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Age Children (age + child)
Kinds of Age Children Selected AbstractsInfantile Henoch-Schönlein purpuraEMERGENCY MEDICINE AUSTRALASIA, Issue 3 2004Christina T Wong Abstract We present an infant with generalized palpable purpura, arthritis and fever, whose findings were atypical for classic childhood Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP). By describing the clinical symptoms and prognostic differences seen in infants versus school age children, we encourage physicians to be aware of infantile HSP in their differential diagnosis when they encounter a non-toxic infant with generalized purpura. [source] Developing a parenting skills-and-support intervention for mothers with eating disorders and pre-school children part 1: qualitative investigation of issues to includeEUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW, Issue 5 2007Rachel Bryant-Waugh Abstract Objective This study aimed to (i) identify themes and issues that might usefully be addressed in a skills-and-support intervention for mothers with eating disorders who have children less than 5 years of age, and (ii) determine the most appropriate format for such an intervention. Method Focus groups and individual interviews were conducted with seven mothers with eating disorders and pre-school children, and four local health professionals working with mothers of pre-school children. Results Thematic analysis of interview transcripts revealed 10 themes: ,Passing on Traits', ,Food Preparation and Provision', ,Interactions Around Food and Mealtimes', ,Mother's Intake', ,Self Care', ,Self Identity and Parental Expectations', ,Impact on General Parent,Child Relationship', ,Need for Control', ,The Group Experience' and ,Practicalities and Format'. Discussion Findings highlight a number of difficulties and concerns experienced by mothers with eating disorders who have pre-school age children. An intervention incorporating the identified themes could provide important support to this patient group and potential benefit to their offspring. © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association. [source] Sex differences in the estimated intelligence of school childrenEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY, Issue 3 2002Adrian Furnham This study investigated sex differences in estimated general and multiple intelligence in school children, their parents, and their teachers. There were three groups of participants: 285 (149 female, 136 male) pupils of a mixed government-run comprehensive school, between the ages of 13 and 16 years; 93 mothers and 58 fathers of the pupils; and five female and eight male teachers. Children estimated their own and their parents' IQ, whilst the parents estimated their own and their children's IQ; the teachers estimated only the children's intelligence. The aims of this study were firstly to assess whether perceptions of male intellectual superiority were observable in school age children and school teachers, and to make direct comparisons between the children's self-estimations and those of the parents and the teachers. Secondly, this study aimed to replicate previous literature on adult self-estimations of overall and multiple intelligences, and to compare these to estimations by children of these adults (their parents). Fewer sex differences were observed than expected. Teachers' estimations did not follow conceptions of male superiority. The patterns of sex differences in mother and teacher estimations of children were similar to each other, as were those of fathers and children. Verbal and numerical abilities were found to be most closely related to estimations of overall IQ in all three groups. Most striking was the lack of correlation between father and daughter estimations of each other. Reasons why this study failed to replicate findings on adult samples are discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] An experimental approach to executive fingerprinting in young childrenINFANT AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT, Issue 2 2002Michael Beveridge Abstract This paper presents a methodology designed to investigate the potential independence of memory and inhibition as component processes of executive function (EF) in young school age children. Two groups of 30 6- and 8-year-olds were tested on three EF tasks; a continuous performance test, a Stroop-like task, and a start/stop task. Each task had four conditions, which systematically combined two levels of memory load and two levels of inhibitory demand. This design enabled us to examine whether, within the range of memory and inhibitory loads used, the effects of memory and inhibitory demands on these tasks were additive and independent, or instead interacted with one another. Analyses of both errors and response times across the three tasks provided no positive evidence for the view that memory and inhibition are inter-dependent processes. The tasks proved sensitive to age, with the 8-year-olds generally outperforming the 6-year-olds. In addition, effects of the memory and inhibition manipulations were observed. However, there was little evidence that memory load and inhibitory demand interacted in the way that would be expected if these factors draw on a shared pool of common executive resources. