOLOGY, Issue 3 2002Ioannis Matalliotakis PROBLEM: The objective of this study was to evaluate the possible relevance of cytokines in seminal plasma (SP) of patients with accessory gland infection and oligo-terato-asthenozoospermia. METHOD OF STUDY: Semen samples were obtained by masturbation from 90 men and were examined for the presence of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-11 and soluble CD23 (sCD23) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Five groups were included: (1) fertile men (n=20), (2) infertile men with varicocele and oligo-terato-asthenozoospermia (V-OTA, n=20), (3) infertile men with genital infection and OTA (INF-OTA, n=20), (4) infertile men with idiopathic testicular lesion and OTA (ITL-OTA, n=20) and (5) infertile men with azoospermia (AZOO, n=10). RESULTS: We found that the mean level of IL-2 was higher in SP from infertile men compared with SP from fertile men (P < 0.05). Mean levels of IL-6, IL-8, IL-11 in SP of INF-OTA were higher than that of all other groups (P < 0.05, P < 0.05, P < 0.001, respectively). However, no significant differences could be detected between other groups. A significant increase was noted in sCD23 levels in SP from men with ITL-OTA compared with all other groups (P < 0.01). We have not observed any correlations between IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-11 and sCD23 levels in SP and semen parameters. Spearman's correlation coefficient revealed that there was a significant association between IL-6, IL-8, IL-11 levels in men with INF-OTA. CONCLUSION: The measurement of each cytokine separately in the SP of men with INF-OTA, in spite of the existing significant differences, does not have a diagnostic value in male infertility. However, a combined determination of IL-6, IL-8, IL-11 in the SP of men with genital infection and oligo-terato-asthenozoospermia may provide clinically useful information for the diagnosis of male accessory gland infection. [source] Differential Expression Patterns of Runx2 Isoforms in Cranial Suture MorphogenesisJOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH, Issue 5 2001Mi-Hyun Park Abstract Runx2 (previously known as Cbfa1/Pebp2,A/AML3), a key transcription factor in osteoblast differentiation, has at least two different isoforms using alternative promoters, which suggests that the isoforms might be expressed differentially. Haploinsufficiency of the Runx2 gene is associated with cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD), the main phenotype of which is inadequate development of calvaria. In spite of the biological relevance, Runx2 gene expression patterns in developing calvaria has not been explored previously, and toward this aim we developed three probes: pRunx2, which comprises the common coding sequence of Runx2 and hybridizes with all isoforms; pPebp2,A, which specifically hybridizes with the isoform transcribed with the proximal promoter; and pOsf2, which hybridizes with the isoform transcribed with the distal promoter. These probes were hybridized with tissue sections of mouse calvaria taken at various time points in development. Runx2 expression was localized to the critical area of cranial suture closure, being found in parietal bones, osteogenic fronts, and sutural mesenchyme. Pebp2,A and Osf2 showed tissue-specific expression patterns. The sites of Pebp2,A expression were almost identical to that of pRunx2 hybridization but expression was most intense in the sutural mesenchyme, where undifferentiated mesenchymal cells reside. The Osf2 isoform was strongly expressed in the osteogenic fronts, as well as in developing parietal bones, where osteopontin (OP) and osteocalcin (OC) also were expressed. However, in contrast to Pebp2,A, Osf2 expression did not occur in sutural mesenchyme. Pebp2,A also was expressed prominently in primordial cartilage that is found under the sutural mesenchyme and is not destined to be mineralized. Thus, Osf2 isoforms contribute to events later in osteoblast differentiation whereas the Pebp2,A isoform participates in a wide variety of cellular activities ranging from early stages of osteoblast differentiation to the final differentiation of osteoblasts. [source] Differences in Trait Anger Among Children with Varying Levels of Anger Expression PatternsJOURNAL OF CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRIC NURSING, Issue 2 2006Marti Rice PhD PROBLEM:,Little research has been done with children to determine effects of using various patterns of anger expression on trait anger. The purpose was to examine differences in trait anger of children who indicated high, moderate, or low use of three patterns of anger expression. METHODS:,A convenience sample of 1,060 third through sixth graders completed trait anger and patterns of expressing anger instruments. FINDINGS:,High users of anger-out (anger expressed outwardly) had the highest trait anger for every grade while high users of anger-reflection/control had the lowest. CONCLUSIONS:,Anger-reflection/control may be more effective than anger-out in reducing trait anger in school-age children. [source] Alcohol Effects on Central Nervous System Gene Expression in Genetic Animal ModelsALCOHOLISM, Issue 2 2005William J. McBride This article summarizes the proceedings of a symposium presented at the 2004 annual meeting of the Research Society on Alcoholism in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. The organizers and chairs were William J. McBride and Michael F. Miles. The presentations were (1) Molecular Triangulation on Gene Expression Patterns in Behavioral Responses to Acute Ethanol, by Robnet T. Kerns; (2) Gene Expression in Limbic Regions After Ethanol Self-Infusion Into the Posterior Ventral Tegmental