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Ethylene Terephthalate (ethylene + terephthalate)
Selected AbstractsInfluence of TiO2 Nanoparticles Incorporated into Elastomeric Polyesters on their Biocompatibility In Vitro and In VivoADVANCED ENGINEERING MATERIALS, Issue 11 2009Miroslawa El-Fray Abstract Fibroblasts proliferation and apoptosis as well as tissue response after implantation of elastomers containing nanocrystalline TiO2 were investigated in the present in vitro and in vivo study. Materials investigated were soft poly(aliphatic/aromatic-ester) multiblock thermoplastic elastomers with poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) hard segments and dimerized linoleic acid (DLA) soft segments, respectively, containing 0.2,wt% TiO2 nanoparticles. An investigation of the influence of TiO2 nanoparticles incorporated into polymeric material on in vitro biocompatibility revealed enhanced cell proliferation and diminished number of necrotic and apoptotic cells as compared to nanoparticles-free polymer. Implantation tests indicated that the observed tissue changes were similar to those observed with medical-grade silicone elastomer, no evidence of contact necrosis being observed. The unchanged morphology of rat liver hepatocytes and the lack of parenchymal necrosis also indicated that exposure to the material containing TiO2 nanoparticles, did not cause any cytotoxic reactions. The present study, thus, showed that elastomeric polyester containing TiO2 nanoparticles are interesting biomimetic constructs for improved tissue regeneration. [source] Self-Organized Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Conducting Thin Films with Honeycomb Structures on Flexible Plastic FilmsADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 2 2009Nobuo Wakamatsu Abstract Complex 1, synthesized from anionic shortened single-walled carbon nanotubes and cationic ammonium lipid dissolved in organic solvents, is cast on pretreated transparent flexible poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) films under a higher relative humidity to form thin films with self-organized honeycomb structures. The cell sizes are controllable by changing the experimental conditions. The lipid, which is the cationic part of complex 1, is easily removed by a simple ion-exchange method, while maintaining the basic honeycomb structures. After the ion exchange, the nanotube honeycomb films on PET with thinner skeletons exhibit a dramatic decrease in the surface resistivity from insulating to conducting. Carbon nanotubes with honeycomb structures formed by the self-organization on flexible polymer films are useful in many areas of nanoscience and technology including nanomaterials, nanoelectronics, nanodevices, catalysts, sensors, and so on. [source] A Simple, One-Step Approach to Durable and Robust Superhydrophobic Textiles,ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 22 2008Jan Zimmermann Abstract Superhydrophobic textile fabrics are prepared by a simple, one-step gas phase coating procedure by which a layer of polymethylsilsesquioxane nanofilaments is grown onto the individual textile fibers. A total of 11 textile fabrics made from natural and man made fibers are successfully coated and their superhydrophobic properties evaluated by the water shedding angle technique. A thorough investigation of the commercially relevant poly(ethylene terephthalate) fabric reveals an unparalleled long-term water resistance and stability of the superhydrophobic effect. Because of the special surface geometry generated by the nanoscopic, fibrous coating on the microscopic, fibrous textiles, the coated fabric remains completely dry even after two months of full immersion in water and stays superhydrophobic even after continuous rubbing with a skin simulating friction partner under significant load. Furthermore, important textile parameters such as tensile strength, color, and haptics are unaffected by the silicone nanofilament coating. For the first time, an in-depth characterization of the wetting properties, beyond simple contact angle measurements, as well as a thorough evaluation of the most important textile parameters is performed on a superhydrophobic fabric, which reveals a true potential for application. [source] Processing, mechanical properties, and interfacial bonding of a thermoplastic core-foam/composite-skin sandwich panel,ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY, Issue 3 2010S. Pappadà Abstract In this work, a thermoplastic sandwich panel was designed, produced, and tested for use in insulating walls of containers for food transportation. A sandwich construction comprising a poly(ethylene terephthalate) core and polypropylene/glass fiber skins was evaluated as possible replacement of systems consisting of polyurethane foam in combination with unsaturated polyester glass-reinforced skins that are currently used for the manufacture of these structures. Factors were taken into account to satisfy the simultaneous need of thermal insulation and adequate mechanical properties that are required for the production of large flat panels 100-mm thick. The influences of different manufacturing processes and skin-core adhesion on the mechanical properties of this thermoplastic sandwich were investigated and are discussed in the text. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 29:137,145, 2010; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary. DOI 10.1002/adv.20186 [source] Morphology of poly(ethylene terephthalate) blends: An analysis under real processing conditions by rheology and microscopyADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY, Issue 3 2009lhan Özen Abstract The present work describes the formation of co-continuous phase morphologies in uncompatibilized and compatibilized poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET),poly(m -xylene adipamide) (MXD6) and PET, poly(ethylene- co -vinyl alcohol) (EVOH) melt-extruded blends. Phase continuity has been determined by using the Jordhamo relationship. Viscosity values, which are essential for the calculation of the phase continuity, have been obtained by capillary rheometry. Thermal behavior of the blends has been analyzed by employing differential scanning calorimetry and phase continuity has been investigated for the noncompatibilized and the compatibilized blends by scanning electron microscopy. PET,MXD6 blends [92.35:7.65 (v/v) and 84.5:15.5 (v/v)] and PET,EVOH blends [73.63:26.37 (v/v)] exhibit droplet-in-matrix phase morphology, whereas uncompatibilized PET,MXD6 [75.8:24.2 (v/v)] blend has a combination of rod-like, droplet,matrix structure, and quasi-interpenetrating network structure. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 28:173,184, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.20156 [source] The continuous cooling transformation (CCT) as a flexible tool to investigate polymer crystallization under processing conditionsADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY, Issue 2 2009V. Brucato Abstract An experimental route for investigating polymer crystallization over a wide range of cooling rates (from 0.01 to 1000°C/s) and pressures (from 0.1 to 40 MPa) is illustrated, using a method that recalls the approach adopted in metallurgy for studying structure development in metals. Two types of experimental setup were used, namely an apparatus for fast cooling of thin films (100,200 ,m thick) at various cooling rates under atmospheric pressure and a device (based on a on-purpose modified injection molding machine) for quenching massive samples (about 1,2 cm3) under hydrostatic pressure fields. In both cases, ex situ characterization experiments were carried out to probe the resulting structure, using techniques such as density measurements and wide-angle x-ray diffraction (WAXD) patterns. The cooling mechanism and temperature distribution across the sample thickness were analyzed. Results show that the final structure is determined only by the imposed thermal history and pressure. Experimental results for isotactic polypropylene (iPP), poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), polyamide 6 (PA6), and syndiotactic polystyrene (sPS) are reported, showing the reliability of this experimental approach to assess not only quantitative information but also a qualitative description of the crystallization behavior of different classes of semicrystalline polymers. The present study gives an opportunity to evaluate how the combined effect of the cooling rate and pressure influences the crystallization kinetics for various classes of polymer of commercial interest. An increase in the cooling rate translates into a decrease in crystallinity and density, which both experience a sudden drop around the specific "crystallizability" (or "critical cooling rate") of the material examined. The exception is sPS where competition among the various crystalline modifications determines a minimum in the plot of density vs. cooling rate. As for the effect of pressure, iPP exhibits a "negative dependence" of crystallization kinetics upon pressure, with a decrease of density and degree of crystallinity with increasing pressure, owing to kinetic constraints. PA6 and PET, on the other hand, due to thermodynamic factors resulting in an increase in Tm with pressure, exhibits a "positive dependence" of crystallization kinetics upon pressure. Finally, recent original results concerning sPS have shown that the minimum in the density vs. cooling rate curve shifts toward larger cooling rates upon increasing pressure. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 28:86,119, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.20151 [source] Rheological properties and processability of chemically modified poly(ethylene terephthalate- co -ethylene isophthalate)ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY, Issue 4 2006Masayuki Yamaguchi Abstract Rheological properties and extrusion processability have been evaluated for poly(ethylene terephthalate- co -ethylene isophthalate) (P(ET-EI)) modified by a styrene-acrylate-based copolymer with glycidyl functionality in an extruder. Adding a small amount of the modifier enhances melt elasticity to a great extent. Consequently, modified P(ET-EI) exhibits excellent processability without sagging, that is, downward deformation of extrudates by gravitational force. Considering that molecular weight and its distribution hardly change, which is confirmed by GPC measurements, generation of long-chain branches is responsible for the rheological properties and thus the processability. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 25:236,241, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.20078 [source] Microwave-assisted depolymerization of poly(ethylene terephthalate) [PET] at atmospheric pressureADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY, Issue 4 2006Mir Mohammad Alavi Nikje Abstract Microwave-assisted hydroglycolysis of poly(ethylene terephthalate) using an excess of methanol, ethanol, 1-butanol, 1-pentanol, and 1-hexanol in the presence of different simple basic catalysts, namely, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, sodium acetate, and zinc acetate, is reported. Reactions were performed at short times without any side reactions, namely, oxidation of ethylene glycol. The products terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol were obtained in their pure form with sufficiently high yields with potassium hydroxide. The purified product was characterized by IR and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The process of hydroglycolysis reported here is economically viable since yields of recycled products are high, and it has potential for further improvement to produce useful products. This process is of economic interest because much of the raw materials can be recovered and used for virgin PET resin synthesis. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 25:242,246, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.20080 [source] Poly(ethylene terephthalate) recycling and recovery of pure terephthalic acid by alkaline hydrolysisADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY, Issue 4 2002G. P. Karayannidis Abstract Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) taken from postconsumer soft-drink bottles was subjected to alkaline hydrolysis after cutting it into small pieces (flakes). The reaction took place in an autoclave at 120,200°C with aqueous NaOH solutions and at 110,120°C with a nonaqueous solution of KOH in methyl Cellosolve. The disodium or dipotassium terephthalate received was treated with sulfuric acid and terephthalic acid (TPA) of high purity was separated. The 1H NMR spectrum of the TPA revealed an about 2% admixture of isophthalic acid together with the pure 98% TPA. The purity of the TPA obtained was tested by determining its acidity and by polymerizing it with ethylene glycol by using tetrabutyl titanate as catalyst. A simple theoretical model was developed to describe the hydrolysis rate. The activation energy calculated was 99 kJ/mol. This method is very useful in recycling of PET bottles and other containers because nowadays TPA is replacing dimethyl terephthalate (the traditional monomer) as the main monomer in the industrial production of PET. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 21: 250,259, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.10029 [source] Synchrotron studies of polymers at DND-CATJOURNAL OF APPLIED CRYSTALLOGRAPHY, Issue 3-1 2000J.D. Londono Two examples are presented that illustrate the capabilities of DND-CAT instrumentation for the study of the effects of processing on polymers. Firstly, a thermoplastic elastomer, Hytrel®, was stretched while 2-D data were collected simultaneously. The Hytrel® data show that the yield point of the stress-strain curve is associated with the sudden appearance of a four-point pattern. At higher deformations, strain-induced crystallization and the destruction of the hard segment domains lead to a substantial decrease of the contrast as monitored by the SAXS invariant. Prior to breakage, the extent and intensity of an equatorial streak develops as the material fibrillates. Secondly, SAXS and WAXS data were collected from quenched and annealed Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) samples mounted on a DSC cell, to characterize the pre-melting shoulder in this material. Results show that substantial melting and re-crystallization occurs within the range of this shoulder in the quenched sample. [source] Effect of solid state grinding on properties of PP/PET blends and their composites with carbon nanotubesJOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE, Issue 5 2010Ozcan Koysuren Abstract In this study, it was aimed to improve electrical conductivity and mechanical properties of conductive polymer composites, composed of polypropylene (PP), poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), and carbon nanotubes (CNT). Grinding, a type of solid state processing technique, was applied to PP/PET and PP/PET/CNT systems to reduce average domain size of blend phases and to improve interfacial adhesion between these phases. Surface energy measurements showed that carbon nanotubes might be selectively localized at PET phase of immiscible blend systems. Grinding technique exhibited improvement in electrical conductivity and mechanical properties of PP/PET/CNT systems at low PET compositions. Ground composites molded below the melting temperature of PET exhibited higher tensile strength and modulus values than those prepared above the melting temperature of PET. According to SEM micrographs, micron-sized domain structures were obtained with ground composite systems in which PET was the minor phase. