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Exports
Kinds of Exports Selected AbstractsEFFECTS OF INCREASED DELTA EXPORTS ON SACRAMENTO VALLEY'S ECONOMY AND WATER MANAGEMENT,JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION, Issue 6 2003Stacy K. Tanaka ABSTRACT: Exports from the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta are an important source of water for Central Valley and Southern California users. The purpose of this paper is to estimate and analyze the effects increased exports to south of Delta users would have on the Sacramento Valley economy and water management if water were managed and reallocated for purely economic benefits, as if there were an ideal Sacramento Valley water market. Current Delta exports of 6,190 thousand acre-feet per year were increased incrementally to maximum export pumping plant capacities. Initial increases in Delta exports did not increase regional water scarcity, but decreased surplus Delta flows. Further export increases raised agricultural scarcity. Urban users suffer increased scarcity only for exports exceeding 10,393 taf/yr. Expanding exports raises the economic value of expanding key facilities (such as Engle bright Lake and South Folsom Canal) and the opportunity costs of environmental requirements. The study illustrates the physical and economic capacity of the Sacramento Valley to further increase exports of water to drier parts of the state, even within significant environmental flow restrictions. More generally, the results illustrate the physical capacity for greater economic benefits and flexibility in water management within environmental constraints, given institutional capability to reoperate or reallocate water resources, as implied by water markets. [source] FIRM EFFICIENCY AND THE DESTINATION OF EXPORTS: EVIDENCE FROM KENYAN PLANT-LEVEL DATATHE DEVELOPING ECONOMIES, Issue 3 2009Mats GRANÉR D24; F14; L60; O24; O33 Investigating the link between firm efficiency and exports in Kenyan manufacturing, the results show that exporters are more efficient than non-exporters, and that relatively efficient firms self-select into exporting. An important new finding is that only for export markets outside Africa must firms be efficient prior to entry. The probability of exporting to other African countries increases if production is intense in physical and human capital. For export activities outside Africa, firm size is more important. Contrary to many other studies, it is also found that export participation yields learning effects. When testing the hypothesis that the main source of learning effects is trade with developed countries (south,north), as opposed to trade with other developing countries (south,south), yet another new finding is that learning effects only obtain in south,south trade. Therefore, one can conclude that controlling for the destination of exports importantly improves the understanding of the relationship between firm efficiency and exports. [source] FOREIGN NETWORKS AND EXPORTS: RESULTS FROM INDONESIAN PANEL DATATHE DEVELOPING ECONOMIES, Issue 4 2008Fredrik SJÖHOLM F10; F23; L10 Most firms and plants in developing countries produce only for the domestic market and few are able to export. One plausible hypothesis is that foreign networks decrease export costs and that plants with large amounts of such networks will be relatively likely to start exporting. We focus on two types of foreign networks: foreign ownership and imports of intermediate products. Our results suggest that plants in Indonesian manufacturing with any foreign ownership are substantially more likely to start exporting than wholly domestically owned plants. The results remain robust to alternative model specifications and after controlling for other plant characteristics. There is no effect on exports of imports of intermediate products. [source] INDIA'S APPAREL EXPORTS: THE CHALLENGE OF GLOBAL MARKETSTHE DEVELOPING ECONOMIES, Issue 2 2000K. V. RAMASWAMY First page of article [source] Perceptions of the Economy in the Context of Non-traditional Agricultural Exports in the Central Highlands of GuatemalaCULTURE, AGRICULTURE, FOOD & ENVIRONMENT, Issue 1 2001Associate Professor Liliana R. Goldín First page of article [source] Trade Linkages in Shrimp Exports: Japan, Thailand and VietnamDEVELOPMENT POLICY REVIEW, Issue 3 2006Masahiro Kagawa Considerable attention has been devoted to the social and environmental consequences of shrimp farming in the tropics, but relatively little has been given to the relationships involved in international trade in processed shrimp. Based on extensive field research, this article addresses this gap in the literature by examining the nature of the linkages between Japan, a major importer, and two major exporting countries, Thailand and Vietnam, underlying which are informal agreements rather than formal contractual relationships. It examines the rationale and operation of such informal agreements in the context of a dynamic market characterised by an international division of labour between Thailand (with an advanced food products industry) and Vietnam (just emerging into the world market). [source] The Impact of Trade and Exchange-rate Policy Reforms on North African Manufactured ExportsDEVELOPMENT POLICY REVIEW, Issue 2 2002Khalid Sekkat Three indicators capture the impact of exchange-rate policy in fostering