			Home About us Contact

Evaluation Model (evaluation + model)

Distribution by Scientific Domains

Medical Sciences	33%
Engineering	20%
Business, Economics, Finance and Accounting	12%
Psychology	8%
Information Science and Computing	8%

Selected Abstracts

No-Reference Image Quality Evaluation Model for JPEG and JPEG2000 Images

IEEJ TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING, Issue 3 2008
Z. M. Parvez Sazzad Non-member
Abstract In this paper, we present a new no-reference (NR) image quality evaluation model for Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) and JPEG2000 coded images. The proposed model is based on the blockiness around the block boundary, average absolute difference between adjacent pixels within the block, and zero-crossing (ZC) rate within the block of the image. Subjective experimental results of the Laboratory for Image and Video Engineering (LIVE) Image Quality Assessment Database were used to train and test the model, which achieved sufficient quality prediction performance. Copyright © 2008 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. [source]

Mid-term report on St Luke's College of Nursing's 21st century Center of Excellence Program: Core elements and specific goals of people-centered care

JAPAN JOURNAL OF NURSING SCIENCE, Issue 1 2006
Hiroko KOMATSU
Abstract Aim:, This paper, at the halfway point of the 5 year Center of Excellence (COE) Program, aims to extract common core elements of each COE project working on the development of people-centered care and to clarify future issues related to the COE Program through the evaluation of those elements. Methods:, All data obtained in such research activities, including records, interviews, meeting minutes, and results, are shared for each project in COE section meetings or general assemblies and the findings that are established there are accumulated. We also have set up a working group to develop the people-centered care concept by continuously reviewing the core elements of people-centered care based on the collected data. In order to track the projects in an orderly manner, we classified and organized the activities of the 11 COE projects based on the Process Evaluation Model and reviewed common important elements. Results:, The characteristic components, related to participation, relationships, capacity-building, empowerment, and product (specific achievements), were extracted as common core elements of each COE project. Conclusion:, In order to maintain the sustainability of people-centered care incorporated in communities, concrete strategies for improving economic efficiency, social significance and utility, and evaluation methods need to be developed. [source]

Effectiveness of a prenatal education programme on breastfeeding outcomes in Taiwan

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NURSING, Issue 3 2008
Shu-Shan Lin RN
Aims., The objectives of this study were to design a structured prenatal education programme on breastfeeding and to evaluate the effectiveness of the programme. Indicators of effectiveness were selected based on Kirkpatrick's Training Evaluation Model, including satisfaction with the programme, breastfeeding knowledge, breastfeeding attitude, breastfeeding satisfaction, breastfeeding problems and rate of exclusive breastfeeding. Methods., This study applied a quasi-experimental design. The experimental group included 46 women who received a 90-minute group educational programme on breastfeeding during their 20th,36th week of pregnancy. Each experimental subject was matched by a control subject according to age, educational level, work status and pregnancy gestational age. Control subjects did not receive any intervention. Data were collected through self-administered questionnaires at preintervention, postintervention, three days postpartum and one month postpartum. Results., Satisfaction with the programme was high. The experimental group had higher scores in breastfeeding knowledge and breastfeeding attitude at three days postpartum. The experimental group showed higher breastfeeding satisfaction at three days and one month postpartum. There were no significant differences in experiencing breastfeeding problems. The rate of exclusive breastfeeding was higher for the experimental group at three days and one month postpartum, but the differences were not statistically significant. Conclusion., This study demonstrated the effectiveness of a prenatal education programme on maternal knowledge, attitude and satisfaction toward breastfeeding. Relevance to clinical practice., Other hospitals could apply this model to plan and evaluate their prenatal education programme on breastfeeding. [source]