Area, by Zachary A. Rodd; (3) Microarray Analysis of CNS Limbic Regions of Inbred Alcohol-Preferring and -Nonpreferring rats and Effects of Alcohol Drinking, by Wendy N. Strother and Howard J. Edenberg; and (4) Microarray Analysis of Mouse Lines Selected for Chronic Ethanol Withdrawal Severity: The Convergence of Basal, Ethanol Regulated, and Proximity to Ethanol Quantitative Trait Loci to Identify Candidate Genes, by Joel G. Hashimoto and Kristine M. Wiren. [source] Production of Melanocyte-Specific Antibodies to Human Melanosomal Proteins: Expression Patterns in Normal Human Skin and in Cutaneous Pigmented LesionsPIGMENT CELL & MELANOMA RESEARCH, Issue 4 2001Victoria Virador Multiple factors affect skin pigmentation, including those that regulate melanocyte and/or keratinocyte function. Such factors, particularly those that operate at the level of the melanosome, are relatively well characterized in mice, but the expression and function of structural and enzymatic proteins in melanocytes in human skin are not as well known. Some years ago, we generated peptide-specific antibodies to murine melanosomal proteins that proved to be instrumental in elucidating melanocyte development and differentiation in mice, but cross-reactivity of those antibodies with the corresponding human proteins often was weak or absent. In an effort to characterize the roles of melanosomal proteins in human skin pigmentation, and to understand the underlying mechanism(s) of abnormal skin pigmentation, we have now generated polyclonal antibodies against the human melanocyte-specific markers, tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TYRP1), Dopachrome tautomerase (DCT) and Pmel17 (SILV, also known as GP100). We used these antibodies to determine the distribution and function of melanosomal proteins in normal human skin (adult and newborn) and in various cutaneous pigmented lesions, such as intradermal nevi, lentigo simplex, solar lentigines and malignant melanomas. We also examined cytokeratin expression in these same samples to assess keratinocyte distribution and function. Immunohistochemical staining reveals distinct patterns of melanocyte distribution and function in normal skin and in various types of cutaneous pigmented lesions. Those differences in the expression patterns of melanocyte markers provide important clues to the roles of melanocytes in normal and in disrupted skin pigmentation. [source] Unique Early Gene Expression Patterns in Human Adult-to-Adult Living Donor Liver Grafts Compared to Deceased Donor GraftsAMERICAN JOURNAL OF TRANSPLANTATION, Issue 4 2009J. De Jonge Because of inherent differences between deceased donor (DD) and living donor (LD) liver grafts, we hypothesize that the molecular signatures will be unique, correlating with specific biologic pathways and clinical patterns. Microarray profiles of 63 biopsies in 13 DD and 8 LD liver grafts done at serial time points (procurement, backbench and postreperfusion) were compared between groups using class comparisons, network and biological function analyses. Specific genes were validated by quantitative PCR and immunopathology. Clinical findings were also compared. Following reperfusion, 579 genes in DD grafts and 1324 genes in LDs were differentially expressed (p < 0.005). Many upregulated LD genes were related to regeneration, biosynthesis and cell cycle, and a large number of downregulated genes were linked to hepatic metabolism and energy pathways correlating with posttransplant clinical laboratory findings. There was significant upregulation of inflammatory/immune genes in both DD and LD, each with a distinct pattern. Gene expression patterns of select genes associated with inflammation and regeneration in LD and DD grafts correlated with protein expression. Unique patterns of early gene expression are seen in LD and DD liver grafts, correlating with protein expression and clinical results, demonstrating distinct inflammatory profiles and significant downregulation of metabolic pathways in LD grafts. [source] Expression pattern of Popdc2 during mouse embryogenesis and in the adultDEVELOPMENTAL DYNAMICS, Issue 3 2008Alexander Froese Abstract The Popdc2 gene is a member of the Popeye domain containing gene family encoding membrane proteins with prominent expression in striated and smooth muscle tissue. After introducing a LacZ reporter gene into the Popdc2 locus, expression was studied during embryonic development and postnatal life. At embryonic day (E) 7.5, expression was present in cardiac and extraembryonic mesoderm. At E10.5, expression was found in heart, somites, and mesothelial cells lining the coelom. At E12.5, expression was present in the coelomic mesothelium, pericardial and myocardial layer of the heart, skeletal muscle, bladder, gut, and umbilical vessels. Postnatal expression was found in cardiac and skeletal muscle and in the smooth muscle layer of colon, rectum, and bladder. In the stomach, Popdc2 was exclusively present in the pyloric epithelium. In conclusion, Popdc2 is expressed in various muscle and nonmuscle cell types during embryonic development and in postnatal life. Developmental Dynamics 237:780,787, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Expression pattern of somatostatin receptor subtypes 1,5 in human skin: an immunohistochemical study of healthy subjects and patients with psoriasis or atopic dermatitisEXPERIMENTAL DERMATOLOGY, Issue 12 2006Lena Hagströmer Abstract:, In psoriasis and atopic dermatitis, the inflammatory events have neurogenic components and the neuropeptides modify the functions of immuno-active cells in the skin. Somatostatin is a neuropeptide with several neuroendocrine and immunomodulating properties and mediates its actions by