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010 [source] Synthesis of new cationic surfactants based on recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) for deinking of solvent-based ink from low-density polyethylene surfaceJOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE, Issue 2 2010Samya I. El-Sherbiny Abstract Water-soluble oligomers based on poly-(ethylene terephthalate) waste, PET, were prepared from transesterification of PET with diethanolamine and triethanolamine in the presence of manganese acetate as a catalyst at temperature of 200°C for 8 h. New cationic surfactants were prepared by reaction of the produced recycled oligomers with bromoacetic acid followed by quaternization with pyridine. The chemical structure of the prepared surfactants was confirmed by 1H-NMR analysis. The surface tension, critical micelle concentration, and surface activities were determined at different temperatures. Surface parameters such as surface excess concentration (,max max), the area per molecule at interface (Amin), and the effectiveness of surface tension reduction (,CMC) were determined from the adsorption isotherms of the prepared surfactants. The prepared surfactants were tested as ink removal for printed low-density polyethylene surface. The effect of surfactants concentrations, pH, soaking time, and shaking time were investigated for deinking process. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010 [source] Characterization of acrylic acid grafted poly(ethylene terephthalate) fabricJOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE, Issue 6 2010Navdeep Grover Abstract The preirradiation grafting of acrylic acid (AA) onto poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) had been found to affect the thermal and physical characteristics of fabric. The grafted fabrics with various graft levels were characterized by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, contact angle, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The initial decomposition temperature and T50 were increased with the increase in degree of grafting. The percentage crystallinity was decreased as the degree of grafting increases. The detailed elemental analysis was done by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The atomic ratio (O1s/C1s) was found to increase significantly with increasing the degree of grafting and reached 0.64 at 14.5% grafting from 0.38 for virgin PET. The surface topography and morphology was strongly influenced as the degree of grafting was increased. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010 [source] Analysing metals in bottle-grade poly(ethylene terephthalate) by X-ray fluorescence spectrometryJOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE, Issue 5 2010Wanderson Romão Abstract After a rigorous cleaning process, recycled food-grade poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), can be mixed with virgin PET resin in different concentrations and used for packaging of soft drinks. Therefore, it is important to have an experimental method to distinguish the presence of recycled polymer in a batch and to check its "true quality." One of the issues to be verified is the presence of inorganic contaminants due to the recycling process. X-ray fluorescence technique is one alternative for this kind of analysis. The results obtained in this work show that bottle-grade PET samples (PET-btg) are made either via direct esterification or by a transesterification process. Samples that were subjected to thermo-mechanical processings (superclean® processing, PET-btg blends processed in our laboratory and soft drink PET packaging) present Fe K, emission lines with higher intensities than those presented by virgin bottle-grade PET. After applying principal component analysis, it can be concluded that Fe is an intrinsic contaminant after the recycling process, furnishing a way to indicate class separations of PET-btg. A calibration and validation partial least squares model was constructed to predict the weight percent of post-consumption bottle-grade PET in commercial PET samples. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010 [source] Superficial modification in recycled PET by plasma etching for food packagingJOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE, Issue 5 2010S. A. Cruz Abstract An oxygen plasma treatment has been used to improve the adhesion of amorphous hydrogenated carbon (a-C:H) films onto surfaces of recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET). Modifications produced by the oxygen plasma on the PET surface in chemical bonds and morphology were investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy, respectively. Contact angle measurements were used to study the changes in the surface wettability. Adhesion of the a-C:H film onto the PET surface was investigated by the tape test method. It was observed that the improvement in film adhesion is in good correlation with the increase in surface roughness, due to plasma etching, and with the appearance of oxygen-related functional groups at the surface. The results of this study indicate that a-C:H-coated recycled PET can be used in food packaging. The a-C:H film could be used as a functional barrier to reduce or prevent migration of contaminants from the polymer to the package content. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010 [source] Glass transition and cold crystallization in carbon dioxide treated poly(ethylene terephthalate)JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE, Issue 5 2009Yeong-Tarng Shieh Abstract An amorphous poly(ethylene terephthalate) (aPET) and a semicrystalline poly(ethylene terephthalate) obtained through the annealing of aPET at 110°C for 40 min (aPET-110-40) were treated in carbon dioxide (CO2) at 1500 psi and 35°C for 1 h followed by treatment in a vacuum for various times to make samples containing various amount of CO2 residues in these two CO2 -treated samples. Glass transition and cold crystallization as a function of the amount of CO2 residues in these two CO2 -treated samples were investigated by temperature-modulated differential scanning calorimetry (TMDSC) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The CO2 residues were found to not only depress the glass-transition temperature (Tg) but also facilitate cold crystallization in both samples. The depressed Tg in both CO2 -treated poly(ethylene terephthalate) samples was roughly inversely proportional to amount of CO2 residues and was independent of the crystallinity of the poly(ethylene terephthalate) sample. The nonreversing curves of TMDSC data clearly indicated that both samples exhibited a big overshoot peak around the glass transition. This overshoot peak occurred at lower temperatures and was smaller in magnitude for samples containing more CO2 residues. The TMDSC nonreversing curves also indicated that aPET exhibited a clear cold-crystallization exotherm at 120.0°C, but aPET-110-40 exhibited two cold-crystallization exotherms at 109.2 and 127.4°C. The two cold crystallizations in the CO2 -treated aPET-110-40 became one after vacuum treatment. The DMA data exhibited multiple tan , peaks in both CO2 -treated poly(ethylene terephthalate) samples. These multiple tan , peaks, attributed to multiple amorphous phases, tended to shift to higher temperatures for longer vacuum times. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009 [source] Structure,properties relations of the drawn poly(ethylene terephthalate) filament sewing threadJOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE, Issue 5 2008Andreja Rudolf Abstract This article presents research into draw ratio influence on the structure,properties relationship of drawn PET filament threads. Structural modification influence due to the drawing conditions, i.e., the birefringence and filament crystallinity, on the mechanical properties was investigated, as well as the shrinkage and dynamic mechanical properties of the drawn threads. Increasing draw ratio causes a linear increase in the birefringence, degree of crystallinity, filament shrinkage, and a decrease in the loss modulus. In addition, loss tangent and glass transition temperature, determined at the loss modulus peak, were increased by drawing. The observed structural changes influence the thread's mechanical properties, i.e., the breaking tenacity, elasticity modulus, and tension at the yield point increase, while breaking extension decreases by a higher draw ratio. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008 [source] Improving low-density polyethylene/poly(ethylene terephthalate) blends with graft copolymersJOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE, Issue 4 2008D. E. El-Nashar Abstract Blends of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) were prepared with different weight compositions with a plasticorder at 240°C at a rotor speed of 64 rpm for 10 min. The physicomechanical properties of the prepared blends were investigated with special reference to the effects of the blend ratio. Graft copolymers, that is, LDPE-grafted acrylic acid and LDPE-grafted acrylonitrile, were prepared with ,-irradiation. The copolymers were melt-mixed in various contents (i.e., 3, 5, 7, and 9 phr) with a LDPE/PET blend with a weight ratio of 75/25 and used as compatibilizers. The effect of the compatibilizer contents on the physicomechanical properties and equilibrium swelling of the binary blend was investigated. With an increase in the compatibilizer content up to 7 phr, the blend showed an improvement in the physicomechanical properties and reduced equilibrium swelling in comparison with the uncompatibilized one. The addition of a compatibilizer beyond 7 phr did not improve the blend properties any further. The efficiency of the compatibilizers (7 phr) was also evaluated by studies of the phase morphology (scanning electron microscopy) and thermal properties (differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis). © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008 [source] Effect of glucose crosslinking on thermomechanical properties and shape memory effect of PET-PEG copolymersJOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE, Issue 6 2008Yong-Chan Chung Abstract Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) copolymers crosslinked with glucose as a crosslinker are prepared to improve their mechanical and shape memory properties compared to the one without crosslinking. Composition of PEG and glucose is varied to search for the one with the best mechanical and shape memory properties. The highest shape recovery rate is found in the copolymer composed of 25 mol % PEG-200 and 2.0 mol % glucose. The result that crosslinking by glucose improves the shape recovery rate and supports the high shape recovery rate under the repetitive cyclic test conditions, compared to the one without crosslinking, will be discussed in the points of the structure and shape memory mechanism. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008 [source] Thermal stability of surfactants with amino and imido groups in poly(ethylene terephthalate)/clay compositesJOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE, Issue 6 2008Xuepei Yuan Abstract Effects of thermal stability of surfactants with amino and imido groups on thermal properties of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)/clay composites were studied. The imidosilane surfactant was synthesized successfully from the imide reaction between amino silane and phthalic anhydride. TGA shows that imidosilane decomposition behaviors have two major stages according to the degradations of different functional groups. After melt extrusion, the decomposition of amino functional groups in amino surfactants decreases the thermal stability of organoclay and accelerates the degradation behaviors of PET composites. Because of the enhanced thermal stability of imidosilane surfactants, PET/imido-palygorskite (PT) composites represent enhanced thermal stability, good dispersion and low thermal expansion. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008 [source] Structures and properties of ternary blends of recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate)/bisphenol-A polycarbonate/(E/nBA/GMA)JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE, Issue 1 2008Yong Peng Abstract Recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate)/bisphenol-A polycarbonate/PTW (ethylene, butylacrylate (BA), and glycidylmethacrylate (E/nBA/GMA) terpolymer) were blended in different sequence through low temperature solid state extrusion (LTSSE) was studied. R-PET/PC blends were toughened by PTW, resulting in the improvement of impact strengths. In tensile test, the (PC/PTW)/r-PET blends made by mixing r-PET with the preblend of PC/PTW had noticeable strengthening effect on its tensile properties, which was not impaired by the rubber content due to its strain-hardening occurred following its necking at the constant load. Morphological study by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was in conformity with the mechanical result. For the (PC/PTW)/r-PET blends, the PC particles were well embedded in the PET matrix and the smooth morphology exhibited. The DSC thermographs for heating and cooling run indicated that the crystallinity of PET rich phase was affected by different blending sequence. In the FTIR test, the different absorption intensity of PC aromatic carbonate carbonyl band was clearly illustrated. The results indicated different blending sequence led to different blending effect. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008 [source] Effect of accelerated aging on the structure and properties of monolayer and multilayer packaging filmsJOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE, Issue 1 2008P. A. Tarantili Abstract The effect of accelerated aging on the structure and properties of single, metalized, and multilayer films used in food packaging was studied through the exposure of specimens of those films to repeated aging cycles in a weather meter under the combined action of ultraviolet, humidity, and heat. The aged specimens were tested for their mechanical properties and water vapor transmission characteristics, and the results were compared to those obtained from the original specimens. The property changes introduced into the films by aging were further explored by attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry in an attempt to correlate the changes in the properties with structural characteristics. The results showed that the films made of polypropylene (PP) underwent severe chain scission upon irradiation and lost mechanical properties but still retained their impermeability to water vapor. The metallic coating could not prevent PP from degrading, as it seemed to oxidize under the aging conditions. Therefore, the metalized film showed the same mechanical response as PP, but its water impermeability dropped dramatically. Polyethylene (PE) and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) films showed modest decreases in their mechanical properties, which could be attributed to crosslinking reactions taking place with PE and to the increased ultraviolet stability of PET, respectively. On the other hand, the multilayer films presented a decrease in their mechanical properties according to those of their weak component, which would be expected for a composite structure. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008 [source] Influence of different functionalized multiwall carbon nanotubes on the mechanical properties of poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibersJOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE, Issue 5 2008Liming Shen Abstract Master batches with four different kinds of functionalized multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCTs) were prepared through the mixing of MWCTs with poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) (0.01 : 0.99 w/w) in trifluoroacetic acid/dichloromethane mixed solvents (0.7 : 0.3 v/v) followed by the removal of the solvents in the mixture by flocculation. The results of scanning electron microscopy showed that a good dispersion of MWCTs in PET was achieved. The reinforced fibers were fabricated by the melt spinning of PET chips with small amounts of the master batch and then further postdrawing. The optimal spinning conditions for the reinforcement of fibers were a 0.6-mm spinneret hole and a 250 m/min wind-up speed. Among the four master batches, the fibers obtained from PET/master batch B made by acid-treatment had the highest enhancement of mechanical properties. For a 0.02 wt % loading of