Trust Evaluation Model for Catching Japanese Bankruptcy Chances

JOURNAL OF CONTINGENCIES AND CRISIS MANAGEMENT, Issue 2 2002
Shingo Ogawa
This article aims at verifying the rationality of experiential subjectivities of credit analysts. In order to understand future events that can occur in an enterprise, uncertainty can be reduced based on their expertise. Rather than bankruptcy prediction accuracy, as in preceding studies, the aim here is to build a credit risk model from the viewpoint of credit analysts with sufficient experience for causal analysis. Factors that professional analysts pay major attention to in discovering bankruptcy chances are studied. The significant factors presented are four categories of what I call trust fear factors. The significance of the credit risk model based on these four factors was validated by statistical test, and this model was verified as a pragmatic model. The finding here is that subjective expertise works effectively for discovering an enterprise's critical situation turning towards bankruptcy. [source]

Documentation evaluation model for social science data

PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR INFORMATION SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY (ELECTRONIC), Issue 1 2008
Jinfang Niu
Information technology and data sharing policies have made more and more social science data available for secondary analysis. In secondary data analysis, documentation plays a critical role in transferring knowledge about data from data producers to secondary users. Despite its importance, documentation of social science data has rarely been the focus of existing studies. In this paper, based on an introduction of the concept of documentation and its role in secondary data analysis, the authors proposed the Documentation Evaluation Model(DEM) for social science data. In the model, two indicators are used to evaluate the documentation for social science data: sufficiency and ease-of-use. Then the authors review the sufficiency problems of documentation, identify three factors that affect the sufficiency of documentation: users, data, and the ease-of-use of documentation, and formulate hypotheses about how those factors affect the sufficiency of documentation. In future research, a survey instrument will be created based on the model and the factors affecting the sufficiency of documentation. The survey instrument will then be applied to the secondary users of social science data. Hypotheses will be tested based on the survey data. [source]

The role of offender experience and crimes in shaping accounts

JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE PSYCHOLOGY AND OFFENDER PROFILING, Issue 2 2009
Eugenio de Gregorio
Abstract The paper summarises the main findings obtained in a wide study on the construction of deviant actions' narratives. In this paper, we focused on two topics: both topics are crucial to suggest new directions in investigative psychology. Narratives provide investigative psychologists with new sets of tools to define criminal profiles, such as narrative profiling. This paper deals with a qualitative investigation undertaken by collecting narrative interviews. These interviews were conducted with 34 prisoners held in two penal institutes in Rome and their goal was to reveal the typical form of constructing accounts taken in a non-investigative context. The specific aim of the project was to show whether differences exist in the narrative accounts provided by perpetrators of crime considering two factors: the type of crime committed and the experience in the deviance arena, which are hypothesised to shape narrations. Interviews were analysed with particular reference to the ,Evaluation model' by W. Labov. Participants were divided into three groups on the basis of the type of experience in the deviant field (professionals, intermediates and amateurs) and into four groups according to the crime committed (homicide, robbery and theft, and crimes linked to drugs and fencing). The results show the significant existence of clear differences in the reconstruction of the crime committed compared to the experience of the protagonist. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

Evaluation of the AHRQ Patient Safety Initiative: Framework and Approach

HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH, Issue 2p2 2009
Donna O. Farley
Objective. Describe the evaluation performed of the patient safety initiative operated by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). AHRQ Patient Safety Initiative. When patient safety became a national priority in 2000, Congress charged and funded AHRQ to improve health care safety. Over the next 6 years, AHRQ funded more than 300 research projects and other activities, addressing diverse patient safety issues and practices. The Patient Safety Evaluation. AHRQ contracted with RAND in 2002 to perform a 4-year evaluation of the initiative, which was completed in 2006. This formative evaluation used the CIPP program evaluation model, which emphasizes multiple stakeholders' interests (e.g., patients, providers, funded researchers). We monitored the progress of the patient safety initiative and provided AHRQ annual feedback that assessed each year's activities, identifying issues and offering suggestions for actions by AHRQ. Given the size and complexity of the initiative, the evaluation needed to examine key individual components and synthesize results across them, and it also had to be responsive to changes in the initiative over time. We used a conceptual framework to bring together the disparate pieces to synthesize overall findings. The remaining articles in this issue describe selected results from this evaluation. [source]

No-Reference Image Quality Evaluation Model for JPEG and JPEG2000 Images

Inexact information aided, low-cost, distributed genetic algorithms for aerodynamic shape optimization

