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Exemplars
Selected AbstractsPROBabilities from EXemplars (PROBEX): a "lazy" algorithm for probabilistic inference from generic knowledgeCOGNITIVE SCIENCE - A MULTIDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL, Issue 5 2002Peter Juslin Abstract PROBEX (PROBabilities from EXemplars), a model of probabilistic inference and probability judgment based on generic knowledge is presented. Its properties are that: (a) it provides an exemplar model satisfying bounded rationality; (b) it is a "lazy" algorithm that presumes no pre-computed abstractions; (c) it implements a hybrid-representation, similarity-graded probability. We investigate the ecological rationality of PROBEX and find that it compares favorably with Take-The-Best and multiple regression (Gigerenzer, Todd, & the ABC Research Group, 1999). PROBEX is fitted to the point estimates, decisions, and probability assessments by human participants. The best fit is obtained for a version that weights frequency heavily and retrieves only two exemplars. It is proposed that PROBEX implements speed and frugality in a psychologically plausible way. [source] An Exemplar of the Use of NNN Language in Developing Evidence-Based Practice GuidelinesINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NURSING TERMINOLOGIES AND CLASSIFICATION, Issue 1 2008CRRN-A, Donald D. Kautz PhD PURPOSE. To explore the use of standardized language, NNN, in the development of evidence-based practice (EBP). DATA SOURCES. Published research and texts on family interventions, nursing diagnoses (NANDA-I), nursing interventions (NIC), and nursing outcomes (NOC). DATA ANALYSIS. Research literature was summarized and synthesized to determine levels of evidence for the NIC intervention Family Integrity Promotion. CONCLUSIONS. The authors advocate that a "standards of practice" category of levels of evidence be adopted for interventions not amenable to randomized controlled trials or for which a body of research has not been developed. Priorities for nursing family intervention research are identified. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE. The use of NANDA-I nursing diagnoses, NIC interventions, and NOC outcomes (NNN language) as research frameworks will facilitate the development of EBP guidelines and the use of appropriate outcome measures. [source] Diu rîche vrouwe Dîdô (v. 7558): Dido as Exemplar in the Erec-Romance of Hartmann von AueORBIS LITERARUM, Issue 6 2007William C. McDonald Hartmann's narrator reports that Enite rides on an ornamental saddle engraved with scenes from the life of Aeneas, including his tragic liaison with Dido, the Carthaginian queen. A similar, but much truncated scene appears in Erec et Enide of Chrétien de Troyes. Hartmann relies on a sophisticated audience, able to recognize analogies and to draw conclusions. He is indebted both to Ovid and to John of Salisbury, the former identifying Dido as an abandoned woman at the mercy of the wily Aeneas. According to the Ovidian interpretation, Dido's only crime is that she loves to excess. The latter views Dido as the very model of bad governance; she is a failed queen whose slide into amatory idleness has a profound negative effect on her subjects. Critics dispute the significance of the German Dido allusions, uncertain whether the ekphrastic fragments convey an overt message that is relevant to interpreting the text. Most believe that Hartmann aims here to create a resemblance between Enite and Dido; thus Aeneas and Erec would be analogically paired. I argue in this paper that the reverse is true. The images of Dido on Enite's saddle have direct application to Erec, heir to a kingdom, who is meant to learn from Dido's obsessive love what to imitate in her political career, and what to avoid. Erec, like Dido, confounds the public and private spheres, withdrawing after his marriage to Enite from the world of knighthood to a hermetic realm of regal inaction. Dido's image on Enite's saddle is meant to remind Erec of the time when he followed her into erotic idleness, and to point to the future when he, unlike Dido, will follow his sense of honor to thrive as an active monarch. [source] Aquinas on the Divine Ideas as Exemplar Causes.THE HEYTHROP JOURNAL, Issue 4 2009By Gregory T. Doolan No abstract is available for this article. [source] Manifestation of emerging specialties in journal literature: A growth model of papers, references, exemplars, bibliographic coupling, cocitation, and clustering coefficient distributionJOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR INFORMATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, Issue 12 2005Steven A. Morris A model is presented of the manifestation of the birth and development of a scientific specialty in a collection of journal papers. The proposed model, Cumulative Advantage by Paper with Exemplars (CAPE) is an adaptation of Price's cumulative advantage model (D. Price, 1976). Two modifications are made: (a) references are cited in groups by paper, and (b) the model accounts for the generation of highly cited exemplar references immediately after the birth of the specialty. This simple growth process mimics many characteristic features of real collections of papers, including the structure of the paper-to-reference matrix, the reference-per-paper distribution, the paper-per-reference distribution, the bibliographic coupling distribution, the cocitation distribution, the bibliographic coupling clustering coefficient distribution, and the temporal distribution of exemplar references. The model yields