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Nutritional Quality of Drum-processed and Extruded Composite Supplementary FoodsJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 2 2005Theobald C.E. Mosha ABSTRACT: This study was conducted to evaluate the nutritional quality of ready-to-eat composite foods intended for supplementary feeding of preschool age children in Tanzania. Four supplementary foods, namely, corn-bean-sardine meal (CBSM), bean meal (BM), sorghum-bean-sardine meal (SBSM), and rice-bean-sardine meal (RBSM) were formulated according to the FAO/WHO/UNU guidelines. The food mixtures were extruded, drum-processed, and cooked conventionally in the traditional way. Cooking doneness was evaluated by percent starch gelatinization and residual urease activity; biological qualities,true protein digestibility and growth performance,were evaluated using Sprague Dawley weanling rats. Efficiency in destroying phytohemagglutinins and the antinutritional factors, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and ,-amylase inhibitors, were also evaluated. Results of the study showed that starch gelatinization and residual urease activity were not significantly different (P > 0.05) between the extruded and drum-processed diets. Relative to conventional cooking, starch gelatinization was 95% to 100% in extruded and 90% to 100% in drum-processed products. Inactivation of urease activity ranged from 93% to 100% in extruded and 83% to 100% in drum-processed diets. The true protein digestibilities were significantly (P, 0.05) higher when extruded foods, compared with drum-processed and conventionally cooked foods, were fed to experimental animals. Animals fed extruded products gained more weight relative to those fed drum-processed and conventionally cooked foods. Destruction of phytohemagglutinins ranged between 91% to 97% in extruded and between 90% to 95% in the conventionally cooked and drum-processed foods. Extrusion, drum processing, and conventional cooking also resulted in significant destruction of the antinutritional factors trypsin, chymotrypsin, and a-amylase inhibitors. These results suggest that extrusion and drum processing of cereal-bean-sardine composite foods result in products meeting the required nutritional quality. [source] Infant feeding practices of Pakistani mothers in England and PakistanJOURNAL OF HUMAN NUTRITION & DIETETICS, Issue 6 2002T. Sarwar Abstract Objectives To investigate infant feeding practices followed by Pakistani mothers in Pakistan and in England. To establish if practices conform to current guidelines and to investigate reasons for adherence and nonadherence. Methods Ninety mothers of weaning age children were interviewed; 45 were in England and 45 in Pakistan. A questionnaire available in English and Urdu sought to find out about the methods of milk feeding and weaning used and the advice received, together with general beliefs about weaning. Results Characteristics of the infants in terms of current age, gender distribution, birth order of baby and age of weaning showed no significant differences between the two groups. Thus, differences between the two groups could be attributed to cultural differences rather than any of these factors. Chi-square analysis showed that the initial method of feeding chosen was significantly different (P < 0.001, d.f. = 2) with 73% of mothers in Pakistan breast-feeding compared with 24% in England. Similar proportions of mothers in both groups commenced weaning between 3 and 4 months. Common weaning foods included rice, cereals and eggs with progression to fruit and vegetables and family food in Pakistan, and fruit, vegetables, meat and convenience foods (especially sweet options) in England. Both groups of mothers wanted more information about infant feeding practices. Conclusion Mothers in Pakistan demonstrated more confidence in weaning practices than in England because of experiences with other siblings and advice from relatives. More advice from health professionals was requested and is needed by all mothers in order to improve weaning practices of the infants. [source] Factors associated with resilience of school age children with cancerJOURNAL OF PAEDIATRICS AND CHILD HEALTH, Issue 7-8 2010Dong H Kim Aim: To identify factors associated with resilience of school age children with cancer. Methods: The participants were 74 children, 10,15 years old who were diagnosed with cancer at least 6 months prior to data collection. The instruments used were; a self-reported questionnaire on resilience, Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale III, measurements of relationship with friends and teachers. Descriptive, Pearson correlation and multiple regression analyses were used to analyse the data. Results: The average score for resilience was 98.49 (range: 32,128). There was no statistically significant relationship with resilience for age, gender, religion, existence of siblings, mother's age, academic performance, duration of illness or type of cancer. In bivariate analysis, family adaptability and cohesion (r= 0.535, P < 0.001), relationship with friends (r= 0.520, P < 0.001) and teachers (r= 0.318, P < 0.01) were significantly related to resilience. However, the results of multiple regression analysis showed that only family function (,= 0.257, P < 0.05) and relationship with friends (,= 0.581, P < 0.01) were significantly associated with resilience. Conclusions: School age children with cancer who reported higher family function and positive relationships with friends showed higher resiliency than their counterparts. Thus, it is important to help the families of children with cancer to enhance family function and help children to adjust to school re-entry by maintaining ties with school friends and teachers during treatment. Development of counselling programmes for parents to promote family adaptation and cohesion and educational programmes for classmates and teachers are recommended. [source] Protein digestibility-corrected amino acid scores, acceptability and storage stability of ready-to-eat supplementary foods for pre-school age children in TanzaniaJOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, Issue 9 2005Theobald CE Mosha Abstract This study was conducted to evaluate protein quality, acceptability and storage stability of processed cereal,bean,sardine composite foods for pre-school age children in Tanzania. Four