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Ethylene Dimethacrylate (ethylene + dimethacrylate)
Selected AbstractsSelective retention of some polyaromatic hydrocarbons by highly crosslinked polymer networksJOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE (IN TWO SECTIONS), Issue 12 2005Ken Hosoya Abstract Highly crosslinked polymer networks were characterized in terms of structural differences based on the crosslinked network structures with their chromatographic molecular retentivity for some polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Because PAHs and some sterically bulky solutes were used in the chromatographic characterization, tiny differences in the crosslinked polymer networks were observed in terms of the chromatographic molecular retentivity. Ethylene dimethacrylate afforded molecular retentivity for anthracene, and this recognition ability changed with the polymerization time. In addition, 1,4-butanediol dimethacrylate afforded molecular retentivity for pyrene, and this retentivity was larger than that for anthracene. The polymerization methods also affected the resulting polymer networks drastically. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 2556,2566, 2005 [source] Multi-walled carbon nanotube composites with polyacrylate prepared for open-tubular capillary electrochromatographyELECTROPHORESIS, Issue 19 2010Jian-Lian Chen Abstract A new phase containing immobilized carbon nanotubes (CNTs) was synthesized by in situ polymerization of acid-treated multi-walled CNTs using butylmethacrylate (BMA) as the monomer and ethylene dimethacrylate as the crosslinker on a silanized capillary, forming a porous-layered open-tubular column for CEC. Incorporation of CNT nanomaterials into a polymer matrix could increase the phase ratio and take advantage of the easy preparation of an OT-CEC column. The completed BMA-CNT column was characterized by SEM, ATR-IR, and EOF measurements, varying the pH and the added volume organic modifier. In the multi-walled CNTs structure, carboxylate groups were the major ionizable ligands on the phase surface exerting the EOF having electroosmotic mobility, 4.0×104,cm2,V,1,S,1, in the phosphate buffer at pH 2.8 and RSD values (n=5), 3.2, 4.1, and 4.3%, for three replicate capillaries at pH 7.6. Application of the BMA-CNT column in CEC separations of various samples, including nucleobases, nucleosides, flavonoids, and phenolic acids, proved satisfactory upon optimization of the running buffers. Their optima were found in the borate buffers at pH 9.0/50,mM, pH 9.5/10,mM/50% v/v ACN, and pH 9.5/30,mM/10% v/v methanol, respectively. The separations could also be used to assess the relative contributions of electrophoresis and chromatography to the CEC mechanism by calculating the corresponding velocity and retention factors. Discussions about interactions between the probe solutes and the bonded phase included the ,,, interactions, electrostatic repulsion, and hydrogen bonding. Furthermore, a reversed-phase mode was discovered to be involved in the chromatographic retention. [source] Preparation and characterization of a molecularly imprinted monolithic column for pressure-assisted CEC separation of nitroimidazole drugsELECTROPHORESIS, Issue 16 2010Sulan Liao Abstract A polymethacrylate-based molecularly imprinted monolithic column bearing mixed functional monomers, using non-covalent imprinting approach, was designed for the rapid separation of nitroimidazole compounds. The new monolithic column has been prepared via simple in situ polymerization of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate and ethylene dimethacrylate, using (S)-ornidazole ((S)-ONZ) as template in a binary porogenic mixture consisting of toluene and dodecanol. The composition of the polymerization mixture was systematically altered and optimized by altering the amount of monomers as well as the composition of the porogenic solvent. The column performance was evaluated in pressure-assisted CEC mode. Separation conditions such as pH, voltage, amount of organic modifier and salt concentration were studied. The optimized monolithic column resulted in excellent separation of a group of structurally related nitroimidazole drugs within 10,min in isocratic elution condition. Column efficiencies of 99,000, 80,000, 103,000, 60,000 and 99,000,plates/m were obtained for metronidazole, secnidazole, ronidazole, tinidazole and dimetridazole, respectively. Parallel experiments were carried out using molecularly imprinted and non-imprinted capillary columns. The separation might be the result of combined effects including hydrophobic, hydrogen bonding and the imprinting cavities on the (S)-ONZ-imprinted monolithic column. [source] Parameters governing reproducibility of flow properties of porous monoliths photopatterned within microfluidic channelsELECTROPHORESIS, Issue 14 2010Mei He Abstract We report the patternability as well as the reproducibility and stability of flow resistance of polymer monolithic beds photopatterned within microfluidic channels as a function of initial reagent composition and preparation conditions. 2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate and ethylene dimethacrylate-based polymer monoliths were selectively photopatterned within microchannels and their flow resistance was evaluated using a photobleaching, TOF linear flow rate measurement method developed in our lab. This measurement technique was found to be significantly more informative for columns formed in microfluidic channels compared with bulk monolith characterization by mercury intrusion porosimetry. 