five distinct subtypes of G-protein-coupled receptors (SSTR1-5). This study describes the distribution of SSTR1,5, analysed with immunohistochemistry, in psoriasis, atopic dermatitis and controls. Normal human skin and lesional skin from patients with psoriasis or atopic dermatitis showed many similarities, but also some differences, as regards SSTR expression. SSTR1,3 were strongly expressed in the epidermis of healthy skin, and in the skin of patients with psoriasis or atopic dermatitis. It is noteworthy that SSTR4 and 5 were strongly expressed in the epidermis of psoriasis patients, but weakly expressed in the epidermis of those with atopic dermatitis and normal skin. The intensity of the staining also varied considerably between the different layers of the epidermis, especially in psoriasis patients. In all cases, the dendritic cells, found mostly in the papillary and upper reticular dermis, showed a strong expression of SSTR1,4, but a weak expression of SSTR5. SSTR1,5 were strongly expressed in the sweat glands in all skin biopsies. Hair follicles and sebaceous glands expressed all five subtypes. Striated muscle fibres showed an intense positive expression of SSTR1,4, but a weak or negative expression of SSTR5. The wide distribution and expression pattern of all five SSTRs in human skin suggest that somatostatin is involved in the interactions between the nervous system and the skin. [source] Identification of Novel Target Genes of the Bone-Specific Transcription Factor Runx2,JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH, Issue 6 2004Michael Stock Abstract Fifteen putative transcriptional target genes regulated by the osteogenic transcription factor Runx2 were identified by cDNA microarray and differential hybridization techniques. Expression pattern and regulation of one gene, Pttg1ip, was analyzed in detail. Introduction: The transcription factor Runx2 is a key regulator of osteoblast development and plays a role in chondrocyte maturation. The identification of transcriptional target genes of Runx2 may yield insight into how osteoblastic differentiation is achieved on a molecular level. Materials and Methods: Using a differential hybridization technique (selective amplification through biotin and restriction-mediated enrichment [SABRE]) and cDNA microarray analysis, 15 differentially expressed genes were identified using mRNA from C3H 10T1/2 cells with constitutive and inducible overexpression of Runx2. Results and Conclusions: Among the 15 genes identified, 4 encode the extracellular matrix proteins Ecm1, Mgp, Fbn5, and Osf-2, three represent the transcription factors Esx1, Osr1, and Sox9, whereas others were Ptn, Npdc-1, Hig1, and Tem1. The gene for Pttg1ip was upregulated in Runx2-expressing cells. Pttg1ip is widely expressed during development, but at highest levels in limbs and gonads. The Pttg1ip promoter binds Runx2 in a sequence specific manner, and Runx2 is able to transactivate the Pttg1ip promoter in MC3T3-E1 cells. Therefore, Pttg1ip is likely to be a novel direct transcriptional target gene of Runx2. In conclusion, the genes identified in this study are important candidates for mediating Runx2 induced cellular differentiation. [source] Expression pattern of adhesion molecules in junctional epithelium differs from that in other gingival epitheliaJOURNAL OF PERIODONTAL RESEARCH, Issue 4 2006S. Hatakeyama Background and Objective:, The gingival epithelium is the physiologically important interface between the bacterially colonized gingival sulcus and periodontal soft and mineralized connective tissues, requiring protection from exposure to bacteria and their products. However, of the three epithelia comprising the gingival epithelium, the junctional epithelium has much wider intercellular spaces than the sulcular epithelium and oral gingival epithelium. Hence, the aim of the present study was to characterize the cell adhesion structure in the junctional epithelium compared with the other two epithelia. Material and Methods:, Gingival epithelia excised at therapeutic flap surgery from patients with periodontitis were examined for expression of adhesion molecules by immunofluorescence. Results:, In the oral gingival epithelium and sulcular epithelium, but not in the junctional epithelium, desmoglein 1 and 2 in cell,cell contact sites were more abundant in the upper than the suprabasal layers. E-cadherin, the main transmembranous molecule of adherens junctions, was present in spinous layers of the oral gingival epithelium and sulcular epithelium, but was scarce in the junctional epithelium. In contrast, desmoglein 3 and P-cadherin were present in all layers of the junctional epithelium as well as the oral gingival epithelium and sulcular epithelium. Connexin 43 was clearly localized to spinous layers of the oral gingival epithelium, sulcular epithelium and parts of the junctional epithelium. Claudin-1 and occludin were expressed in the cell membranes of a few superficial layers of the oral gingival epithelium. Conclusion:, These findings indicated that the junctional epithelium contains only a few desmosomes, composed of only desmoglein 3; adherens junctions are probably absent because of defective E-cadherin. Thus, the anchoring junctions connecting junctional epithelium cells are lax, causing widened intercellular spaces. In contrast, the oral gingival epithelium, which has a few tight junctions, functions as a barrier. [source] Expression pattern of acetylated ,-tubulin in porcine spermatogoniaMOLECULAR REPRODUCTION & DEVELOPMENT, Issue 4 2010Jinping Luo Mammalian spermatogonial stem cells reside on the basement membrane of the seminiferous tubules. The mechanisms responsible for maintenance of spermatogonia at the basement