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN FLUIDS, Issue 10-11 2003
Marios K. Karakasis
Abstract Despite its robustness, the design and optimization of aerodynamic shapes using genetic algorithms suffers from high computing cost requirements, due to excessive calls to Computational Fluid Dynamics tools for the evaluation of candidate solutions. To alleviate this problem, either the use of distributed genetic algorithms or the implementation of surrogate evaluation models have separately been proposed in the past. A distributed genetic algorithm relies on the handling of population subsets that evolve in a semi-isolated manner by regularly exchanging their best individuals. It is known that distributed schemes generally outperform single-population ones. On the other hand, the implementation of less costly surrogate evaluation tools, such as the autocatalytic radial basis function networks developed by the authors for the purpose of getting rid of most of the ,useless' exact evaluations, reduces considerably the computational cost. The aim of the present paper is to employ a surrogate evaluation model in the context of a distributed genetic algorithm and to demonstrate that the combination of both results in maximum economy in CPU cost. In addition, whenever a multiprocessor system is available, the gain is much more pronounced, since the new optimization method maximizes parallel efficiency. The proposed method is used to solve inverse design and optimization problems in aeronautics and turbomachinery. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

The economic costs of dementia in Korea, 2002

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GERIATRIC PSYCHIATRY, Issue 8 2006
Guk-Hee Suh
Abstract Objective To estimate the economic costs of dementia in 2002 using an economic evaluation model for dementia care. Methods Data were from the Korea National Survey of the Long-Term Care Need (LTC survey) (n,=,5058), two prospective 1-year studies [one clinical trial (n,=,234), one naturalistic community cohort study (n,=,107)], and two epidemiologic community studies for prevalence of dementia (n,=,1037,+,1481). Daily costs and proportions of different levels of institutional service provided were collected from the LTC survey. Resource use in the community included health care services, social care services, out-of-pocket purchase for self-support, caregiver time and missed work of caregiver. Costs in community were calculated based on resource utilization multiplied by the unit costs for each resource. Results Total annual costs of dementia were estimated to be over 2.4 billion US$ for 272,000 dementia sufferers. Costs in community represent 96% of the total annual costs, while costs of informal care and missed work of caregivers were 1.3 billion US$, or 55% of total annual cost. Average annual costs of full time care (FTC) and pre-FTC in community LTC were 44,121 US$ and 13,273 US$ per person, whereas cost per patient who did not need community LTC was 3986 US$. Conclusion Given that the number of dementia sufferers is projected to increase in the near future and that larger part of the costs are subsidized by the government, the economic and social costs of dementia is significant not only for dementia sufferers and their caregivers, but also for society. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

A fuzzy preference-ranking model for a quality evaluation of hospital web sites

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS, Issue 11 2006
R. Ufuk Bilsel
This article presents a quality evaluation model for measuring the performance of hospital Web sites. The model is developed on the basis of a conceptual framework, which consists of seven major e-service quality dimensions, including tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, confidence, empathy, quality of information, and integration of communication issues of Web sites. The dimensions and their associated attributes are first obtained from published articles in the health care and information technology literature and then adapted according to the suggestions of related domain experts. Two multicriteria decision-making methods are used in the evaluation procedure. Determined Web site evaluation dimensions and their relevant attributes are weighted using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. Vagueness in some stages of the evaluation required the incorporation of fuzzy numbers in the assessment process. Both fuzzy and crisp data are then synthesized using the fuzzy PROMETHEE (Preference Ranking Organization Method for Enrichment Evaluation) ranking method. The model is applied initially to measure the performance of the Web sites of Turkish hospitals. This study should be of interest to health care and technology practitioners and researchers, as the findings shed light on the further development of performance measurements for hospital Web sites. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Int Syst 21: 1181,1197, 2006. [source]

Campus cultural and artistic activity effects evaluation model: a study of universities in Taiwan