1-Octanol was determined to provide sharp bed edge formation and relatively low flow resistance by photopatterning relative to other porogenic solvents. Compared with literature formulations which did not achieve good flow stability and reproducibility from batch to batch, using 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, ethylene dimethacrylate and 1-octanol as porogenic solvents, less than 4% RSD was achieved in flow stability over 7 days for monoliths prepared with 60,80% crosslinker(monomer+crosslinker) ratio. Column-to-column variation of 5% RSD was obtained in this composition range. These results demonstrate that photopatterning of uniform polymer monolithic beds, which is critical for applications in multiplexed microfluidic systems, requires careful attention to the parameters that affect reproducibility, specifically the porogenic solvent choice and the crosslinker to monomer ratio. [source] Preparation and evaluation of the highly cross-linked poly(1-hexadecane-co-trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate) monolithic column for capillary electrochromatographyELECTROPHORESIS, Issue 20 2009Minghua Lu Abstract In this paper, a novel highly cross-linked porous monolithic stationary phase having a long alkyl chain ligand (C16) was introduced and evaluated in CEC. The monolithic stationary phase was prepared by in situ copolymerization of 1-hexadecene, trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate, and 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid (AMPS) in the presence of ternary porogenic solvent (cyclohexanol/1,4-butanediol/water). In preparing monoliths, the ternary cross-linker trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate was usually applied to preparing molecularly imprinted polymers or molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction, instead of binary cross-linker ethylene dimethacrylate. 1-Hexadecene was introduced to provide the non-polar sites (C16) for chromatographic retention, while AMPS was used to generate the EOF for transporting the mobile phase through the monolithic capillary. Monolithic columns were prepared by optimizing proportion of porogenic solvent and AMPS content in the polymerization solution as well as the cross-linkers. The monolithic stationary phases could generate a strong and stable EOF in various pH values and exhibit an RP-chromatographic behavior for neutral compounds. For charged compounds, the separation was mainly based on the association of hydrophobic, electrostatic and electrophoretic interaction. [source] Confinement effects on the morphology of photopatterned porous polymer monoliths for capillary and microchip electrophoresis of proteinsELECTROPHORESIS, Issue 14 2008Mei He Abstract We find that the morphology of porous polymer monoliths photopatterned within capillaries and microchannels is substantially influenced by the dimensions of confinement. Porous polymer monoliths were prepared by UV-initiated free-radical polymerization using either the hydrophilic or hydrophobic monomers 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate or butyl methacrylate, cross-linker ethylene dimethacrylate and different porogenic solvents to produce bulk pore diameters between 3.2 and 0.4,µm. The extent of deformation from the bulk porous structure under confinement strongly depends on the ratio of characteristic length of the confined space to the monolith pore size. The effects are similar in cylindrical capillaries and D-shaped microfluidic channels. Bulk-like porosity is observed for a confinement dimension to pore size ratio >10, and significant deviation is observed for a ratio <5. At the extreme limit of deformation a smooth polymer layer ,300 nm thick is formed on the surface of the capillary or microchannel. Surface tension or wetting also plays a role, with greater wetting enhancing deformation of the bulk structure. The films created by extreme deformation provide a rapid and effective strategy to create robust wall coatings, with the ability to photograft various surface chemistries onto the coating. This approach is demonstrated through cationic films used for electroosmotic flow control and neutral hydrophilic coatings for electrophoresis of proteins. [source] Macrocyclic polyamine-modified poly(glycidyl methacrylate- co -ethylene dimethacrylate) monolith for capillary electrochromatographyELECTROPHORESIS, Issue 11 2008Yun Tian Abstract 1,4,10,13,16-Pentaazatricycloheneicosane-9,17-dione (macrocyclic polyamine)-modified polymer-based monolithic column for CEC was prepared by ring opening reaction of epoxide groups from poly(glycidyl methacrylate- co -ethylene dimethacrylate) (GMA- co -EDMA) monolith with macrocyclic polyamine. Conditions such as reaction time and concentration of macrocyclic polyamine for the modification reaction were optimized to generate substantial EOF and enough chromatographic interactions. Anodic EOF was observed in the pH range of 2.0,8.0 studied due to the protonation of macrcyclic polyamine at the surface of the monolith. Morphology of the monolithic column was examined by SEM and the incorporation of macrocyclic polyamine to the poly(GMA- co -EDMA) monolith was characterized by infrared (IR) spectra. Successful separation of inorganic anions, isomeric benzenediols, and benzoic acid derivatives on the monolithic column was achieved for CEC. In addition to hydrophobic interaction, hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interaction played a significant role in the separation process. [source] CEC separation of heterocyclic amines using methacrylate monolithic columnsELECTROPHORESIS, Issue 11 2007Elena Barceló-Barrachina Abstract Two methacrylate-based monolithic columns, one with a negatively charged group (sulfonic group) and another with a new monomer N,N -dimethylamino ethyl acrylate (DMAEA), were prepared and tested for the separation of basic compounds by CEC. This new monolithic stationary phase was prepared by the in situ polymerization of DMAEA with butyl methacrylate and ethylene dimethacrylate, using a ternary porogenic solvent consisting of water, 1-propanol and 1,4-butanediol. The performance of this column was evaluated by means of the analysis of a family of heterocyclic