membrane are unclear. Since acetylated ,-tubulin (Ac-,-Tu) is a component of long-lived, stable microtubules and deacetylation of ,-tubulin enhances cell motility, we hypothesized that acetylation of ,-tubulin might be associated with positioning of spermatogonia at the basement membrane. The expression pattern of Ac-,-Tu at different stages of testis development was characterized by immunohistochemistry for Ac-,-Tu and spermatogonia-specific proteins (PGP 9.5, DAZL). In immature pig testes, Ac-,-Tu was present exclusively in gonocytes at 1 week of age, and in a subset of spermatogonia at 10 weeks of age. At this age, spermatogonia are migrating toward the tubule periphery and Ac-,-Tu appeared polarized toward the basement membrane. In adult pig testes, Ac-,-Tu was detected in few single or paired spermatogonia at the basement membrane as well as in spermatids and spermatozoa. Only undifferentiated (DAZL,), proliferating (determined by BrdU incorporation) spermatogonia expressed high levels of Ac-,-Tu. Comparison with the expression pattern of ,-tubulin and tyrosinated ,-tubulin confirmed that only Ac-,-Tu is specific to germ cells. The unique pattern of Ac-,-Tu in undifferentiated germ cells during postnatal development suggests that posttranslational modifications of microtubules may play an important role in recruiting and anchoring spermatogonia at the basement membrane. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 77: 348,352, 2010. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Expression pattern of the maternal factor zygote arrest 1 (Zar1) in bovine tissues, oocytes, and embryosMOLECULAR REPRODUCTION & DEVELOPMENT, Issue 4 2004Tiziana A.L. Brevini Abstract Zygote arrest 1 (Zar1) is an ovary-specific maternal factor that plays an essential role during the oocyte-to-embryo transition in mouse. In this species, Zar1 expression is strictly limited to the oocyte, the zygote and, at a lower level, the 2-cell embryo. Aim of the present study was to analyze the presence and the expression pattern of the Zar1 ortholog in bovine tissues and embryos. Reverse transcription (RT)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis was performed in a panel of bovine tissues, in oocytes and pre-implantation in vitro produced embryos. The results demonstrated that a Zar1 ortholog is present in cattle. In the adult, the gene is expressed in ovary, testis, muscle, and myocardium. The gene is also expressed in the oocyte, the zygote, and in all the stages of embryonic development until blastocyst formation. A semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed that Zar1 levels are constant through in vitro development with the exception of the 4-cell stage, when a significant increase is observed. The exposure of fertilized oocytes to the RNA polymerase II inhibitor alpha-amanitin was able to suppress this Zar1 increase indicating that transcription of this gene occurs at the 4-cell stage. Zar1 is conserved in cattle but has an expression pattern different from the mouse. In particular, Zar1 expression in the adult is not limited to the ovary and in the embryo is expressed well beyond the oocyte to embryo transition. Moreover, the identification of Zar1 transcription at the 4-cell stage represents the first characterization of one of the genes expressed in cattle embryos before the major onset of embryonic transcription. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 69: 375,380, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Expression pattern of keratin subclasses in pancreatoblastoma with special emphasis on squamoid corpusclesPATHOLOGY INTERNATIONAL, Issue 6 2005Shigeo Nishimata Expression patterns of keratins (K), both simple epithelia-type (K7, K8, K18, K19) and complex/stratified epithelia-type (K1, K4, K5/6, K10, K13, K14, K15, K16, K17), and epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) were immunohistochemically studied in six pancreatoblastomas (PBL). In all six tumors, areas with overt acinar differentiation (AA), solid areas without any specific differentiation (SO), and squamoid corpuscles (SC) were diffusely positive for K8, K18, and K19. The AA and SO in all the tumors were diffusely positive for K7, but the SC were negative or displayed only scattered reactivity for K7. In three tumors, the AA and the SC showed scattered reactivity for K5/6. No reactivity for other complex/stratified epithelia-type K was found in any of the examined tumor. All tumors were reactive for EMA with consistent predominancy in the SC. Ultrastructurally, well-developed desmosome-tonofilament complexes were only partially observed in tumor cells comprising the SC. These results implied that (i) the SC usually lack a character of complete squamous metaplasia; and (ii) the SC have a characteristic phenotype (K8/K18/K19/EMA-positive, K7-negative or scatteredly positive) that can potentially be useful to delineate the SC in PBL. [source] Expression pattern of calcitonin gene-related peptide in the superior colliculus during postnatal development: Demonstration of its intrinsic nature and possible rolesTHE JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE NEUROLOGY, Issue 5 2006Inmaculada Gerrikagoitia Abstract Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a widespread neuropeptide with multiple central and peripheral targets. In an analysis on the expression of this peptide throughout the rat brain during postnatal development, we observed a discrepancy between results obtained by immunohistochemistry and by in situ hybridization. In the superior colliculus (SC), only the immunohistochemical signal could be detected (Terrado et al. [1997] Neuroscience 80:951,970). Here we focus our attention on this structure