composite products namely corn,bean,sardine meal (CBSM), bean meal (BM), sorghum,bean,sardine meal (SBSM) and rice,bean,sardine meal (RBSM) were formulated to maximize the amino acid score for pre-school age children and were processed by extrusion, drum-processing and conventional cooking. The products were evaluated for true protein digestibility (TPD) and protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS). The TPD and PDCAAS were highest in the extruded products. The TPD values for the products ranged from 82 to 93%. The PDCAAS values for the composite foods were 64,86% and were greater than the minimum value of 60% recommended by FAO/WHO/UNU. There were no significant (p > 0.05) variations in the amino acid contents for foods processed by extrusion, drum-processing or conventional cooking. Threonine was most limiting in the CBSM, SBSM and RBSM while methionine + cysteine were most limiting in the BM. Sensory evaluation showed that, relative to the traditional cornmeal,Uji, the extruded CBSM and SBSM had significantly superior (p , 0.05) texture and highly acceptable color and taste. Storage of the products up to 16 weeks at 38 °C resulted in a small but significant increase (p , 0.05) in the malondialdehyde concentrations; nevertheless, the levels remained within the acceptable range found in processed commercial supplements. Total acids, pH and organoleptic attributes did not change significantly (p > 0.05) during storage and the foods were acceptable to the end of the storage period. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Mediators of control beliefs, stressful life events, and adaptive behavior in school age children: The role of appraisal and social supportJOURNAL OF TRAUMATIC STRESS, Issue 2 2007Yo Jackson The authors examine the role of appraisal and social support as mediators of the relation between control beliefs and adaptive behavioral outcome. Using the responses from 297 children, ages 8 to 12 years old, the results suggest two significant mediational pathways. Social support was a mediator of the relation between unknown control for negative events and adaptive behavior and the relation between unknown control for positive events and adaptive behavior. Negative appraisal demonstrated no mediation relations. The role of social support and negative appraisal in the display of adaptive behavior and the implications for further model testing are discussed. [source] Do Children Start Out Thinking They Don't Know Their Own Minds?MIND & LANGUAGE, Issue 3 2009PETER MITCHELL Various researchers have suggested that below 7 years of age children do not recognize that they are the authority on knowledge about themselves, a suggestion that seems counter-intuitive because it raises the possibility that children do not appreciate their privileged first-person access to their own minds. Unlike previous research, children in the current investigation quantified knowledge and even 5-year-olds tended to assign relatively more to themselves than to an adult (Studies 1 and 2). Indeed, children's estimations were different from ratings made by their mothers: Their mothers sometimes rated themselves as knowing more about their child than they rated their child as knowing (Study 2). While previous research seemed to suggest that children shift from viewing their mother to viewing themselves as the authority on knowledge about them (the children), these new findings surprisingly suggest the opposite. [source] Quantifying calcium intake in school age children: Development and validation of the Calcium Counts!© food frequency questionnaire,AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN BIOLOGY, Issue 2 2010Babette S. Zemel Quantifying dietary behavior is difficult and can be intrusive. Calcium, an essential mineral for skeletal development during childhood, is difficult to assess. Few studies have examined the use of food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) for assessing calcium intake in school-age children. This study evaluated the validity and reliability of the Calcium Counts!© FFQ (CCFFQ) for estimating calcium intake in school children in the US. Healthy children, aged 7,10 years (n = 139) completed the CCFFQ and 7-day weighed food records. A subset of subjects completed a second CCFFQ within 3.6 months. Concurrent validity was determined using Pearson correlations between the CCFFQ and food record estimates of calcium intake, and the relationship between quintiles for the two measures. Predictive validity was determined using generalized linear regression models to explore the effects of age, race, and gender. Inter- and intra-individual variability in calcium intake was high (>300 mg/day). Calcium intake was ,300 mg/day higher by CCFFQ compared to food records. Concurrent validity was moderate (r = 0.61) for the entire cohort and higher for selected subgroups. Predictive validity estimates yielded significant relationships between CCFFQ and food record estimates of calcium intake alone and in the presence of such potential effect modifiers as age group, race, and gender. Test,retest reliability was high (r = 0.74). Although calcium intake estimated by the CCFFQ was greater than that measured by food records, the CCFFQ provides valid and reliable estimates of calcium intake in children. The CCFFQ is especially well-suited as a tool to identify children with low calcium intakes. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 2010. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Wheezing, sleeping, and worrying: The hidden risks of asthma and obesity in school-age children,PSYCHOLOGY IN THE SCHOOLS, Issue 8 2009Barbara H. Fiese The present study investigated the co-occurrence of asthma and obesity in a sample of 193 children (mean age = 7.76 years). Specifically, this study was interested in delineating the associated comorbidities of internalizing symptoms and sleep disruptions among younger (younger than 7 years) and older elementary age children with asthma who were also overweight. Information about child internalizing symptoms (among other areas of functioning) was collected from teacher ratings of child behavior. Data regarding nighttime waking, morning symptoms, and school days missed were obtained from parent reports. Findings suggest that older elementary age children with asthma who are overweight are more likely to experience internalizing symptoms and more nighttime waking than their average weight peers. Implications include the important role of teachers in identifying these children who might be at increased risk for internalizing symptoms and the consequences of such symptoms. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] Developmental origins of disruptive behaviour problems: the ,original sin' hypothesis, epigenetics and their consequences for preventionTHE JOURNAL OF CHILD PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY AND ALLIED DISCIPLINES, Issue 4 2010Richard E. Tremblay This paper reviews publications on developmental trajectories of disruptive behaviour (DB) problems (aggression, opposition-defiance, rule breaking, and stealing-vandalism) over the past decade. Prior to these studies two theoretical models had strongly influenced research on DB: social learning and disease onset. According to these developmental perspectives, children learn DB from their environment and onset of the disease is triggered by accumulated exposition to disruptive models in the environment, including the media. Most of the evidence came from studies of school age children and adolescents. Longitudinal studies tracing developmental trajectories of DB from early childhood onwards suggest an inversed developmental process. DB are universal during early childhood. With age, children learn socially acceptable behaviours from interactions with their environment. A ,disease' status is given to children who fail to learn the socially acceptable behaviours. The mechanisms that lead to deficits in using socially accepted behaviours are strongly intergenerational, based on complex genetic and environmental contributions, including epigenetic mechanisms. Prevention of these deficits requires early, intensive and long-term support to parents and child. Newly discovered epigenetic mechanisms suggest that intensive perinatal interventions will have impacts on numerous aspects of physical and mental health, including DB. This review also concludes that: a) subtypes of disruptive behaviours should not be aggregated because they have different developmental trajectories and require specific corrective interventions; b) the overt,covert and destructive,nondestructive dimensions appear the most useful to create DB subtypes; c) overt DB onset before covert DB because the latter require more brain maturation; d) DB subtype taxonomies are more useful for clinicians than developmental taxonomies because the latter are post mortem diagnoses and clinicians' retrospective information is unreliable; e) we need large-scale collaborative preventive experimental interventions starting during early pregnancy to advance knowledge on causes and prevention of DB problems. [source] ,Needs expressed' and ,offers of care': an observational study of mothers with somatisation disorder and their childrenTHE JOURNAL OF CHILD PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY AND ALLIED DISCIPLINES, Issue 1 2007Ivona Bialas Background:, The abnormal illness behaviours characterising somatisation disorder may be learnt responses acquired through exposure to parental illness and health anxiety in childhood. In this observational study we explore this hypothesis by examining patterns of interaction in mothers and their school age children. Method:, A sample of 136 mother and child pairs in 3 groups (42 mothers with somatisation disorder, 44 organically ill mothers and 50 healthy mothers) completed a battery of self-report and interview measures. Their interaction in semi-structured play tasks and a meal was videotaped and later analysed for the presence of ,needs' and ,offers of care' by researchers who were blind to maternal group membership. Results:, During play, a greater proportion of the children of somatising mothers expressed ,health and safety' needs than did children of other mothers. In contrast, during a meal, these children expressed fewer needs of all types. Children of somatising mothers were more likely than other children to ignore their mothers' offers of care. The somatising mothers expressed more health and safety needs during the meal than did other mothers and were generally less responsive to all needs expressed by their children. Conclusions:, Our study suggests that mothers with somatisation disorder and their children interact differently than other mother,child pairs. This finding supports the theory for environmental influences in the development of this disorder. [source] Minimum local analgesic concentration of ropivacaine for intra-operative caudal analgesia in pre-school and school age childrenANAESTHESIA, Issue 10 2010X. M. Deng Summary We compared the minimum local analgesia concentration of ropivacaine for intra-operative caudal analgesia in pre-school and school age children. Fifty-one boys, undergoing hypospadius repair surgery, were stratified into pre-school or school age groups. After induction of anaesthesia, caudal block was performed with ropivacaine 1 ml.kg,1 of the desired concentration. The first child in each group received ropivacaine 0.125%, and subsequent concentrations were determined by the analgesic response of the previous patient using Dixon's up-and-down method. Under general anaesthesia with 0.7 minimum alveolar concentration of sevoflurane, the minimum local analgesia concentration of ropivacaine