acid-treated MWCT, the breaking strength of the PET/master batch B composite fibers increased by 36.9% (from 4.45 to 6.09 cN/dtex), and the initial modulus increased by 41.2% (from 80.7 to 113.9 cN/dtex). © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008 [source] Dye,fiber interactions in PET fibers: Hydrogen bonding studied by IR-spectroscopyJOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE, Issue 3 2007Karen De Clerck Abstract Dye,fiber interactions are studied in poly (ethylene terephthalate) fibers by FT-IR spectroscopy. It is shown for the first time that DRIFTS (diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy) serves as an easy applicable and accurate technique for the study of fibrous structures. This article focuses on the possible hydrogen bond interactions in the dye,fiber system, where the PET fibers are dyed with anthraquinone-based disperse dyes. The dyes and related anthraquinone structures are studied in both the dilute solution state, the solid state, and as present in the PET fibers. It is proven that 1-amino anthraquinones show strong "chelate-type" intramolecular hydrogen bonding in all three states. In the fibers an important supplementary intermolecular hydrogen bonding with the CO groups in the PET fiber is observed. The extend of hydrogen bonding seems to be prone to dye concentration variations. Further analysis by modulated differential scanning calorimetry links the hydrogen bonding to an intrinsic plasticizing effect of the dyes affecting the dye diffusion process. This thus offers a tool for the fundamental understanding of the dyeing process and possible observed differences in dyeing behavior in dye,fiber systems. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007 [source] Features of fluorescence spectra of polyethylene 2,6-naphthalate films,JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE, Issue 1 2007I. Ouchi Abstract The characteristics of the fluorescence spectra of polyethylene 2,6-naphthalate (PEN) films were compared with those of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET). The fluorescence spectra of PEN films were found, by photoselection, to consist of two components, one peaking at 425 nm and the other at 445 nm, with their emission transition moments perpendicular to each other. The integrated excitation spectra of the PEN films were much more intense than those of PET. After the resolution of the integrated excitation spectra of PEN, most, but not all, of their component peaks corresponded to those of the absorption spectra. On the basis of this fact together with previous data on photodegradation, the spectral component peaking at 445 nm originated, at least partly, from traces of photochemical products generated by exposure during the measurements. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 105: 114,121, 2007 [source] Hydrolytic degradation of poly(ethylene terephthalate)JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE, Issue 4 2007Seyed Saeid Hosseini Abstract Molecular weight is an important factor in the processing of polymer materials, and it should be well controlled to obtain desired physical properties in final products for end-use applications. Degradation processes of all kinds, including hydrolytic, thermal, and oxidative degradations, cause chain scission in macromolecules and a reduction in molecular weight. The main purpose of this research is to illustrate the importance of degradation in the drying of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) before processing and the loss of weight and mechanical properties in textile materials during washing. Several techniques were used to investigate the hydrolytic degradation of PET and its effect on changes in molecular weight. Hydrolytic conditions were used to expose fiber-grade PET chips in water at 85°C for different periods of time. Solution viscometry and end-group analysis were used as the main methods for determining the extent of degradation. The experimental results show that PET is susceptible to hydrolysis. Also, we that as the time of retention in hydrolytic condition increased, the molecular weight decreases, but the rate of chain cleavage decreased to some extent, at which point there was no more sensible degradation. The obtained moisture content data confirmed the end-group analysis and viscometry results. Predictive analytical relationships for the estimation of the extent of degradation based on solution viscosity and end-group analysis are presented. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2304,2309, 2007 [source] Solid-state polymerization of melt-spun poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibers and their tensile propertiesJOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE, Issue 3 2007Sachiko Nitta Abstract The production of high modulus and high strength poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibers was examined by using commercially available melt-spun fibers with normal molecular weight (intrinsic viscosity = 0.6 dL/g). First, molecular weight of as-spun fibers was increased up to 2.20 dL/g by a solid-state polymerization, keeping the original shape of as-spun fibers. Second, the polymerized as-spun fibers were drawn by a conventional tensile drawing. The achieved tensile modulus and strength of as-drawn fibers (without heat setting) were 20.0 and 1.1 GPa, respectively. A heat setting was carried out for the as-drawn fibers. Tensile properties of the treated fibers were greatly affected by the condition of the heat setting. This was related to the increase of sample crystallinity and molecular degradation during the treatments. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 1791,1797, 2007 [source] A novel aromatic,aliphatic copolyester consisting of poly(1,4-dioxan-2-one) and poly(ethylene- co -1,6-hexene terephthalate): Preparation, thermal, and mechanical propertiesJOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE (IN TWO SECTIONS), Issue 13 2010Jie Gong Abstract A novel multiblock aromatic,aliphatic copolyester poly(ethylene- co -1,6-hexene terephthalate)-copoly(1,4-dioxan-2-one) (PEHT-PPDO) was successfully synthesized via the chain-extension reaction of dihydroxyl teminated poly(ethylene- co -hexane terephthalate) (PEHT-OH) with dihydroxyl teminated poly(1,4-dioxan-2-one) (PPDO-OH) prepolymers, using toluene-2,4-diisocyanate as a chain extender. To produce PEHT-OH prepolymer with an appropriate melting point which can match the reaction temperature of PEHT-OH prepolymer with PPDO-OH prepolymer, 1,6-hexanediol was used to disturb the regularity of poly(ethylene terephthalate) segments. The chemical structures and molecular weights of PEHT-PPDO copolymers were characterized by 1H NMR, FTIR, and GPC. The DSC data showed that PPDO-OH segments were miscible well with PEHT-OH segments in amorphous state and that the crystallization of copolyester was predominantly contributed by PPDO segments. The TGA results indicated that the thermal stability of PEHT-PPDO was improved comparing with PPDO homopolymer. The novel aromatic,aliphatic copolyesters have good mechanical properties and could find applications in the field of biodegradable polymer materials. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 2828,2837, 2010 [source] Nanometer-scale surface modification by polymerization of tetrafluoroethylene on polymer substrates in supercritical fluoroformJOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE (IN TWO SECTIONS), Issue 5 2008Toshiaki Mori Abstract Surface penetrated polymerization of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) was carried out on a polycarbonate (PC) plate in supercritical fluoroform (scCHF3). Since the high diffusiveness is one of peculiar features of supercritical fluids, TFE monomers and initiators (perfluorinated benzoyl peroxide) could penetrate into the surface of polymer substrates and be photo-polymerized. After washing physisorbed homopolymers on the surface, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) was found to penetrate into 50,800 nm depth from the surface and covered the PC surface in the proportion of 85%. The surface coverage density and the penetration depth could be controlled by adjusting of the pressure of scCHF3. The TFE-penetrated polymerization could be applied for various polymer plates such as polyethylene, polystyrene, polypropylene, poly(ethylene terephthalate), and polyimide. In addition to polymer plates, this technique could be applied to a cellulose paper, a nylon textile, and a porous PC membrane. The PTFE-penetrated nylon textile showed a high resistance for washing test with detergents, compared with the commercial fluoropolymer-sprayed nylon textile. The PTFE-penetrated porous PC membrane showed high oxygen permeability (P/P = 5.2), compared with that of the untreated PC membrane (P/P = 3.5) in gas permeation experiments of O2 and N2. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 1577,1585, 2008 [source] Preparation and characterization of poly(butylene terephthalate)/poly(ethylene terephthalate) copolymers via solid-state and melt polymerizationJOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE (IN TWO SECTIONS), Issue 5 2007M. A. G. Jansen Abstract To increase the Tg in combination with a retained crystallization rate, bis(2-hydroxyethyl)terephthalate (BHET) was incorporated into poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) via solid-state copolymerization (SSP). The incorporated BHET fraction depends on the miscibility of BHET in the amorphous phase of PBT prior to SSP. DSC measurements showed that BHET is only partially miscible. During SSP, the miscible BHET fraction reacts via transesterification reactions with the mobile amorphous PBT segments. The immiscible BHET fraction reacts by self-condensation, resulting in the formation of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) homopolymer. 1H-NMR sequence distribution analysis showed that self-condensation of BHET proceeded faster than the transesterification with PBT. SAXS measurements showed an increase in the long period with increasing fraction BHET present in the mixtures used for SSP followed by a decrease due to the formation of small PET crystals. DSC confirmed the presence of separate PET crystals. Furthermore, the incorporation of BHET via SSP resulted in PBT-PET copolymers with an increased Tg compared to PBT. However, these copolymers showed a poorer crystallization behavior. The modified copolymer chain segments are apparently fully miscible with the unmodified PBT chains in the molten state. Consequently, the crystal growth process is retarded resulting in a decreased crystallization rate and crystallinity. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 882,899, 2007. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||