manufactured exports from North Africa: changes in the real effective exchange rate (REER), its volatility, and its misalignment. The impact of trade policy is examined using a trade liberalisation indicator. Export supply equations are estimated for three manufacturing industries: textiles, chemicals, and food. The results suggest that trade and exchange-rate policies matter for export performance, as is evidenced by the negative influence exerted independently by real exchange-rate misalignment and volatility and by the positive influence of trade liberalisation. [source] Transnationalism and American Exports in an English-Speaking World,INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION REVIEW, Issue 3 2002Ivan Light Investigating the relationship between immigration, middleman minority status, transnationalism, and U.S. foreign trade, the authors assembled a census-based data file that contains aggregate-level variables for 88 foreign-born groups by national origin between 1980 and 1990. They regressed immigrant characteristics and immigration volume upon time-lagged import/export statistics from the same 88 nations between 1985 and 1995. Results show the independent influence on exports of immigrant entrepreneurship, transnationalism, and middleman minority status. But these variables, exhaustively derived from the existing literature, had no effect on U.S. imports; they only affected exports. The authors propose that the discrepancy between imports and exports arises because of the dominance of English as a world business language. In this situation, foreigners need no help from immigrants when they export to the United States; but native-born, monolingual Americans need the help of bicultural immigrants when they export. The empirical results suggest that immigrant entrepreneurs enhance the United States' exports and thus reduce the United States' balance of payments deficit. [source] The Ties Made in the Harvest: Nicaraguan Farm-worker Networks in Costa Rica's Agricultural ExportsJOURNAL OF AGRARIAN CHANGE, Issue 4 2010SANG E. LEE Traditional and nontraditional export agriculture expansion dramatically changed the social and economic landscapes in the global south. An examination of one aspect of south,south international migration, Nicaraguan migrant economic integration into Costa Rica's export agriculture sector, reveals how production systems in the traditional and nontraditional agricultural sectors shape migrant social networks in distinct ways in the global south and its significance for both migrant workers and the agricultural sectors they work in. The rapid expansion of nontraditional export agriculture , the essence of agricultural development in Costa Rica , depends on the traditional crop production structure of coffee farms. The experiences of Nicaraguan migrant workers and their social ties to each other in nontraditional export agriculture and the coffee farms in Costa Rica demonstrate how different production structures call for distinct fragile and conflicted social networks ties between migrants. The economic integration of migrant workers relies on opportunistic and weak ties that are both gendered and contradictory. [source] FOOD SECURITY: Hunger Versus ExportsAFRICA RESEARCH BULLETIN: ECONOMIC, FINANCIAL AND TECHNICAL SERIES, Issue 12 2009Article first published online: 6 FEB 200 No abstract is available for this article. [source] Exports and economic growth: The case of South Africa,JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, Issue 5 2009Logan Rangasamy Abstract Economic policy has always accorded an important role to export production in the overall growth process in South Africa. Recent policy proposals once again reaffirm this commitment. This paper attempts to ascertain whether the emphasis on export production is justified. Using modern econometric techniques within a multivariate framework, the results show that there is uni-directional Granger-causality running from exports to economic growth in South Africa. In addition, the gross domestic product (GDP) accounting identity underestimates the contribution of exports to economic growth. Thus, deliberate policy measures that stimulate export production will greatly enhance the growth prospects for the South African economy. The results in this paper also indicate that more attention should be given to the promotion of non-primary exports. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] EFFECTS OF INCREASED DELTA EXPORTS ON SACRAMENTO VALLEY'S ECONOMY AND WATER MANAGEMENT,JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION, Issue 6 2003Stacy K. Tanaka ABSTRACT: Exports from the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta are an important source of water for Central Valley and Southern California users. The purpose of this paper is to estimate and analyze the effects increased exports to south of Delta users would have on the Sacramento Valley economy and water management if water were managed and reallocated for purely economic benefits, as if there were an ideal Sacramento Valley water market. Current Delta exports of 6,190 thousand acre-feet per year were increased incrementally to maximum export pumping plant capacities. Initial increases in Delta exports did not increase regional water scarcity, but decreased surplus Delta flows. Further export increases raised agricultural