because the temporal pattern of CGRP immunoreactivity observed in the SC suggested the participation of this peptide in the postnatal maturation of the SC. In the present study, we describe in detail the postnatal development of collicular CGRP-immunoreactive structures and their spatiotemporal relationship with cholinergic modules and definitively demonstrate the local expression of CGRP in the SC. CGRP-immunopositive axons and neurons were distributed within the most ventral part of superficial strata and in the intermediate strata of the SC, showing a peak in staining intensity and density at the end of the first postnatal week. At P14, CGRPergic terminal fibers are arranged in small, clearly defined patches in a complementary manner with respect to the cholinergic modules, which start forming at this stage. By using Western blot and RT-PCR analyses, and by means of injections of antisense oligonucleotides, both the presence of CGRP peptide in the SC and the local expression of ,-CGRP transcripts in collicular neurons were demonstrated. A possible role of CGRP is discussed in the context of postnatal modular compartmentalization of collicular afferents. J. Comp. Neurol. 494:721,737, 2006. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Expression pattern of neuronal and skeletal muscle voltage-gated Na+ channels in the developing mouse heartTHE JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY, Issue 3 2005Volker Haufe In the mammalian heart, a variety of voltage-gated Na+ channel transcripts and proteins have been detected. However, little quantitative information is available on the abundance of each transcript during development, or the contribution of TTX-sensitive Na+ channels to the cardiac sodium current (INa). Using competitive and real-time RT-PCR we investigated the transcription of six Na+ channels (Nav1.1,Nav1.6) and the ,1 subunit during mouse heart development. Nav1.5 was predominantly expressed in the adult heart, whereas the splice variant Nav1.5a was the major Na+ channel isoform in embryonic hearts. The TTX-resistant Na+ channel transcripts (Nav1.5 and Nav1.5a) increased 1.7-fold during postnatal development. Transcripts encoding TTX-sensitive Na+ channels (Nav1.1,Nav1.4) and the ,1 subunit gradually increased up to fourfold from postnatal day (P)1 to P126, while the Nav1.6 transcript level remained low and constant over the same period. In adults, TTX-sensitive channel mRNA accounted for 30,40% of the channel pool in whole-heart preparations (Nav1.3 > Nav1.4 > Nav1.2 , Nav1.1 , Nav1.6), and 16% in mRNA from isolated cardiomyocytes (Nav1.4 > Nav1.3 > Nav1.2 > Nav1.1 > Nav1.6). Confocal immunofluorescence on ventricular myocytes suggested that Nav1.1 and Nav1.2 were localized at the intercalated disks and in the t tubules. Nav1.3 labelling predominantly produced a diffuse but strong intracellular signal. Nav1.6 fluorescence was detected only along the Z lines. Electrophysiological recordings showed that TTX-sensitive and TTX-resistant Na+ channels, respectively, accounted for 8% and 92% of the INa in adult ventricular cardiomyocytes. Our data suggest that neuronal and skeletal muscle Na+ channels contribute to the action potential of cardiomyocytes in the adult mammalian heart. [source] BTB and TAZ domain scaffold proteins perform a crucial function in Arabidopsis developmentTHE PLANT JOURNAL, Issue 1 2009Hélène S. Robert Summary In Arabidopsis, bric-a-brac, tramtrack and broad (BTB) domain scaffold proteins form a family of 80 proteins that have involvement in various signaling pathways. The five members of the subfamily of BTB AND TAZ DOMAIN proteins (BT1,BT5) have a typical domain structure that is only observed in land plants. Here, we present a functional analysis of the BT family, of which at least four members are encoded by auxin-responsive genes. BT1 is a short-lived protein that is characteristically targeted for degradation by the 26S proteasome. Expression pattern, gene structure and sequence analyses indicate that BT1 and BT2 are closely related. They both localize to the nucleus and the cytosol, whereas the remaining BT proteins were determined as cytosolic proteins. Detailed molecular and phenotypic analysis of plants segregating for null mutations in the BT family revealed substantial redundancy among the BT members, and highlighted that BT proteins perform crucial roles in both male and female gametophyte development. BT2 seems to be the predominant gene in this process, in which it is functionally replaced by BT3 and BT1 through reciprocal transcription regulation. Compensational expression alters the steady-state mRNA levels among the remaining BT family members when other BT members are lost, and this contributes towards functional redundancy. Our data provide a surprising example of functional redundancy among genes required during gametophyte development, something that could not be detected in the current screens for gametophyte mutants. [source] Epithelial marker expression in Salzmann nodular degeneration shows characteristics of limbal transient amplifying cells and alludes to an involvement of the epithelium in its pathogenesisACTA OPHTHALMOLOGICA, Issue 5 2010Philipp Eberwein Abstract. Purpose:, To look at the epithelial nature of Salzmann nodular degeneration (SND) and its possible relation with the aetiology of the subepithelial collagen deposition. Methods:, Histological slides of 28 patients with SND were analysed for limbal and central corneal epithelial markers. Expression pattern of these markers in the basal layer of the epithelium was analysed and compared to the expression pattern in central corneal and limbal epithelium. Statistical analysis was performed by means of analysis of