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NONPROFIT & VOLUNTARY SECTOR MARKETING, Issue 1 2009
Shwu-Ing Wu
This research examines three types of universities in Taiwan to discuss the factors that influence campus cultural and artistic activity effects and establishes a structure model. In this research, university students are the target group for nonprofit organizations (NPOs) that regard cultural and artistic activities as products or services. The study used message contact, emotion, cognition, message evaluation, and attitude toward the activity as the influence factors. The relationships among these factors along with student participatory intention, participation behavior, and activity effect were then explored. The results show that each influence factor affects student willingness to participate, which leads to different levels of participation and effectiveness. Moreover, there are hierarchical relationships between the influence factors and effects. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

Implementing on-the-job training: critical success factors

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT, Issue 3 2000
Simone J. van Zolingen
Post Offices Inc. in The Netherlands has developed and implemented a new instruction model for the training of desk employees. The quality of the new instruction model was assessed by means of the evaluation model of Jacobs and Jones for on-the-job training. It is concluded that the implementation of the training model has not been completely successful. Critical success factors, such as the performance of the mentors as well as the quality of the self-study material, have to be improved. Mentors are expected to serve as a behavioural model, to provide feedback, arrange an adequate environment for self-study, motivate trainees for self-study and evaluate trainees' progress on a regular basis. This study shows that mentors must be fully convinced of the benefit of a new instructional model, if not, the implementation will not be successful. Besides, the study shows that the quality of the self-study material depends very much on the similarity between the knowledge needed in work and the knowledge presented in the self-study material. [source]

Structural Solutions to Social Dilemmas: A Field Study on Commuters' Willingness to Fund Improvements in Public Transit,

JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 3 2001
Jeffrey A. Joireman
The present field study examined commuters'(N= 152) willingness to fund improvements in public transit. Consistent with Samuelson's (1993; Samuelson & Messick, 1995) multiattribute evaluation model of structural change in social dilemmas, support for the transit plan was higher when it was perceived to be (a) effective at reducing congestion and pollution, (b) personally beneficial, and (c) fair in terms of taxes and benefits. Also consistent with predictions, these relationships were moderated by individual differences in social value orientation (MClintock, 1968) and the consideration of future consequences (CFC; Strathman, Gleicher, Boninger, & Edwards, 1994). Prosocials responded more to the perceived fairness of the plan, while proselfs responded more to the plan's effectiveness in reducing congestion. Low CFCs responded more to the plan's personal benefits and effectiveness in reducing congestion, while high CFCs responded more to the plan's effectiveness in reducing pollution. [source]

A participatory evaluation project to measure SANE nursing practice and adult sexual assault patients' psychological well-being

JOURNAL OF FORENSIC NURSING, Issue 1 2008
Rebecca Campbell Ph.D.
Abstract This paper describes a collaborative project between a team of researcher-evaluators and a Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner (SANE) program to develop an evaluation survey of SANE nursing practice and patient psychological well-being. Using a participatory evaluation model, we followed a six-step process to plan and conduct an evaluation of adult sexual assault patients treated in one Midwestern SANE program. Our collaborative team developed a logic model of "empowering care," which we defined as providing healthcare, support, and resources; treating survivors with dignity and respect; believing their stories; helping them re-instate control and choice; and respecting patients' decisions. We created a corresponding survey that can be administered to patients following exam procedures and tested it with N= 52 sexual assault victims. Results indicated that nursing practice was consistent with this empowering care philosophy as the overwhelming majority of patients reported positive psychological well-being outcomes. Implications for evaluating forensic nursing practice are discussed. [source]

Problem management maturity within corrective maintenance

JOURNAL OF SOFTWARE MAINTENANCE AND EVOLUTION: RESEARCH AND PRACTICE, Issue 3 2002
Mira Kajko-Mattsson
Abstract CM: Problem Management is a first detailed descriptive problem management process model to be utilized within corrective maintenance. It is the result of a long-term empirical study of industrial corrective maintenance processes. It has been developed at ABB and evaluated for its industrial relevance within 17 non-ABB organizations. Playing the role of a descriptive model, CM: Problem Management specifies what a problem management process should look like. It also structures it into three maturity levels, Initial, Defined, and Optimal, where each level offers a different grainedness of process visibility. In this paper, we present the CM levels of problem management process maturity within corrective maintenance and match them against the industrial state of practice. Our goal is to establish the current status of problem management maturity using CM: Problem Management as an evaluation model. Our evaluation results show that the industrial processes today suffice to attend to software problems within corrective maintenance. Very few of them, however, do learn from the past in order to prevent future problems and to improve development or maintenance processes. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