scarcity. Urban users suffer increased scarcity only for exports exceeding 10,393 taf/yr. Expanding exports raises the economic value of expanding key facilities (such as Engle bright Lake and South Folsom Canal) and the opportunity costs of environmental requirements. The study illustrates the physical and economic capacity of the Sacramento Valley to further increase exports of water to drier parts of the state, even within significant environmental flow restrictions. More generally, the results illustrate the physical capacity for greater economic benefits and flexibility in water management within environmental constraints, given institutional capability to reoperate or reallocate water resources, as implied by water markets. [source] Exports from Azerbaijan: is Europe being too optimistic?OIL AND ENERGY TRENDS, Issue 4 2008Article first published online: 11 APR 200 With oil production in decline in most countries outside OPEC, Azerbaijan is seen as one of the few non-OPEC countries capable of increasing its output over the next few years. The EU and the US are anxious to see its output rise as a means of offsetting some of their growing reliance on OPEC in general - and the Middle East in particular - for oil. The EU also sees Azerbaijan as a source of natural gas that might be used to reduce its reliance on Russia. [source] Energy consumption in the Islamic Republic of IranOPEC ENERGY REVIEW, Issue 3 2000A.M. Samsam Bakhtiari During the 20th century, energy consumption in the Islamic Republic of Iran was continually on the increase, from a per capita level of 200 kilogrammes of oil equivalent (koe) for traditional energies at the onset to more than 1,700 koe for commercial energies at the century's close. The main stimulants fuelling Iran's energy consumption were: (i) revenue from oil exports (wealth-creating); (ii) a growing population; (iii) the countrywide rural-urban shift; and (iv) relatively low domestic retail prices charged for energy vectors. For a country well endowed with hydrocarbon resources, it is not surprising that the internal consumption of refined products and natural gas grew to fill 99 per cent of its primary energy needs. During the 1990s, domestic consumption of natural gas exploded. Gas even came to rival refined products, securing up to 45 per cent of total primary energy. Future natural gas expansion will be based upon the country's ample reserves, and gas will undoubtedly become Iran's dominant source of internal energy in the 21st century,thereby liberating liquid fuels for export. Iran's dwindling crude oil production will also put pressure on the internal use of refined products, as consumption and exports come to vie for the same barrel. Exports being vital to the national economy, consumption will have to be reined in. [source] An I(2) Cointegration Analysis of Price and Quantity Formation in Danish Manufactured ExportsOXFORD BULLETIN OF ECONOMICS & STATISTICS, Issue 5 2002Heino Bohn Nielsen First page of article [source] World Trade in Used Automobiles: A Gravity Analysis of Japanese and US Exports,ASIAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL, Issue 2 2006Danilo Pelletiere F13; F14; C20 We estimate a gravity model of Japanese and US exports of used automobiles that incorporates an original, ordered measure of protection in global, used automobile markets. The model confirms that, overall, protection by our measure is suppress-ive and often statistically significant and that what we term ,Grubel income effects' are present. However, Japanese export behavior appears to differ in some important respects from that of the USA, with distance and protection levels being less significant and left-hand side driving patterns being a critical explanatory variable. [source] Promotion of Transparency Through Public Inquiry: Oil-for-Food, the Volcker and Cole Inquiries, and Australia's Wheat Exports to IraqBUSINESS AND SOCIETY REVIEW, Issue 2 2007HOWARD HARRIS First page of article [source] Political, Environmental and Business Aspects of Bulk Water Exports: A Canadian PerspectiveCANADIAN JOURNAL OF ADMINISTRATIVE SCIENCES, Issue 1 2006Farah El Ayoubi Abstract The issue of exporting water in bulk raises debate among political, economic, environmental, and nationalist groups, particularly in Canada. This research examines bulk water exports by investigating their feasibility as businesses. A hypothetical project was devised for the Annapolis Valley in western Nova Scotia, Canada. The Valley's demographics, climate, and economy were analyzed and its watersheds were studied to better choose a water extraction site. A potential target market was chosen,Brownsville, Texas. Then, a design for the project was proposed using very large crude carriers (VLCC) and the relevant costs were identified. Next, the costs were analyzed in a breakeven analysis. The calculations determined that such a venture is unprofitable by a factor of four times which explains the scarcity of such projects. Résumé La question de l'exportation de l'eau en gros soulève discussion dans les milieux politiques, économiques, écologiques et nationalistes. surtout au Canada. Cette étude en examine la faisabilité commerciale. Un projet hypothétique est conçu, avec pour site la Vallée d'Annapolis, située dans l'ouest de la Nouvelle-Écosse, au Canada. Les données démographiques, le climat et l'économie de