for intra-operative caudal block was 34% greater in school age than in pre-school age boys (0.143% (95% CI 0.132,0.157%) vs 0.107% (95% CI 0.089,0.122%), respectively; p < 0.001). This study indicates that a higher concentration of ropivacaine is needed for school age than pre-school age children to provide intra-operative caudal analgesia when combined with general anaesthesia. [source] Anti-inflammatory treatment of asthma: differentiation and trial-and-errorACTA PAEDIATRICA, Issue 8 2009Ole D Wolthers Abstract The relative lack of evidence for anti-inflammatory treatment of some phenotypes of asthma in children has been highlighted in recent guidelines and consensus reports specifically aiming at the paediatric population. Consequently, we are left with a need for defining treatment strategies in the clinical setting. The decision to initiate antiinflammatory treatment should be based on assessments of the individual child's age, the type of asthma, severity, heredity and atopic condition, adherence factors and sensitivity to systemic adverse effects of treatment options. Inhaled corticosteroids are potent anti-inflammatory agents that are effective in the whole spectrum of asthma in school age children. In toddlers with viral wheeze and in children with mild asthma oral leukotriene receptor antagonists or inhaled corticosteroids may be given on a trial-and-error basis. Conclusion:, To treat all children with asthma equally effectively from infancy through adolescence does not mean that they should be treated identically and in some types of asthma a trial-and-error approach may be warranted. [source] Perceptual Causality in ChildrenCHILD DEVELOPMENT, Issue 6 2002Anne Schlottmann Three experiments considered the development of perceptual causality in children from 3 to 9 years of age (N= 176 in total). Adults tend to see cause and effect even in schematic, two,dimensional motion events: Thus, if square A moves toward B, which moves upon contact, they report that A launches B,physical causality. If B moves before contact, adults report that B tries to escape from A,social or psychological causality. A brief pause between movements eliminates such impressions. Even infants in the first year of life are sensitive to causal structure in both contact and no,contact events, but previous research with talking,age children found poor verbal reports. The present experiments used a picture,based forced,choice task to reduce linguistic demands. Observers saw eight different animations involving squares A and B. Events varied in whether or not these agents made contact; whether or not there was a delay at the closest point; and whether they moved rigidly or with a rhythmic, nonrigid "caterpillar" motion. Participants of all ages assigned events with contact to the physical domain and events without contact to the psychological domain. In addition, participants of all ages chose causality more often for events without delay than with delay, but these events became more distinct over the preschool range. The manipulation of agent motion had only minor and inconsistent effects across studies, even though children of all ages considered only the nonrigid motion to be animal,like. These results agree with the view that perceptual causality is available early in development. [source] Predictors of parenting self-efficacy in mothers and fathers of toddlersCHILD: CARE, HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT, Issue 2 2010P. R. Sevigny Abstract Background Researchers interested in child developmental outcomes have highlighted the role that parenting self-efficacy (PSE) plays in psychosocial child adjustment. PSE is a cognitive construct that can be broadly defined as an individual's appraisal of his or her competence in the parental role. PSE has emerged in the literature as an important variable when exploring variance in parenting skills. Despite this, much remains to be learned about PSE. Little is known about the predictors of PSE, with much of the existing research conducted in a piecemeal fashion that lacks a solid theoretical framework. In addition, PSE in fathers has been understudied and relatively little is known about PSE in families with toddler age children. Informed by Belsky's process model of parenting, this study explored similarities and differences in PSE and the predictors of PSE for mothers and fathers of toddlers. Methods A total of 62 cohabiting couples whose first-born child was 18,36 months old completed self-report measures of PSE, general self-efficacy, depression, marital satisfaction, parenting stress, child difficultness and family functioning. Results For fathers, parenting stress and their relational functioning (i.e. marital satisfaction and family functioning) with their spouse predicted PSE scores. For mothers, general self-efficacy and relational functioning were predictive of PSE. Conclusions and limitations The results of this study support the use of Belsky's process model of parenting to study the predictors of PSE. Important differences were found in the prediction models for mothers and fathers. Future studies need to clarify the nature of parental self-efficacy beliefs in fathers and continue to use comprehensive theoretical models to identify potentially relevant covariates of PSE. Limitations of the current investigation include reliance on self-report measures and the homogeneity of the sample. [source] Informing parents of visually impaired children: who should do it and when?CHILD: CARE, HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT, Issue 3 2003L. Speedwell Abstract Background, Parents of sick or disabled children are likely to be more stressed than parents of non-disabled children and may benefit from being given information about their child's condition and its implications, but the stage at which parents should receive such information