a great deal of insight into the process that produces the connectedness and clustering of a collection of articles and references. Two examples are presented and successfully modeled: a collection of 131 articles on MEMS RF (microelectromechnical systems radio frequency) switches, and a collection of 901 articles on the subject of complex networks. [source] Video completion and synthesisCOMPUTER ANIMATION AND VIRTUAL WORLDS (PREV: JNL OF VISUALISATION & COMPUTER ANIMATION), Issue 3-4 2008Chunxia Xiao Abstract This paper presents a new exemplar-based framework for video completion, allowing aesthetically pleasing completion of large space-time holes. We regard video completion as a discrete global optimization on a 3D graph embedded in the space-time video volume. We introduce a new objective function which enforces global spatio-temporal consistency among patches that fill the hole and surrounding it, in terms of both color similarity and motion similarity. The optimization is solved by a novel algorithm, called weighted priority belief propagation (BP), which alleviates the problems of slow convergence and intolerable storage size when using the standard BP. This objective function can also handle video texture synthesis by extending an input video texture to a larger texture region. Experiments on a wide variety of video examples with complex dynamic scenes demonstrate the advantages of our method over existing techniques: salient structures and motion information are much better restored. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Commentary: Autism and Anthropology?ETHOS, Issue 1 2010Mary C. Lawlor Comments explore the ways in which authors attend to demarcation of the social world, establishment and negotiation of expertise, juxtaposition of autism as a phenomenon of interest and as an exemplar of sociality, and management of structured and improvisational approaches to the study of engagements in real life. The dilemmas and tensions that are briefly described here are only a partial list of still uncultivated spaces where autism and anthropology can,should,do meet. [sociality, autism, engagement, expertise, ethnography] [source] Overcoming ego depletion: the influence of exemplar priming on self-control performanceEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 2 2007Carolien Martijn Self-regulation research suggested that active self-control depends on a limited resource. Therefore the capacity for self-control is lower among people who already exercised control, a phenomenon labelled as ego depletion. This experiment examines whether priming of a persistent person exemplar may help to overcome ego depletion. Half of the participants engaged in a demanding self-control task (solving extremely difficult labyrinths) whereas the other half took part in a task that demanded little self-control (solving easy labyrinths). Then, half of the participants received a person exemplar prime related to persistence; the other half received a neutral prime. Finally, participants' persistence on a subsequent self-control task (squeezing a handgrip) was measured. The effect of a person exemplar prime on a subsequent self-control task depended on initial self-control demands. Participants who exercised high initial self-control and were then presented with a persistent exemplar prime showed assimilation. Their handgrip persistence was higher than the persistence of participants who received a neutral prime. Under conditions of low initial self-control the opposite pattern was found. A persistent person prime resulted in contrast and resulted in lower handgrip performance as compared to those who received a neutral prime. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Illusory and spurious correlations: distinct phenomena or joint outcomes of exemplar-based category learning?EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 3 2006Thorsten Meiser Stereotype formation about novel groups was analyzed with trivariate stimulus distributions that were generated by group membership, valence of behavior, and a context variable. Within this stimulus setting, we manipulated the confounding role of the context variable and the distinctiveness of events in terms of their relative infrequency. The experimental procedure allowed us to analyze illusory and spurious correlations in a joint framework, to conduct focused tests for memory effects of relative infrequency and to investigate the detection of covariations with the context variable. The results revealed that illusory and spurious correlations were formed without enhanced memory for infrequent events and with existing covariations of the confounding context factor being well extracted. These observations suggest that illusory and spurious correlations can be understood without assuming specific cognitive processes that are tied to the particular characteristics of a given stimulus distribution, such as enhanced memory in the case of relative infrequency and neglect of a context variable in the case of a confounding factor. Instead, computer simulations with an exemplar-based learning model demonstrated that exemplar-based category learning may provide a coherent and integrative theoretical framework for illusory correlations, spurious correlations and true contingency learning in social cognition. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Freezing induced leaf movements and their potential implications to early spring carbon gain: Rhododendron maximum as exemplarFUNCTIONAL ECOLOGY, Issue 3 2009Raymond B. Russell Summary 1Thermonastic leaf movements (TLM) are induced by freezing and are correlated with freezing tolerance, and our goal was to determine the significance of TLM to photosynthesis during the winter and early spring. 