la Vallée sont analysés et sa ligne de partage des eaux étudiée dans le but de mieux choisir le site d'extraction. La ville de Brownsville au Texas est le marché hypothétique retenu. Un plan contenant un devis estimatif est proposé. Pour exporter l'eau, on se servira de grands transporteurs de brut (VLCC). Les calculs indiquent qu'une telle entreprise est quatre fois peu rentable, d'oú la rareté de tels projets. [source] The Chinese Enigma: Impacts of WTO Accession Upon Canadian and U.S. Exports and ImportsCANADIAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS, Issue 4 2000Xiao-Yuan Dong China's accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) is an important milestone in the integration of this nation into the world economy. Substantial reduction in trade barriers by China, one of the world's largest and most rapidly growing economies, is expected to have a significant impact, both on China itself and on the global economy. In assessing likely impacts on trade between China and North America of China joining the WTO, a priori one might expect new opportunities for China in labor intensive activities/products, while for the United States and for Canada one might expect added export market opportunities, as China grows, in activities/products that require land, resources and capital. However, the extent to which China and its trading partners will benefit from China's increasing integration into the global economy will largely depend on the internal changes in policy and infrastructure that may be adopted by China. China has embarked on a process of economic reform, but the speed and extent to which this continues to be pursued will affect this nation's ability to capitalize on its comparative advantages and to meet new challenges that are associated with the opportunities of access to a larger market. The difficulty of forecasting such internal changes means that China continues to be a major source of uncertainty in projecting world markets and trade flows. This uncertainty is particularly evident for trade in agricultural products [source] Changing Engines of Growth in China: From Exports, FDI and Marketization to Innovation and ExportsCHINA AND WORLD ECONOMY, Issue 2 2008Furong Jin O30; O40; R11 Abstract This paper investigates the changing sources of growth in post-reform China. Using cross-province regressions, this paper finds that, in earlier periods, exports, foreign direct investment and marketization were significantly related to per capita income growth, whereas since the late 1990s, foreign direct investment and marketization have lost their significance and have been replaced by new sources of growth, such as innovation and knowledge, with only exports continuing to be important. This finding is robust after controlling for other variables representing other economic policies and provincial characteristics. We also tackle the possible endogeneity of innovation variables using the instrumental variables estimation method. [source] Discrepancies in Reported Levels of International Wildlife TradeCONSERVATION BIOLOGY, Issue 6 2005ARTHUR G. BLUNDELL aduanas; CITES; especies en peligro; programa de aranceles armonizados Abstract:,The international wildlife trade is a principal cause of biodiversity loss, involving hundreds of millions of plants and animals each year, yet wildlife trade records are notoriously unreliable. We assessed the precision of wildlife trade reports for the United States, the world's largest consumer of endangered wildlife, by comparing data from the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) with U.S. Customs data. For both U.S. imports and exports, CITES and Customs reported substantially different trade volumes for all taxa in all years. Discrepancies ranged from a CITES-reported volume 376% greater than that reported by Customs (live coral imports, 2000) to a Customs' report 5202% greater than CITES (conch exports, 2000). These widely divergent data suggest widespread inaccuracies that may distort the perceived risk of targeted wildlife exploitation, leading to misallocation of management resources and less effective conservation strategies. Conservation scientists and practitioners should reexamine assumptions regarding the significance of the international wildlife trade. Resumen:,El comercio internacional de vida silvestre es una causa principal de la pérdida de biodiversidad, ya que involucra a cientos de millones de plantas y animales cada año; no obstante eso, los registros del comercio son notoriamente poco confiables. Evaluamos la precisión de los registros de comercio de vida silvestre de Estados Unidos, el mayor consumidor de vida silvestre en peligro en el mundo, mediante la comparación de datos del Convenio Internacional para el Comercio de Especies de Flora y Fauna Silvestre en Peligro (CITES) con datos de la Aduana de E.U.A. Tanto para importaciones como exportaciones, CITES y Aduana reportaron volúmenes de comercio de todos los taxa sustancialmente diferentes en todos los años. Las discrepancias abarcaron desde un volumen reportado por CITES 376% más grande que el reportado por la Aduana (importaciones de coral vivo, 2000) hasta un reporte de la Aduana 5202% mayor que el de CITES (exportaciones de caracol, 2000). Estos datos ampliamente divergentes sugieren imprecisiones generalizadas que pueden distorsionar el riesgo percibido