and who should provide it has not been fully investigated. The impact of written information on stress levels of parents of visually impaired children, seen in the ophthalmology clinic of a children's hospital, was explored in this study and the question of who parents thought should provide information, and at what stage, was also investigated. Methods, A longitudinal, experimental intervention study was conducted to compare the effect on perceived stress levels of providing information about the implications of visual impairment to parents. Effects were compared according to the child's age and explored in relation to baseline stress levels. The study included a frequency analysis about parents' knowledge of visual impairment and how it relates to education, and their response to being given written information. Results, The results did not show an effect on levels of parental stress but did find that parents of school age children were more stressed than those of preschool age. Over 80% of participants considered that information was given too late and suggested it should be given soon after diagnosis. Of the controls, 32.6% thought the general practitioner should provide information on education although participants were more likely to expect the hospital to provide it. Conclusions, The majority of parents would prefer to receive information soon after diagnosis of their child's visual impairment. Most parents do not know who to approach for information on education. Giving them access to patient liaison teams who could advise about the repercussions of visual impairment in children would be beneficial. [source] Interactions between TCF7L2 genotype and growth hormone-induced changes in glucose homeostasis in small for gestational age childrenCLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY, Issue 1 2010Sandra W. K. De Kort Summary Context, The Transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) rs7903146 gene polymorphism has been associated with risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), possibly by decreasing insulin secretion. Small for gestational age (SGA) birth has been associated with type 2 DM in later life. Growth hormone (GH) treatment reduces insulin sensitivity and increases insulin secretion. Therefore, GH-treated SGA children are an ideal group to investigate whether the TCF7L2 rs7903146 genotype is associated with changes in glucose homeostasis. Objective, To determine the impact of the TCF7L2 rs7903146 polymorphism on changes in insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity during 4 years of GH treatment in children born SGA. Subjects, A total of 246 Caucasian short children born SGA, with a median age of 7·8 years. Outcome measures, Insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion were measured by the frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test (FSIGT) (n = 68) and homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) calculations (all). Results, There was no association between rs7903146 genotype and insulin sensitivity or insulin secretion at baseline but after adjustment for possible confounders, insulin secretion was higher in the CT/TT group than in the CC group. During GH treatment, carriers of the rs7903146 T allele had an increase in insulin secretion similar to that of carriers of the CC genotype. The decrease in insulin sensitivity was only significant in the CT/TT group, but the difference in decrease between genotype groups did not reach significance (P = 0·06). The disposition index (insulin secretion × insulin sensitivity), which is an estimate of beta cell function, was not associated with genotype and did not change during GH treatment. Conclusion, The TCF7L2 rs7903146 polymorphism is not associated with the change in insulin secretion during GH treatment in short SGA children. [source] The effect of growth hormone treatment on metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors is similar in preterm and term short, small for gestational age childrenCLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY, Issue 1 2009Sandra W. K. De Kort Summary Context, We previously reported that short, small for gestational age (SGA) children who were born preterm have a lower body fat percentage and a higher blood pressure, insulin secretion and disposition index than short SGA children born at term. Whether preterm birth also influences these parameters during GH treatment is unknown. Objective, To compare blood pressure, insulin sensitivity, beta-cell function and body composition during 4 years of GH treatment, between preterm and term short SGA children. Patients, A total of 404 prepubertal non-GH-deficient short SGA children were divided into 143 preterm (< 36 weeks) and 261 term children. Outcome measures, Height, blood pressure (n = 404), body composition measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) (n = 138) and insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function calculated from a frequent sampling intravenous glucose tolerance test (FSIGT) with tolbutamide (n = 74) or from the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (n = 204). Results, In preterm and term children, GH treatment resulted in a similar decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, body fat percentage, limb fat/total fat ratio and insulin sensitivity, and a similar increase in insulin secretion and disposition index. Lean body mass (LBM) corrected for gender and height increased in term children and did not change in preterm children. Multiple regression analysis revealed that this difference in GH effect on LBM was not associated with gestational age. Conclusion, The effect of GH treatment on metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors is similar in preterm and term short, SGA children. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||