2We performed field experiments in which we prevented TLM of Rhododendron maximum leaves and determined the consequences of that prevention to photoinhibition (measured by chlorophyll fluorescence) from fall to spring, photosynthesis (measured by gas exchange) in the winter, and recovery of photosynthesis in the spring. 3TLM significantly reduced photoinhibition in the winter for leaves on branches in the outer canopy of R. maximum plants, but not for leaves on inner canopy branches. 4During warm periods in the winter, TLM were associated with significantly lower photoinhibition, but TLM did not have a significant effect on photosynthesis during these times. 5In early spring, leaves with TLM recovered from photoinhibition more quickly than for leaves prevented from TLM. 6Photosynthesis in the early spring was higher at any stomatal conductance for leaves with TLM than for leaves prevented from TLM for outer canopy leaves only. 7Our results demonstrate that TLM during the winter prevent excessive photoinhibition and promote rapid recovery of photosynthesis in the early spring. [source] Impaired Pavlovian fear extinction is a common phenotype across genetic lineages of the 129 inbred mouse strainGENES, BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR, Issue 8 2009M. Camp Fear extinction is impaired in psychiatric disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder and schizophrenia, which have a major genetic component. However, the genetic factors underlying individual variability in fear extinction remain to be determined. By comparing a panel of inbred mouse strains, we recently identified a strain, 129S1/SvImJ (129S1), that exhibits a profound and selective deficit in Pavlovian fear extinction, and associated abnormalities in functional activation of a key prefrontal-amygdala circuit, as compared with C57BL/6J. The first aim of the present study was to assess fear extinction across multiple 129 substrains representing the strain's four different genetic lineages (parental, steel, teratoma and contaminated). Results showed that 129P1/ReJ, 129P3/J, 129T2/SvEmsJ and 129X1/SvJ exhibited poor fear extinction, relative to C57BL/6J, while 129S1 showed evidence of fear incubation. On the basis of these results, the second aim was to further characterize the nature and specificity of the extinction phenotype in 129S1, as an exemplar of the 129 substrains. Results showed that the extinction deficit in 129S1 was neither the result of a failure to habituate to a sensitized fear response nor an artifact of a fear response to (unconditioned) tone per se. A stronger conditioning protocol (i.e. five × higher intensity shocks) produced an increase in fear expression in 129S1, relative to C57BL/6J, due to rapid rise in freezing during tone presentation. Taken together, these data show that impaired fear extinction is a phenotypic feature common across 129 substrains, and provide preliminary evidence that impaired fear extinction in 129S1 may reflect a pro-fear incubation-like process. [source] Of Navies and Navels: Britain as A Mental IslandGEOGRAFISKA ANNALER SERIES B: HUMAN GEOGRAPHY, Issue 4 2005Alex Law Abstract In this paper, the conception of .Great Britain. , a wholly unsatisfactory nomenclature , as an island nation is examined. In this case, a relatively small land mass acted as an originary point of departure for outward-bound Great Power projections across the open spaces of seas. This paper further explores the varied implications for nationalism within Britain of the diverse island ,roots' of the British navel and the ,routes' of British navalism. Three themes recur in the popular mobilization of British maritime island nationalism: the besieged island, the island as universal exemplar of civilization, and the navy as national protector. Some consideration is given to the significance of island symbols such as Britannia as a marker of the fate of great island nationalism. [source] The fall of the English gentleman: the national character in decline, c.1918,1970HISTORICAL RESEARCH, Issue 187 2002Marcus Collins The figure of the gentleman and his allied qualities of amateurism, sportsmanship and self-control dominated public discussions of Englishness in the half century after the Great War. From 1918 to the mid nineteen-fifties, gentlemanliness enjoyed strong, although by no means unanimous, support among commentators on national character. Subsequently, however, the reputation of the gentleman suffered irreparable damage at the hands of a post-war generation seeking scapegoats for the country's perceived economic, geopolitical and moral decline. This article seeks to explain when and why gentlemanliness lost its reputation as the exemplar of Englishness, and the consequent effects on national culture and identity. [source] Qualifications Recognition Reform for Skilled Migrants in Australia: Applying Competency-based Assessment to Overseas-qualified NursesINTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, Issue 6 2002Lesleyanne Hawthorne The past two decades have coincided with unprecedented Australian selection of skilled migrants, in particular professionals from non-English speaking background (NESB) source countries. By 1991, the overseas-born constituted 43 to 49 per cent of Australia's engineers, 43 per cent of computer professionals, 40 per cent of doctors, 26 per cent of nurses, and rising proportions in other key professions. Within one to five years of arrival, just 30 per cent of degree-qualified migrants were employed. However, few diploma holders had found work in any profession, and select NESB groups were characterized by acute labour market disadvantage. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, barriers to credential recognition were identified as a major contributing factor to these inferior employment outcomes. This paper describes the evolution of Australia's qualifications recognition reform agenda for NESB migrants, including progressive growth in support of a shift from paper to competency-based assessment (CBA). Within this context, the paper examines the degree to which improvements were achieved in the 1990s in the field of nursing , the first major Australian profession to embrace CBA, and one promoted by the National Office of Overseas Skills Recognition as an exemplar of the reform process. Assessment protocols and outcomes are analysed within two contrasting contexts: pre-migration at Australian overseas posts, and within Australia following overseas-qualified nurses' (OQNs) arrival. Based on empirical data from a wide range of sources, the paper identifies the development of a major paradox. Substantial improvements in qualifications recognition were indeed achieved for NESB nurses through CBA in Australia, in particular in the dominant immigrant-receiving states of Victoria and New South Wales. At the same time, it is argued, a significant tightening of recognition procedures was occurring at Australian overseas posts where CBA was unavailable. The Immigration Department placed pre-migration assessment more, rather than less, exclusively in the hands of the professional nursing bodies, in a period coinciding with their harsher, rather than more lenient, treatment of NESB migrants' qualifications. Minimal improvement in recognition of overseas qualifications was achieved in other professions. [source] Intolerable human suffering and the role of the ancestor: literary criticism as a means of analysisJOURNAL OF ADVANCED NURSING, Issue 3 2000Elizabeth Harrison RN PhD Intolerable human suffering and the role of the ancestor: literary criticism as a means of analysis This essay explores the experience of intolerable human suffering in Toni Cade Bambara's novel, The Salt Eaters. The method of analysis is literary criticism, a technique that shares many of the same goals as other types of inquiry. It employs close reading to illuminate the novel's meaning(s), thereby revealing information about the nature of intolerable human suffering. Morrison's characteristics of black art is the literary and cultural framework that guides the analysis of Bambara's novel. The paradigm has broad application for nursing. The purpose of this analysis was to describe the role of the ancestral system as a predictor of the trajectory of suffering. The results extend Morrison's paradigm and her notion of ancestor to include traditions and other non-corporeal factors that are essential for well-being and survival. The protagonist in Bambara's novel, Velma Henry, is the patient and exemplar who does not succumb to intolerable suffering because of its cumulative weight, but because she has lost touch with the traditions of her people, an essential component of her ancestral system. The ancestral system is a rich and complex network of individuals, groups, customs and beliefs that are instructive, protective and benevolent. Ancestors are also timeless and provide wisdom, but when the ancestral system is weak or absent, the trajectory of suffering is not favourable. Nurses must learn to recognize intolerable human suffering, to identify the patient's ancestral system, and to work within that system to keep suffering patients from harm. [source] The importance of ,knowing the patient': community nurses' constructions of quality in providing palliative careJOURNAL OF ADVANCED NURSING, Issue 4 2000Karen A. Luker PhD BNurs RGN RHV NDNCert The importance of ,knowing the patient': community nurses' constructions of quality in providing palliative care This paper reports findings from a study conducted in one community health care trust where 62 members of the district nursing team (grades B,H) were interviewed. An adaptation of the critical incident technique was used to determine factors which contributed or detracted from high quality care for a number of key areas including palliative care. The centrality of knowing the patient and his/her family emerged as an essential antecedent to the provision of high quality palliative care. Factors enabling the formation of positive relationships were given prominence in descriptions of ideal care. Strategies used to achieve this included establishing early contact with the patient and family, ensuring continuity of care, spending time with the patient and providing more than the physical aspects of care. The characteristics described by the community nurses are similar to those advocated in ,new nursing' which identifies the uniqueness of patient needs, and where the nurse,patient relationship is objectified as the vehicle through which therapeutic nursing can be delivered. The link with ,new nursing' emerges at an interesting time for community nurses. The past decade has seen many changes in the way that community nursing services are configured. The work of the district nursing service has been redefined, making the ideals of new nursing, for example holism, less achievable than they were a decade ago. This study reiterates the view that palliative care is one aspect of district