Packaging handling evaluation methods in the grocery retail industry

PACKAGING TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, Issue 1 2001
Mazen Saghir
Abstract The grocery retail industry, with its large product volumes, low margins and fierce competition, is constantly seeking efficiency improvements in its supply chain. The grocery retail industry uses an immense amount of packaging and is directly affected by packaging logistics activities. There is, therefore, a potential for efficiency improvements in the grocery retail supply chain through the integration and development of new systems of packaging and logistics. Packaging handling is identified as one of the main activities that has a strong impact on the overall logistical cost of a grocery chain. This research article investigates packaging handling evaluation methods and discusses how these are employed to benefit the industry. Case studies, involving six major companies from the Swedish grocery retail industry, have been used to evaluate packaging and logistics activities. This work, together with a literature review, was used to identify the need for evaluative methods and the present availability of such methods. The results indicated a lack of sufficient and usable packaging handling evaluation methods in today's grocery and packaging industry especially from a logistical point of view. The paper also highlights the lack of systematization among the few methods used and discusses how these can be used to build a systematic and multifunctional evaluation model in order to utilize the information from different studies to build a knowledge base for the future. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

Continuing medical education in pediatric anesthesia , a theoretical overview

PEDIATRIC ANESTHESIA, Issue 8 2008
NIGEL MCBETH TURNER MB ChB PhD FRCA EDICMArticle first published online: 8 JUL 200
Summary The importance of continuing medical education (CME) as a method of improving the quality of care of children undergoing anesthesia is universally recognized. This article, which is based on a presentation at the FEAPA European Conference on Paediatric Anaesthesia in September 2007 in Amsterdam, gives a theoretical overview of continuing education and introduces some generic educational concepts, such as the CRISIS-criteria and Kirkpatrick's evaluation model, which are as relevant to pediatric anesthesia as to other areas of medical practice. The terms CME and continuing professional develop are described. Some consideration is given to how anesthesiologists can assess the potential worth of an educational activity for their practice. No attempt will be made to judge particular educational activities, as the choice of the most appropriate activity rests primarily with the individual. [source]

Documentation evaluation model for social science data

Mothers' evaluation of their caregiving for premature and full-term infants through the first year: Contributing factors

RESEARCH IN NURSING & HEALTH, Issue 3 2001
Karen Pridham
Abstract We explored change in mothers' evaluations of their caregiving through the first postterm year for full-term infants and for prematurely born, very low birth-weight infants with a history of lung disease, and we examined the contribution to this evaluation of infant, family, and mother conditions. Fifty-four mothers of premature infants and 49 mothers of full-term infants evaluated their caregiving relationship, performance, and satisfaction at 1, 4, 8, and 12 months infant postterm age. In addition, at the same intervals,1, 4, 8, and 12 months,mothers rated their symptoms of depression, infant responsiveness, and satisfaction with help from husband or partner. Positive and negative feeding behaviors of mother and of infant were rated from videotapes. Regression analysis, which included all rated variables, infant birth maturity/lung health status, and number of children in the mother's care, showed that the 1-month assessment differed significantly from the assessments at 4, 8, and 12 months. All conditions, except for infant birth maturity/lung health status and mother's positive feeding behavior, were significantly associated with caregiving evaluation. Findings support inclusion of infant, family, and mother conditions in a caregiving evaluation model. Infant responsiveness may be particularly salient to a mother's caregiving evaluation. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Res Nurs Health 24: 157,169, 2001 [source]

Comprehensive evaluation of an online tobacco control continuing education course in Canada