variance. Results:, Expression of the epithelial stem cell marker ABCG2 and p63 was low in SND. Expression of CK12, a marker for terminally differentiated epithelium, was low, as well. But, CK19 and Enolase-alpha expressions were significantly increased and resembled the expression pattern of transient amplifying cells (TAC) of the limbus. Conclusion:, The epithelium in SND shows similar characteristics as TAC of the limbus and seems to be metabolically more active than the differentiated central corneal epithelium. This could be related to the deposition of subepithelial collagen fibrils seen in SND and points out a possible involvement of the corneal epithelium in the aetiology of Salzmann nodular degeneration. [source] Expression patterns of hormones, signaling molecules, and transcription factors during adenohypophysis development in the chick embryoDEVELOPMENTAL DYNAMICS, Issue 4 2010Nicole Parkinson Abstract The chick embryo is an ideal model to study pituitary cell-type differentiation. Previous studies describing the temporal appearance of differentiated pituitary cell types in the chick embryo are contradictory. To resolve these controversies, we used RT-PCR to define the temporal onset and in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry to define the spatial localization of hormone expression within the pituitary. RT-PCR detected low levels of Fsh, (gonadotropes) and Pomc (corticotropes, melanotropes) mRNA at E4 and Gh (somatotropes), Prl (lactotropes), and Tsh, (thyrotropes) mRNA at E8. For all hormones, sufficient accumulation of mRNA and/or protein to permit detection by in situ hybridization or immunohistochemistry was observed ,3 days later and in all cases corresponded to a notable increase in RT-PCR product. We also describe the expression patterns of signaling (Bmp2, Bmp4, Fgf8, Fgf10, Shh) and transcription factors (Pitx1, Pitx2, cLim3) known to be important for pituitary organogenesis in other model organisms. Developmental Dynamics 239:1197,1210, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Expression patterns of the opsin 5,related genes in the developing chicken retinaDEVELOPMENTAL DYNAMICS, Issue 7 2008Sayuri Tomonari Abstract The opsin gene family encodes G protein,coupled seven-transmembrane proteins that bind to a retinaldehyde chromophore for photoreception. It has been reported that opsin 5 is expressed in mammalian neural tissue, but its function has been elusive. As a first step to understand the function for opsin 5 in the developing eye, we searched for chicken opsin 5 -related genes in the genome by a bioinformatic approach and isolated opsin 5 cDNA fragments from the embryonic retina by RT-PCR. We found that there are three opsin 5,related genes, designated cOpn5m (chicken opsin 5, mammalian type), cOpn5L1 (chicken opsin 5 - like 1), and cOpn5L2 (chicken opsin 5 - like 2), in the chicken genome. Quantitative PCR analysis has revealed that cOpn5m is the most abundant in the developing and early posthatching neural retina. In situ hybridization analysis has shown that cOpn5m is specifically expressed in subsets of differentiating ganglion cells and amacrine cells. These results suggest that the mammalian type opsin 5 may contribute to the development of these retinal cells in the chicken. Developmental Dynamics 237:1910,1922, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Expression patterns and cell cycle profiles of PCNA, MCM6, cyclin D1, cyclin A2, cyclin B1, and phosphorylated histone H3 in the developing mouse retinaDEVELOPMENTAL DYNAMICS, Issue 3 2008Kirston M. Barton Abstract A challenge in studying organogenesis is the ability to identify progenitor cell populations. To address this problem, we characterized the expression patterns of cell cycle proteins during mouse retinal development and used flow cytometry to determine the expression profiles in the cell cycle. We found that MCM6 and PCNA are expressed in essentially all retinal progenitor cells throughout the proliferative period and these proteins are readily detectable in all cell cycle phases. Furthermore, their expression levels are downregulated as cells exit the cell cycle and differentiate. We also analyzed the expression of Cyclins D1, A2, and B1, and phosphorylated Histone H3 and found unexpected expression patterns and cell cycle profiles. The combined utilization of the markers tested and the use of flow cytometry should further facilitate the study of stem and progenitor cell behavior during development and in adult tissues. Developmental Dynamics 237:672,682, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Expression patterns of focal adhesion associated proteins in the developing retinaDEVELOPMENTAL DYNAMICS, Issue 4 2002Ming Li Abstract Adhesive interactions between integrin receptors and the extracellular matrix (ECM) are intimately involved in regulating development of a variety of tissues within the organism. In the present study, we have investigated the relationships between ,1 integrin receptors and focal adhesion associated proteins during eye development. We used specific antibodies to examine the distribution of ,1 integrin ECM receptors and the cytoplasmic focal adhesion associated proteins, talin, vinculin, and paxillin in the developing Xenopus retina. Immunoblot analysis confirmed antibody specificity and indicated that ,1 integrins, talin, vinculin, and paxillin were expressed in developing retina and in the retinal-derived Xenopus XR1 glial cell line. Triple-labeling immunocytochemistry revealed that talin, vinculin, paxillin, and phosphotyrosine proteins colocalized with ,1 integrins at focal adhesions located at the termini of F-actin filaments in XR1 cells. In the retina, these focal adhesion proteins