nursing work that is universally valued as it lends itself to being an exemplar of excellence in terms of the potential for realizing the ideals of nursing practice. This is of increasing importance in the context of changes that militate against this ideal. [source] Facial surface analysis by 3D laser scanning and geometric morphometrics in relation to sexual dimorphism in cerebral,craniofacial morphogenesis and cognitive functionJOURNAL OF ANATOMY, Issue 3 2005Robin J. Hennessy Abstract Over early fetal life the anterior brain, neuroepithelium, neural crest and facial ectoderm constitute a unitary, three-dimensional (3D) developmental process. This intimate embryological relationship between the face and brain means that facial dysmorphogenesis can serve as an accessible and informative index of brain dysmorphogenesis in neurological and psychiatric disorders of early developmental origin. There are three principal challenges in seeking to increase understanding of disorders of early brain dysmorphogenesis through craniofacial dysmorphogenesis: (i) the first, technical, challenge has been to digitize the facial surface in its inherent three-dimensionality; (ii) the second, analytical, challenge has been to develop methodologies for extracting biologically meaningful shape covariance from digitized samples, making statistical comparisons between groups and visualizing in 3D the resultant statistical models on a ,whole face' basis; (iii) the third, biological, challenge is to demonstrate a relationship between facial morphogenesis and brain morphogenesis not only in anatomical,embryological terms but also at the level of brain function. Here we consider each of these challenges in turn and then illustrate the issues by way of our own findings. These use human sexual dimorphism as an exemplar for 3D laser surface scanning of facial shape, analysis using geometric morphometrics and exploration of cognitive correlates of variation in shape of the ,whole face', in the context of studies relating to the early developmental origins of schizophrenia. [source] Cladistic and phylogenetic biogeography: the art and the science of discoveryJOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY, Issue 3 2003Marco G. P. Van Veller Abstract All methods used in historical biogeographical analysis aim to obtain resolved area cladograms that represent historical relationships among areas in which monophyletic groups of taxa are distributed. When neither widespread nor sympatric taxa are present in the distribution of a monophyletic group, all methods obtain the same resolved area cladogram that conforms to a simple vicariance scenario. In most cases, however, the distribution of monophyletic groups of taxa is not that simple. A priori and a posteriori methods of historical biogeography differ in the way in which they deal with widespread and sympatric taxa. A posteriori methods are empirically superior to a priori methods, as they provide a more parsimonious accounting of the input data, do not eliminate or modify input data, and do not suffer from internal inconsistencies in implementation. When factual errors are corrected, the exemplar presented by M.C. Ebach & C.J. Humphries (Journal of Biogeography, 2002, 29, 427) purporting to show inconsistencies in implementation by a posteriori methods actually corroborates the opposite. The rationale for preferring a priori methods thus corresponds to ontological rather than to epistemological considerations. We herein identify two different research programmes, cladistic biogeography (associated with a priori methods) and phylogenetic biogeography (associated with a posteriori methods). The aim of cladistic biogeography is to fit all elements of all taxon,area cladograms to a single set of area relationships, maintaining historical singularity of areas. The aim of phylogenetic biogeography is to document, most parsimoniously, the geographical context of speciation events. The recent contribution by M.C. Ebach & C.J. Humphries (Journal of Biogeography, 2002, 29, 427) makes it clear that cladistic biogeography using a priori methods is an inductivist/verificationist research programme, whereas phylogenetic biogeography is hypothetico-deductivist/falsificationist. Cladistic biogeography can become hypothetic-deductive by using a posteriori methods of analysis. [source] Abused child to nonabusive parent: Resilience and conceptual changeJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 3 2002Glenda Wilkes Individuals who were abused as children and have spontaneously, without intervention, been able to change their cognitive and behavioral patterns such that they do not abuse their own children represent a heretofore untapped source of information and understanding about the processes of conceptual change and resilience. This pilot study investigates the nature of this conceptual change as an exemplar of resilience. Birth order, gender, locus of control, and coping behaviors emerged as areas needing further study. Additionally, the belief on the part of the abusing parents that abuse was not wrong needs further investigation as a possible precursor to this particular context for conceptual change. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 58: 261,276, 2002. [source] The influence of evidence type and product involvement on message-framing effects in advertisingJOURNAL OF CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR, Issue 3 2008Frank E. Dardis Extrapolating from prior research that describes the persuasive effects of gain- versus loss-framed messages via the heuristic-systematic model (HSM), the current study incorporated two advertising-related factors , evidence type (informational vs. exemplar) and product involvement , and examined their influence on message-framing effects in advertisements for commonplace consumer products. A significant interaction in Experiment 1 indicated that loss-framed messages were persuasive in a higher-involvement context only when coupled with informational evidence, which enhanced systematic processing among participants and thereby elicited the framing effect. No interaction effects occurred in the lower-involvement context of Experiment 2, in which the hypothesized thought-processing patterns did not evince. Consistent with recent theoretical advancements, these results indicate that message-framing effects can be attenuated when both systematic and heuristic processing occur simultaneously. Practical implications are discussed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Emotional Meaning and the Cognitive Organization of Ethnozoological DomainsJOURNAL OF LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGY, Issue 2 2001Justin M. Nolan This article shows that the cognitive structure of semantic ethnozoological domains is influenced by the culturally constituted affective values of these domains. Data were collected from American undergraduates who free listed the generic constituents of four ethnozoological life-forms: birds, fish, snakes, and wugs. Participants indicated on each free list which items they liked and disliked, and which single item best represented the life-form domain. They were also asked whether they liked or disliked the exemplar and the domain. Concordance was found between the attitude toward the life form (i.e., whether it is liked or disliked) and the salience of similarly judged items, and between the attitude toward the life form and the attitude toward the exemplar. Concordance was also found between the attitude toward the exemplar and the salience of similarly judged items. The exemplars of each life-form domain are highly salient overall, and the proportion of liked and disliked items in the free lists generally corresponds with the attitude toward the life-form domain. All findings support our hypothesis that emotional meaning and culturally conditioned attitudes play a significant role in the organization of ethnozoological domains. [source] The hyomandibulae of rhizodontids (Sarcopterygii, stem-tetrapoda)JOURNAL OF MORPHOLOGY, Issue 6 2008Martin D. Brazeau Abstract Despite its important role in the study of the evolution of tetrapods, the hyomandibular bone (the homologue of the stapes in crown-group tetrapods) is known for only a few of the fish-like members of the tetrapod stem-group. The best-known example, that of the tristichopterid Eusthenopteron, has been used as an exemplar of fish-like stem-tetrapod hyomandibula morphology, but in truth the conditions at the base of the tetrapod radiation remain obscure. We report, here, four hyomandibulae, from three separate localities, which are referable to the Rhizodontida, the most basal clade of stem-tetrapods. These specimens share a number of characteristics, and are appreciably different from the small number of hyomandibulae reported for other fish-like stem-tetrapods. While it is unclear if these characteristics represent synapomorphies or symplesiomorphies, they highlight the morphological diversity of hyomandibulae within the early evolution of the tetrapod total-group. Well-preserved muscle scarring on some of these hyomandibulae permit more robust inferences of hyoid arch musculature in stem-tetrapods. J. Morphol., 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Exploring the Subconcepts of the Wittmann-Price Theory of Emancipated Decision-Making in Women's Health CareJOURNAL OF NURSING SCHOLARSHIP, Issue 4 2006Ruth A. Wittmann-Price Purpose: To explore the subconcepts of the Wittmann-Price Theory of Emancipated Decision-Making (EDM); which is proposed as a new theoretical model for the nursing care of women to increase women's satisfaction with decision-making about healthcare issues. Infant feeding method was used as the clinical exemplar. Design and Method: A descriptive correlational design was used to test the five identified subconcepts of EDM (empowerment, flexible environment, personal knowledge, reflection, and social norms) in women's healthcare. The relationship of emancipated decision-making and satisfaction were explored with the Subject Demographic Questionnaire (SDQ), the Wittmann-Price Theory of Emancipated Decision-making Scale (EDMS), and the Satisfaction with Decision (SWD) scale. The research design was retrospective, without random sampling of subjects. Four research questions were posed for this investigation. Women who had uncomplicated deliveries and met the selected criteria were enrolled (N=97). Findings: All five subconcepts of EDM were scored on subscales on the EDMS; flexible environment and personal knowledge had the highest mean scores. Pearson correlations showed that all five subscales were significantly related to each other except reflection with personal knowledge and reflection with social norms. A significant relationship was found between the EDM and satisfaction with the decision. Personal knowledge and flexible environment were the best predictors of satisfaction with the decision. Conclusions: The Wittmann-Price Theory of EDM is a theoretical model with implications for nursing care of women who are involved in a healthcare decision, such as choice of infant feeding. Further studies are needed