THE JOURNAL OF CONTINUING EDUCATION IN THE HEALTH PROFESSIONS, Issue 4 2008
Kirsten E. Sears MHSc
Abstract Introduction: To respond to the increasing need to build capacity for planning, implementing, and supporting tobacco control strategies, an evidence-based, online continuing education (CE) course aimed at Canadian public health professionals was developed. The purpose of this study was to comprehensively evaluate the course, Tobacco and Public Health: From Theory to Practice (http://tobaccocourse.otru.org). Methods: Rossett and McDonald's revision of Kirkpatrick's four-level evaluation model for training programs guided the evaluation design. A pre-, post-, and follow-up single group design assessed immediate reactions to course modules, knowledge change and retention, practice change, and overall perceived value of the course. Six external peer reviewers evaluated course module content. Results: Fifty-nine participants completed all three course modules and the final online questionnaire at time 3, representing a response rate of 78%. Significant knowledge gains occurred between times 1 and 2 (p < 0.001). Although time 3 scores remained higher than time 1 scores for each module (p < 0.001), they decreased significantly between times 2 and 3 (p < 0.001). The majority of participants (93%) felt the topics covered were useful to their daily work. All but one participant felt the course was a good investment of their time, and nearly all participants (97%) stated they would recommend the course to others. Peer reviewers found that module content flowed well and was comprehensive. Discussion: This comprehensive evaluation was valuable both for assessing whether course goals were achieved and for identifying areas for course improvement. We expect this design would be a useful model to evaluate other online continuing education courses. [source]

Including an additional systematic environmental effect within a generation in an evaluation model improves accuracy of prediction of breeding values in a closed herd of pigs

ANIMAL SCIENCE JOURNAL, Issue 2 2004
Masahiro SATOH
ABSTRACT The present study evaluated the advantage of mixed-model techniques over a selection index under different magnitudes of an additional systematic environmental effect (ASEE) in terms of accuracy of prediction and expected genetic gain. The data attempted to simulate a closed herd in a pig breeding program. The base population (G0) consisted of 10 males and 50 females. Six generations (G0 to G5) were selected by using a selection index of three traits without overlapping. Additional systematic environmental constants with four levels in a generation were assigned from a uniform distribution at different ranges. Breeding values of animals in the last generation (G5) were estimated on the basis of an index of individual phenotype (SI-U), SI-U adjusted for ASEE using a least-squares mean (SI-A), best linear unbiased prediction using an animal model excluding ASEE (AM-E), and an animal model including ASEE (AM-I). Accuracy of prediction and expected genetic gain were larger by the animal model than by the selection index, even if heritability of the traits selected was high and ASEE was set to zero. When ASEE was zero, the accuracy of prediction and expected genetic gain given by SI-U and AM-I were similar to those given by SI-A and AM-E, respectively. However, the differences in accuracy and expected gain between SI-U and AI-A and between AM-I and AM-E increased as the range of ASEE increased. It was concluded that selection based on an animal model was more effective than index selection, even if the herd environment was uniform and traits with high heritability were selected, and that it should be always included in an evaluation model, however slight any systematic environmental effect may be in a closed herd. [source]

Hybrid expert,fuzzy approach for evaluation of complex systems

EXPERT SYSTEMS, Issue 3 2009
Veysi Öztürk
Abstract: Evaluation of complex systems is generally complicated and time consuming. Evaluation is needed for nearly all engineering tasks and the obstacles related to evaluation increase in proportion to complexity. New techniques can be used to automate manual evaluation and to overcome the obstacles related to evaluation that cannot be solved (or can only be solved with great difficulty) with conventional computing. In this study, a methodology was developed to handle the heuristic knowledge of experts for evaluation purposes. In this method, knowledge was represented as a reference model of evaluation objectives, production rules, measures, methods and parameters. A ,common evaluation process' and ,common evaluation model', which simplify and speed up the evaluation process and decrease evaluation cost, were proposed and developed. A hybrid expert,fuzzy system, called ,intelligent evaluation system' (INES), which can be used for evaluation of complex systems was developed. To define a process and develop a system that simplifies and speeds up evaluation can save time, decrease cost and provide reusability. As the evaluation of complex systems includes uncertainty in some aspects, fuzzy logic was incorporated with an expert system for reasoning. INES was implemented successfully for the evaluation of an air defence system, which is a complex system used to protect a region from all air threats. [source]