exhibited developmentally regulated expression patterns during eye morphogenesis. In the embryonic retina, immunoreactivities for focal adhesion proteins were expressed in neuroepithelial cells, and immunoreactivity was especially strong at the interface between the optic vesicle and overlying ectoderm. At later stages, these proteins were expressed throughout all retinal layers with higher levels of expression observed in the plexiform layers, optic fiber layer, and in the region of the inner and outer limiting membrane. Strong immunoreactivities for ,1 integrin, paxillin, and phosphotyrosine were expressed in the radially oriented Müller glial cells at later stages of development. These results suggest that focal adhesion-associated proteins are involved in integrin-mediated adhesion and signaling and are likely to be essential in regulating retinal morphogenesis. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Diverse developmental mechanisms contribute to different levels of diversity in horned beetlesEVOLUTION AND DEVELOPMENT, Issue 3 2005Armin P. Moczek Summary An ongoing challenge to evolutionary developmental biology is to understand how developmental evolution on the level of populations and closely related species relates to macroevolutionary transformations and the origin of morphological novelties. Here we explore the developmental basis of beetle horns, a morphological novelty that exhibits remarkable diversity on a variety of levels. In this study, we examined two congeneric Onthophagus species in which males develop into alternative horned and hornless morphs and different sexes express marked sexual dimorphism. In addition, both species differ in the body region (head vs. thorax) that develops the horn. Using a comparative morphological approach we show that prepupal growth of horn primordia during late larval development, as well as reabsorption of horn primordia during the pupal stage, contribute to horn expression in adults. We also show that variable combinations of both mechanisms are employed during development to modify horn expression of different horns in the same individual, the same horn in different sexes, and different horns in different species. We then examine expression patterns of two transcription factors, Distal-less (Dll) and aristaless (al), in the context of prepupal horn growth in alternative male morphs and sexual dimorphisms in the same two species. Expression patterns are qualitatively consistent with the hypothesis that both transcription factors function in the context of horn development similar to their known roles in patterning a wide variety of arthropod appendages. Our results suggest that the origin of morphological novelties, such as beetle horns, rests, at least in part, on the redeployment of already existing developmental mechanisms, such as appendage patterning processes. Our results also suggest, however, that little to no phylogenetic distance is needed for the evolution of very different modifier mechanisms that allow for substantial modulation of trait expression at different time points during development in different species, sexes, or tissue regions of the same individual. We discuss the implications of our results for our understanding of the evolution of horned beetle diversity and the origin and diversification of morphological novelties. [source] Expression patterns of epiplakin1 in pancreas, pancreatic cancer and regenerating pancreasGENES TO CELLS, Issue 7 2008Tetsu Yoshida Epiplakin1 (Eppk1) is a plakin family gene with its function remains largely unknown, although the plakin genes are known to function in interconnecting cytoskeletal filaments and anchoring them at plasma membrane-associated adhesive junction. Here we analyzed the expression patterns of Eppk1 in the developing and adult pancreas in the mice. In the embryonic pancreas, Eppk1+/Pdx1+ and Eppk1+/Sox9+ pancreatic progenitor cells were observed in early pancreatic epithelium. Since Pdx1 expression overlapped with that of Sox9 at this stage, these multipotent progenitor cells are Eppk1+/Pdx1+/Sox9+ cells. Then Eppk1 expression becomes confined to Ngn3+ or Sox9+ endocrine progenitor cells, and p48+ exocrine progenitor cells, and then restricted to the duct cells and a cells at birth. In the adult pancreas, Eppk1 is expressed in centroacinar cells (CACs) and in duct cells. Eppk1 is observed in pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN), previously identified as pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) precursor lesions. In addition, the expansion of Eppk1-positive cells occurs in a caerulein-induced acute pancreatitis, an acinar cell regeneration model. Furthermore, in the partial pancreatectomy (Px) regeneration model using mice, Eppk1 is expressed in "ducts in foci", a tubular structure transiently induced. These results suggest that Eppk1 serves as a useful marker for detecting pancreatic progenitor cells in developing and regenerating pancreas. [source] microRNAs in acute myeloid leukemia: Expression patterns, correlations with genetic and clinical parameters, and prognostic significanceGENES, CHROMOSOMES AND CANCER, Issue 3 2010Rotraud Wieser Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a malignant disease of hematopoietic cells whose emergence, course, and prognosis is affected by specific recurrent genetic alterations like chromosome aberrations and point mutations, as well as by changes in the expression of certain genes. In the past 2 years, microRNAs (miRNAs),a novel class of small RNA molecules involved in posttranscriptional gene regulation,have also been shown to be aberrantly expressed in AML. Furthermore, specific miRNA expression patterns were found to be associated with certain genetic and cytogenetic alterations in this disease, and two studies identified miRNAs whose expression levels were predictive of survival. Interestingly, the results of these analyses showed only very limited congruence. This review summarizes published reports on the expression patterns of miRNAs in AML, and discusses possible reasons for the differences in their results. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Isolation of transcripts from Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte responsive to the Bacillus thuringiensis toxin Cry3Bb1INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, Issue 3 2010A. Sayed Abstract Crystal (Cry) proteins derived from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) have been widely used as a method of insect pest management for several decades. In recent years, a transgenic corn expressing the Cry3Bb1 toxin has been successfully used for protection against corn rootworm larvae (genus Diabrotica). The biological action of the Bt toxin in corn rootworms has not yet been clearly defined. Because development of resistance to Bt by corn rootworms will have huge economic and ecological costs, insight into larval response to Bt toxin is highly desirable. We identified 19 unique transcripts that are differentially expressed in D. virgifera virgifera larvae reared on corn transgenic for Cry3Bb1. Putative identities of these genes were consistent with impacts on metabolism and development. Analysis of highly modulated transcripts resulted in the characterization of genes coding for a member of a cysteine-rich secretory protein family and a glutamine-rich membrane protein. A third gene that was isolated encodes a nondescript 132 amino acid protein while a fourth highly modulated transcript could not be further characterized. Expression patterns of these four genes were strikingly different between susceptible and resistant western corn rootworm populations. These genes may provide useful targets for monitoring of Bt exposure patterns and resistance development in pest and non-target insect populations. [source] Synovial chondromatosis: the possible role of FGF 9 and FGF receptor 3 in its pathologyINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY, Issue 3 2000Dror Robinson Primary synovial chondromatosis (PSC) is a rare disorder of the synovium typified by cartilaginous nodule formation within the synovial membrane. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) is a recently described specific marker of mesenchymal precartilaginous stem cells. Expression patterns of FGFR3 and its specific ligand, fibroblast growth factor 9 (FGF 9), were evaluated both in situ and in cell cultures. Histologically, cells at the periphery of the cartilage nodules express FGFR3 and PCNA ( proliferating cell nuclear antigen). Elevated levels of FGF 9, its specific ligand, have been found in synovial fluids of patients with synovial chondromatosis. Synoviocytes but not chondrocytes from affected patients express FGF9 in culture. This pattern is absent in normal synovium and cartilage. Downregulation of FGF9 may provide a possible nonoperative therapy for PSC. [source] Expression patterns of MITF during human cutaneous embryogenesis: evidence for bulge epithelial expression and persistence of dermal melanoblastsJOURNAL OF CUTANEOUS PATHOLOGY, Issue 7 2008Briana C. Gleason Background:, The mechanisms whereby melanocytes populate the epidermis and developing hair follicles during embryogenesis are incompletely understood. Recent evidence implicates an intermediate mesenchymal stage in this evolutionary process in which HMB-45-positive melanocyte precursors (,melanoblasts') exist both in intradermal as well as intraepithelial and intrafollicular compartments. The melanocyte master transcriptional regulator, microphthalmia transcription factor (MITF), identifies mature melanocytes as well as melanocyte precursor stem cells that reside in the bulge region of the hair follicle. Methods:, To better define the use of MITF expression in the evaluation of melanocyte ontogeny, human embryonic and fetal skin samples (n = 28) at 6,24 weeks gestation were studied immunohistochemically for expression of MITF and Mart-1. Adjacent step sections were evaluated to correlate staining patterns with cell localization in the intraepidermal, intrafollicular and intradermal compartments. Results:, At 6,8 weeks, MITF and Mart-1-positive cells were primarily intradermal with only rare positive cells in the epidermis. By 12,13 weeks, most of these cells had migrated into the epidermis, predominantly the suprabasal layers. Between 15,17 weeks, these cells localized to the basal layer and colonized developing hair follicles. Rare intradermal MITF and Mart-1 positive cells were found as late as week 20. At 18,24 weeks, MITF and Mart-1 positive cells were identified in the outer root sheath, bulge, and follicular bulge epithelium, in addition to the epidermis. Unexpectedly, weak but diffuse nuclear MITF expression was also present in the keratinocytes of the bulge area. Conclusions:, The in situ migratory fate of MITF/Mart-1-expressing cells in fetal skin involves a well-defined progression from intradermal to intraepidermal to intrafollicular localization. Occasional intradermal melanocytes may persist after the intraepithelial stages are completed, a finding of potential significance to melanocytic proliferations that may arise de novo within the dermis. Because MITF may play a role in stem cell maintenance, the presence of MITF in bulge epithelial cells suggests that it may be a novel marker for follicular stem cells of both epithelial and melanocytic lineage. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||