to determine the importance of each of the subconcepts in relation to emancipated decision-making. [source] The Shifting Sands of Punishment in China in the Era of "Harmonious Society"LAW & POLICY, Issue 3 2010SUSAN TREVASKES This article about the politics of punishment in China today follows some of the political machinations involved in the development of a new policy called "Balancing Leniency and Severity." It treats this new policy as an exemplar of how politics works in the Hu Jintao era to change the way crimes are addressed in judicial decision making. This paper underscores the important ways in which political ideology informs criminal justice policy and practice in China. It examines a number of stages of development within the last decade during which Balancing Leniency and Severity has emerged as a foundational criminal justice policy. [source] Caring for relatives in intensive care , an exemplar of advanced practiceNURSING IN CRITICAL CARE, Issue 1 2007Dip N, Ruth Endacott PhD [source] Food Safety Regulation and the Conflict of Interest: The Case of MeatSafety and E. Coli 0157PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION, Issue 3 2000Richard Schofield The Food Standards Agency (FSA) aims to remove the longstanding conflict of interest between producers and consumers which is thought to lie at the heart of the rising number of food safety problems of recent years, to restore consumer confidence, and to protect public health. This paper sets out firstly to understand what the conflicts are, how they arise and their implications for food safety, and secondly to provide some means of evaluating the proposals for the Food Standards Agency. It does this by examining the current food safety regulatory regime as it relates to e. coli 0157, one of the problems that gave rise to the FSA and an exemplar of the problems of meat safety, and places it in its wider economic context. The results show that the financial pressures on the food industry were such that food hygiene was largely dependent upon external regulation and enforcement. But the deficiencies in the conception, design and implementation of the Food Safety Act, which was fundamentally deregulatory and privileged producer interests, permitted the food safety problems to grow. The case also, by illustrating how the interests of big business predominate in the formulation of public policy at the expense of the public, reveals how the class nature of the state affects public policy and social relations. Without addressing these issues, the problems they give rise to will remain. While the case is based on experiences in Britain, the problem of food safety and the issues raised have an international significance. [source] Reinventing Government: The Case of National ServicePUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REVIEW, Issue 4 2000Leslie Lenkowsky When Bill Clinton embraced national service as one of his administration's priorities, he took a step forward on two of his key initiatives. Not only was national service a new initiative in its own right, but Clinton also held it up as a model of his efforts to reinvent government. It would be an exemplar of government that is catalytic, competitive, decentralized, and results oriented. This case study examines the theory and reality of reinvention. The Corporation for National Service and its programs have come under fire for being more political than catalytic, being simultaneously too centralized and too decentralized, and pursuing too many unclear goals. This article seeks to identify discontinuities between the rhetoric and the reality of reinvention in this instance and draw lessons for public-sector reform. [source] FICTIONAL FORM AND SYMPHONIC STRUCTURE: AN ESSAY IN COMPARATIVE AESTHETICSRATIO, Issue 4 2009Peter Kivy It is agreed on all hands that both fictional narratives and the familiar genres of classical music possess an inner structure that both can be perceived and be appreciated aesthetically. It is my argument here that this inner structure plays a crucially different role in fictional narrative than it does in classical music, confining myself here to ,absolute music' (which is to say, pure instrumental music without text, programme, dramatic setting, or other ,extra-musical' content). The argument, basically, is that whereas the sophisticated listener to the absolute music repertory is keenly, consciously aware of the inner structure, the sophisticated reader of fictional narrative, the principal exemplar being the novel, is not so aware. Therefore, whereas musical structure directly contributes to aesthetic satisfaction, narrative structure contributes only indirectly (which is not to deny that, at times, the reader is consciously aware of narrative structure, and that, at such times, it does contribute directly to aesthetic satisfaction). [source] Theory as metaphor: clinical knowledge and its communicationTHE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 2 2009Warren Colman Abstract:, This paper investigates the relationship between clinical knowledge and psychological theory and considers the implications for clinical writing. I argue that clinical knowledge is a way of understanding rather than a body of facts and compare clinical material to ,texts' that generate multiple and indeterminate meanings. Analytic theories, which represent the crystallization of ways of understanding clinical phenomena, have an inherently metaphorical ,as if' quality since they are derived from and adapted to the clinical process of making meaning by representing psychic