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Selected AbstractsSOCIAL DISORGANIZATION OUTSIDE THE METROPOLIS: AN ANALYSIS OF RURAL YOUTH VIOLENCE,CRIMINOLOGY, Issue 1 2000D. WAYNE OSGOOD In order to extend the study of community social disorganization and crime beyond its exclusive focus on large urban centers, we present an analysis of structural correlates of arrest rates for juvenile violence in 264 nonmetropolitan counties of four states. Findings support the generality of social disorganization theory: Juvenile violence was associated with rates of residential instability, family disruption, and ethnic heterogeneity. Though rates of poverty were not related to juvenile violence, this is also in accord with social disorganization theory because, unlike urban settings, poverty was negatively related to residential instability. Rates of juvenile violence varied markedly with population size through a curvilinear relationship in which counties with the smallest juvenile populations had exceptionally low arrest rates. Analyses used negative binomial regression (a variation of Poisson regression) because the small number of arrests in many counties meant that arrest rates would be ill suited to least-squares regression. [source] The Regulatory State and Turkish Banking Reforms in the Age of Post-Washington ConsensusDEVELOPMENT AND CHANGE, Issue 1 2010Caner Bakir ABSTRACT The new era of the Post-Washington Consensus (PWC), promoted under the auspices of International Financial Institutions such as the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, centres on the need to develop sound financial regulation and strong regulatory institutions, especially in the realm of banking and finance in post-financial crisis developing countries. This article uses an examination of the Turkish banking sector experience with the PWC in the aftermath of the 2001 financial crisis to show its considerable strengths and weaknesses. The authors argue that the emergent regulatory state in the bank-based financial system has a narrow focus on strengthening prudential regulation, whilst ignoring the increased ,financialization' of the Turkish economy. They identify the positive features of the new era of the PWC in terms of prudential regulation, which has become much more robust in its ability to withstand external shocks. At the same time, however, the article highlights some of the limitations of the new era which resemble the limitations of the PWC. These include the distributional impact of the regulatory reforms within the banking sector, and notably the emergence of foreign banks as the major beneficiaries of this process; weaknesses in promoting productive bank intermediation that finance the real economy and economic growth, leading to poverty reduction via growth of employment whilst stimulating financialization within the economy; and finally, the exclusive focus on prudential regulation, whilst ignoring regulatory costs, consumer protection and competition regulation. [source] The Experience of Conditional Cash Transfers in Latin America and the CaribbeanDEVELOPMENT POLICY REVIEW, Issue 5 2006Sudhanshu Handa This article discusses the experience of six conditional cash transfer programmes in Latin America, a model of social safety-nets which has grown to dominate the social protection sector in the region during the past decade. While they have been generally successful in terms of achieving their core objective, it is still not clear whether these programmes constitute the most cost-efficient or sustainable solution to the development bottleneck they seek to address. Furthermore, the almost exclusive focus on the human capital accumulation of children leads to missed opportunties in terms of impact on household welfare and the broader rural development context. [source] INTEGRATING RISK MANAGEMENT AND CAPITAL MANAGEMENTJOURNAL OF APPLIED CORPORATE FINANCE, Issue 4 2002Prakash Shimpi Capital management and risk management are two sides of the same coin. But by treating them separately, the conventional theory and practice of corporate finance fails to account for important connections between them. Moreover, an exclusive focus on debt and equity ignores the full range of capital resources available to a corporation, thus distorting management's view of the firm's cost of capital (and its return on equity). An understanding of the role of corporate capital,including off-balance sheet as well as paid-up capital,and its relationship to the riskiness of a firm's activities provides the foundation on which the author builds a corporate finance framework that ties together both the insurance and capital markets. This framework, called the "Insurative Model," captures the economics of both conventional insurance and corporate finance instruments and embraces a wide variety of solutions and instruments,be they debt, equity, insurance, derivative, contingent capital, or any other,and allows managers to evaluate their effectiveness in a consistent, unified way. The Insurative Model demonstrates that a company's decisions on insurance and risk retention can be just as important as its decisions about its debt-equity mix. In fact, the determination of a firm's optimal debt-equity ratio should be the last in a series of capital and risk management decisions. Earlier decisions should address risk retention, risk transfer, and the optimal amounts and structure of off-balance-sheet capital used to support the company's retained risks. [source] Understanding resilience in educational trajectories: Implications