por la explotación de vida silvestre, lo que conducirá a la incorrecta asignación de recursos para la gestión y a estrategias de conservación menos efectivas. Los científicos y profesionales de la conservación deberían reexaminar sus suposiciones respecto al significado del comercio internacional de vida silvestre. [source] Labor productivity of small and large manufacturing firms: the case of TaiwanCONTEMPORARY ECONOMIC POLICY, Issue 3 2000M. Hsu This work studies the factors influencing the labor productivity of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and large firms using Taiwan as a case study. A special emphasis is placed on two possible international channels: exports and foreign direct investment (FDI). Different from conventional studies, we employ the two-stage switching regressions to correct the firm-size effect on labor productivity and estimate labor productivity for SMEs and large firms. The main findings are as follows. First, the estimates of the selectivity variable are statistically significant for both SMEs and large firms, supporting the hypothesis of correcting the effect of firm-size truncation. Second, while a larger trade intensity significantly increases the labor productivity of SMEs, it deteriorates significantly that of large firms. Third, FDI enhances the labor productivity of SMEs internally, whereas it has a negative spillover on that of other small and large firms in the industry. While the first outcome lends supports to the role of self-selection, the remaining stands in sharp contrast to conventional wisdom. [source] Public capital formation and labor productivity growth in ChileCONTEMPORARY ECONOMIC POLICY, Issue 2 2000MD. Ramirez Following the lead of the endogenous growth literature, this article analyzes the impact on labor productivity growth of public and private investment spending in Chile. Using cointegration analysis, the results of the dynamic labor productivity function for the 1960,95 period show that (lagged) public and private investment spending, as well as the rate of growth in exports, has a positive and highly significant effect on the rate of labor productivity growth. The estimates also indicate that increases in government consumption spending have a negative effect on the rate of labor productivity growth, thus suggesting that the composition of government spending may also play an important role in determining the rate of labor productivity growth. The findings call into question the politically expedient policy in many Latin American countries of disproportionately reducing public capital expenditures to meet targeted reductions in the fiscal deficit as a proportion of GDP. [source] The end of the MFA and apparel exports: has good CSR allowed Cambodia to hold steady against China in a quota free environment?CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, Issue 1 2006Stephen Frost Abstract In the lead up the end of the Multi-Fiber Arrangement (MFA), commentators routinely argued that Chinese apparel exports would surge in a quota-free environment. It was also expected that Southeast Asian apparel exporting nations would suffer declines, leading to job and economic losses. Of particular concern was Cambodia, a country that relies almost exclusively on apparel exports for foreign earnings. By mid-2005, as trade data started to filter in, the doomsday scenario for countries like Cambodia seemed less clear cut. Although China's apparel exports had indeed soured, a surprising outcome was that exports to the US from Cambodia (and several other neighbours such as Indonesia and Vietnam) had also increased. This article focuses specifically on Cambodia (which of all the Southeast Asian countries surveyed has shown the greatest growth in apparel exports) and examines some of the CSR initiatives that help explain why gloomy prognostications have not yet become true. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment. [source] Hierarchical Integration: The Dollar Economy and the Rupee EconomyDEVELOPMENT AND CHANGE, Issue 2 2008Anirudh Krishna ABSTRACT While contemporary globalization makes the world more interconnected, it also reworks and builds on existing cleavages and uneven development. This is an under-researched dimension of the emerging twenty-first century international division of labour. The core question is whether new developments (associated with exports, offshoring and outsourcing) spin off to the majority in the countryside and the urban poor. This article examines the relationship between the dollar economy and the rupee economy in India. It documents the ways in which inequality is built into and sustains India's development. The authors discuss other instances of multi-speed economies and analytics that seek to come to grips with these relations, from combined and uneven development to global value chains. They present three ways of capturing contemporary inequality: asymmetric inclusion, enlargement-and-containment and hierarchical integration, each of which captures different dimensions of inequality. [source] Agro-Food Preferences in the EU's GSP Scheme: An Analysis of Changes Between 2004 and 2006DEVELOPMENT POLICY REVIEW, Issue 6 2008Federica DeMaria This article examines the extent to which the 2006 revisions to the EU's Generalised System of Preferences improved market-access opportunities for developing-country