states in symbolic form. Thus good clinical writing demonstrates an integration of theory and clinical material into a unified network of symbolic meanings. Redfearn's paper, ,The captive, the treasure, the hero and the "anal" stage of development' (1979), is discussed as an exemplar of such integration. It is suggested that clinical knowledge is equivalent to the skill of making effective interpretations. Translations of Abstract Cet article traite du rapport entre savoir clinique et théorie psychologique ainsi que des répercussions de leur articulation sur l'écriture clinique. Je soutiens que le savoir clinique est un mode de compréhension plutôt qu'un ensemble de faits et je compare du matériel clinique et des ,textes', qui génèrent des significations multiples et indéterminées. Les théories analytiques représentent la cristallisation de modes de compréhension des phénomènes cliniques. Elles possèdent une qualité métaphorique inhérente ,as if' (,comme si') car elles découlent et s'adaptent au processus clinique de fabrication de sens via la représentation symbolique de formes psychiques. Ainsi, une écriture clinique de qualité intègre-t-elle théorie et matériel clinique en un réseau unifié de significations symboliques. L'article de Redfearn ,The captive, the treasure, the hero and the "anal" stage of development' (1979) est ici discutéà titre d' illustration d'une telle intégration. Dieser Artikel untersucht die Beziehung zwischen klinischem Wissen und psychologischer Theorie und betrachtet dessen Implikationen für das Schreiben über klinische Sachverhalte. Ich behaupte, daß klinisches Wissen eher eine Weise des Verstehens ist als ein Corpus von Faktenwissen und vergleiche klinisches Material mit ,Texten', die vielschichtige und unbestimmte Bedeutungen generieren. Analytische Theorien, welche die Kristallisation der Verständnisweisen von klinischen Phänomenen repräsentieren, haben eine inhärente metaphorische ,als ob-Qualität', da sie aus dem klinischen Prozeß der Bedeutungsgewinnung durch Repräsentation von seelischen Zuständen in symbolischer Form deriviert und an diesen adaptiert sind. Demnach demonstriert ein guter klinischer Bericht eine Integration von Theorie und klinischem Material in ein vereinheitlichtes Netzwerk symbolischer Bedeutungen. Redfearns Aufsatz ,The captive, the treasure, the hero and the "anal" stage of development'(Der Gefangene, der Schatz, der Held und die ,anale' Entwicklungsstufe) wird als Beispiel einer solchen Integration vorgestellt. In questo lavoro si esamina la relazione tra la conoscenza clinica e la teoria psicologica e si considera quali implicazioni ci siano per gli scritti clinici. Sostengo che la conoscenza clinica è un modo di comprendere piuttosto che un corpo di fatti e confronto il materiale clinico a quei ,testi' che danno origine a significati multipli e indeterminati. Le teorie analitiche, che rappresentano la cristallizzazione del modo di comprendere fenomeni clinici, hanno una qualità intrinsecamente metaforica'come se' dal momento che derivano da e sono adattate al processo clinico di costruire significati rappresentando stati psichici in forme simboliche. In tal modo un buono scritto clinico mostra una integrazione di teoria e di materiale clinico in una rete unificata di significati simbolici. Come esempio di tale integrazione viene discusso il lavoro di Redfearn (1979),Il prigioniero, il tesoro, l'eroe e lo stadio "anale" dello sviluppo'. En este documento se investiga la relación entre los conocimientos clínicos y la teoría psicológica y considera las implicaciones clínicas de la escritura. Yo sostengo que el conocimiento clínico es una manera de entender, más que un conjunto de hechos y compara el material clínico de ,textos' que generan e ideterminan múltiples significados. Las teorías analíticas, que representan la cristalización de formas de entender los fenómenos clínicos, tienen inherente a ellas la calidad de naturaleza metafórica del ,como si', ya que se derivan de y se han adaptado al proceso clínico de elaboración y dar significado por medio de la representación de los estados psíquicos en forma simbólica. Así pues, la buena escritura clínica demuestra integración de la teoría y el material clínico en una red unificada de significados simbólicos. Se analiza El trabajo de Redfearn de ,El Cautivo, el Tesoro, el Héroe y la Fase"Anal"del desarrollo (1979) como un ejemplo de esa integración. [source] A scoring system for coat and tail condition in ringtailed lemurs, Lemur cattaAMERICAN JOURNAL OF PRIMATOLOGY, Issue 3 2009Wiebke Berg Abstract Coat condition can be influenced by a wide variety of disorders and thus provides a useful tool for noninvasive health and welfare assessments in wild and captive animals. Using Lemur catta as an exemplar, we offer a 6-step scoring system for coat and tail condition, ranging from perfectly fluffy to half or more of body and tail being hairless. The categories are described in detail and illustrated with sample pictures from a wild population in Berenty Reserve, Madagascar. Furthermore, we elaborate on intermediate conditions and discoloration of fur. Coat condition scoring allows the comparison between years, seasons, and the effect of toxin, disease or stress. Although this system was developed for wild L. catta, we believe it can also be of value for other species. We recommend scoring coat condition in healthy wild mammal populations to give a baseline on yearly and seasonal variations vs. deteriorating health conditions or pathology. Am. J. Primatol. 71:183,190, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||