for protective possibilitiesPSYCHOLOGY IN THE SCHOOLS, Issue 1 2006Gale M. Morrison A growing body of literature on risk and resilience, school engagement, and positive psychology offers school psychologists new perspectives with which to consider students' progress through school. This literature emphasizes the importance of monitoring student internal and external assets. In this article, a framework is reviewed that highlights student strengths and contextual protective factors, moving beyond an exclusive focus on student deficits. It offers school psychologists a systematic set of empirically derived categories for thinking about, collecting, and presenting information about the strengths of students that (a) help to focus not only on risks but on protective factors, (b) facilitate a "developmental trajectory" perspective, and (c) recognize the role of important school, peer, and family contexts. The concepts reviewed in this article are intended to provide a template for use by school psychologists interested in thinking about student development and how schools can foster protective possibilities. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 43: 19,31, 2006. [source] New Labour's PPI Reforms: Patient and Public Involvement in Healthcare Governance?THE MODERN LAW REVIEW, Issue 2 2009Peter Vincent-Jones Following a first wave of reform at the beginning of the decade, the system of patient and public involvement in healthcare governance is being further overhauled under the Local Government and Public Involvement in Health Act 2007 and the Health and Social Care Act 2008. The current reforms reflect a significant shift in dominant political discourse from an earlier concern with patient and public involvement towards a more exclusive focus on consumer choice and economic regulation, with collective voice and citizen participation at best playing a subordinate part in the government's NHS modernisation agenda. While there is some potential for increased responsiveness in the new arrangements, the overall effect is likely to be a weakening of the foundations of democratic decision making in the governance of healthcare in England. [source] Gendered Geographies of Environmental InjusticeANTIPODE, Issue 4 2009Susan Buckingham Abstract:, As environmental justice concerns become more widely embedded in environmental organizations and policymaking, and increasingly the focus of academic study, the gender dimension dissolves into an exclusive focus on race/ethnicity and class/income. While grassroots campaigning activities were often dominated by women, in the more institutionalized activities of organizations dominated by salaried professionals, gender inequality is neglected as a vector of environmental injustice, and addressing this inequality is not considered a strategy for redress. This paper explores some of the reasons why this may be so, which include a lack of visibility of gendered environmental injustice; professional campaigning organizations which are themselves gender blind; institutions at a range of scales which are still structured by gender (as well as class and race) inequalities; and an intellectual academy which continues to marginalize the study of gender,and women's,inequality. The authors draw on experience of environmental activism, participant observation, and other qualitative research into the gendering of environmental activity, to first explore the constructions of scale to see how this might limit a gender-fair approach to environmental justice. Following this, the practice of "gender mainstreaming" in environmental organizations and institutions will be examined, demonstrating how this is limited in scope and fails to impact on the gendering of environmental injustice. [source] Balancing absolute and relative risk reduction in tobacco control policy: the example of antenatal smoking in Victoria, AustraliaAUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH, Issue 4 2010Nathan Grills Abstract Objective: This descriptive epidemiological analysis aims to explore the benefits, risks and policy balance between a whole-of-population and high-risk reduction approach to reducing antenatal smoking prevalence. Methods: Using Victorian hospital antenatal statistics the rate-ratio for smoking in each hypothesised high prevalence group was calculated and combined with the absolute number of births in each high-risk group. The effect on smoking prevalence of whole-of-population reductions and high-risk group reductions was then modelled. Results: In Victoria, there were higher rates of antenatal smoking among single [RR = 4.67 (3.46,4.42)], teenage women [RR (95%CI) = 3.26 (3.00,3.54)] of indigenous ethnicity [RR = 4.39 (3.94, 4.88)] with low income [RR = 4.67 (4.17,5.22)] and low education attainment [RR = 3.89 (3.47,4.36)] who lived in less accessible areas [RR = 2.14 (1.92,2.39)]. However, as each of these high-risk groups represents a relatively small proportion of mothers, most antenatal smokers are aged 25,34, educated, city-based, non-Indigenous and non-impoverished. Conclusions: The majority of Victorian women who smoke in pregnancy do not belong to traditional high-risk groups. Implications: Absolute reductions in smoking prevalence in high-risk groups can potentially be achieved by whole-of-population prevalence reductions, despite a potential continuance in high relative risk among these groups. Conversely, an exclusive focus on smoking reduction in high-risk groups may fail to reduce the whole-of-population antenatal smoking prevalence. [source] | |||||||||||||