agro-food exports. It shows that they resulted in only a slight increase in the percentage preferential margin, but that there has been a significant increase in the value of preferential trade and of the preferential margin enjoyed by exporters. This was accompanied by changes in the ranking of beneficiaries. Countries such as China, Brazil, Argentina, India and South Africa maintained their significant shares of GSP agro-food exports, but other countries such as Thailand and Vietnam have now emerged as major GSP beneficiaries. [source] The Prospects for Foreign Debt Sustainability in Post-Completion-Point Countries: Implications of the HIPC-MDRI FrameworkDEVELOPMENT POLICY REVIEW, Issue 2 2008Jacinta Nwachukwu The Enhanced HIPC Initiative was launched in 1999 to reduce the Net Present Value (NPV) of foreign debt of the world's poorest countries to a sustainable threshold of 150% of their exports. This article applies a simple growth-with-debt model to 16 post-completion-point HIPCs to assess whether this goal will be met by 2015. Its somewhat optimistic base-case projections suggest that participation in the current Enhanced HIPC-MDRI initiative will only reduce the NPV of their total external debt to 176% of exports by this date. Sensitivity tests which expose these countries to adverse exogenous shocks help draw attention to policies that could ensure that they do not again accumulate unsustainable debt levels. [source] The Impact of Trade and Exchange-rate Policy Reforms on North African Manufactured ExportsDEVELOPMENT POLICY REVIEW, Issue 2 2002Khalid Sekkat Three indicators capture the impact of exchange-rate policy in fostering manufactured exports from North Africa: changes in the real effective exchange rate (REER), its volatility, and its misalignment. The impact of trade policy is examined using a trade liberalisation indicator. Export supply equations are estimated for three manufacturing industries: textiles, chemicals, and food. The results suggest that trade and exchange-rate policies matter for export performance, as is evidenced by the negative influence exerted independently by real exchange-rate misalignment and volatility and by the positive influence of trade liberalisation. [source] "Going to War in Buses": The Anglo-American Clash over Leyland Sales to Cuba, 1963,1964DIPLOMATIC HISTORY, Issue 5 2010Christopher Hull The sale of buses by the Leyland Motor Company to Cuba proved contentious, not only in the realm of Anglo-American relations, but also in the domestic sphere of a behind the scenes inter-departmental disagreement within the British government. This is because the bus exports pitted political against economic interests at the height of the Cold War and in the midst of a British export drive. As Her Majesty's Government readily recognized, Washington was particularly sensitive over any issue related to Cuba, which by 1963 was firmly in the communist orbit of the Soviet bloc and which the United States was determined to isolate economically through the application of a trade blockade. The decision to approve the sales came at the end of the Macmillan and Kennedy administrations, and clouded the short-lived partnership of Prime Minister Alec Douglas-Home and President Lyndon B. Johnson. The bus exports became an election issue in the campaigns of both leaders in 1964, assuming a political significance that belied the buses' seemingly innocuous function and outward appearance. [source] Precipitation control over inorganic nitrogen import,export budgets across watersheds: a synthesis of long-term ecological researchECOHYDROLOGY, Issue 2 2008E. S. Kane Abstract We investigated long-term and seasonal patterns of N imports and exports, as well as patterns following climate perturbations, across biomes using data from 15 watersheds from nine Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) sites in North America. Mean dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) import,export budgets (N import via precipitation,N export via stream flow) for common years across all watersheds was highly variable, ranging from a net loss of , 0·17 ± 0·09 kg N ha,1mo,1 to net retention of 0·68 ± 0·08 kg N ha,1mo,1. The net retention of DIN decreased (smaller import,export budget) with increasing precipitation, as well as with increasing variation in precipitation during the winter, spring, and fall. Averaged across all seasons, net DIN retention decreased as the coefficient of variation (CV) in precipitation increased across all sites (r2 = 0·48, p = 0·005). This trend was made stronger when the disturbed watersheds were withheld from the analysis (r2 = 0·80, p < 0·001, n = 11). Thus, DIN exports were either similar to or exceeded imports in the tropical, boreal, and wet coniferous watersheds, whereas imports exceeded exports in temperate deciduous watersheds. In general, forest harvesting, hurricanes, or floods corresponded with periods of increased DIN exports relative to imports. Periods when water throughput within a watershed was likely to be lower (i.e. low snow pack or El Niño years) corresponded with decreased DIN exports relative to imports. These data provide a basis for ranking diverse sites in terms of their ability to retain DIN in the context of changing precipitation regimes likely to occur in the future. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||