amines. Separation conditions such as pH, amount of organic modifier, ionic strength and elution mode (normal or counterdirectional flow) were studied. At the optimal running electrolyte composition, and using the counterdirectional mode, symmetrical electrochromatographic peaks were obtained, with the number of theoretical plates up to 30,000 and a good resolution between closely related peaks. The 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propane-sulfonic acid column was used for CEC-MS, taking advantage of the compatibility of its elution mode (normal flow) with the MS coupling. [source] Open-tubular capillary columns with a porous layer of monolithic polymer for highly efficient and fast separations in electrochromatographyELECTROPHORESIS, Issue 21 2006Sebastiaan Eeltink Abstract Open-tubular columns for CEC separations having inner-wall coated with a thin layer of porous monolithic polymer have been studied. A two-step process including (i),UV-initiated polymerization leading to a layer of porous poly(butyl methacrylate- co -ethylene dimethacrylate), and (ii),UV-initiated grafting of ionizable monomers appear to be well suited for the preparation of these columns. The thickness of the porous polymer layer is controlled by the percentage of monomers in the polymerization mixture and/or length of the irradiation time. The layer thickness significantly affects retention, efficiency, and resolution in open-tubular CEC. Under optimized conditions, column efficiencies up to 400,000 plates/m can be achieved. Use of higher temperature and application of pressure enables a significant acceleration of the open-tubular CEC separations. [source] Capillary electrochromatography with zwitterionic stationary phase on the lysine-bonded poly(glycidyl methacrylate- co -ethylene dimethacrylate) monolithic capillary columnELECTROPHORESIS, Issue 12 2006Xiaoli Dong Abstract A polymer-based neutral monolithic capillary column was prepared by radical polymerization of glycidyl methacrylate and ethylene dimethacrylate in a 100,,m id fused-silica capillary, and the prepared monolithic column was subsequently modified based on a ring opening reaction of epoxide groups with 1,M,lysine in solution (pH,8.0) at 75°C for 10,h to produce a lysine chemically bonded stationary phases in capillary column. The ring opening reaction conditions were optimized so that the column could generate substantial EOF. Due to the zwitterionic functional groups of the lysine covalently bonded on the polymer monolithic rod, the prepared column can generate cathodic and anodic EOF by varying the pH values of running buffer during CEC separation. EOF reached the maximum of ,2.0×10,8,m2v,1s,1 and 2.6×10,8,m2v,1s,1 with pH of the running buffer of 2.25 and 10, respectively. As a consequence, neutral compounds, ionic solutes such as phenols, aromatic acids, anilines, and basic pharmaceuticals were all successfully separated on the column by CEC. Hydrophobic interaction is responsible for separation of neutral analytes. In addition, the electrostatic and hydrophobic interaction and the electrophoretic migration play a significant role in separation of the ionic or ionizable analytes. [source] On-line concentration of peptides and proteins with the hyphenation of polymer monolithic immobilized metal affinity chromatography and capillary electrophoresisELECTROPHORESIS, Issue 11 2005Lingyi Zhang Abstract An iminodiacetic acid (IDA)-type adsorbent is prepared at the one end of a capillary by covalently bonding IDA to the monolithic rods of macroporous poly(glycidyl methacrylate,co -ethylene dimethacrylate). Cu(II) is later introduced to the support via the interaction with IDA. By this means, polymer monolithic immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) materials are prepared. With such a column, IMAC for on-line concentration and capillary electrophoresis (CE) for the subsequent analysis are hyphenated for the analysis of peptides and proteins. The reproducibility of such a column has been proved good with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of dead time of less than 5% for injection-to-injection and 12% for column-to-column (n = 3). Through application on the analysis of standard peptides and real protein samples, such a technique has shown promising in proteome study. [source] Macroporous monolithic chiral stationary phases for capillary electrochromatography: New chiral monomer derived from cinchona alkaloid with enhanced enantioselectivityELECTROPHORESIS, Issue 17 2003Michael Lämmerhofer Abstract A new chiral monomer derived from cinchona alkaloid, namely O -9-(tert -butylcarbamoyl)-11-[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethylthio]-10,11-dihydroquinine 1, was employed for the preparation of enantioselective monolithic capillary columns by an in situ copolymerization with 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate 2 (HEMA), ethylene dimethacrylate 3 (EDMA) in the presence of cyclohexanol and 1-dodecanol as porogens (UV or thermal initiation of azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as radical initiator). The porous properties and the electrochromatographic behavior of the new chiral monoliths were comparatively evaluated with previously described analogs obtained from O -9-[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethylcarbamoyl]-10,11-dihydroquinidine 4 as chiral monomer. Despite close structural and physicochemical similarities of the both chiral monomers, the pore distribution profiles of the resulting monoliths were shifted typically towards larger pore diameters with the new monomer 1. Once more, it was confirmed that a low cross-linking (10 wt% related to total monomers) and a pore diameter of about 1 ,m in the dry state provides the best electrochromatographic efficiency as a result of lower resistance to mass transfer (smaller C-term contribution to peak broadening) and more homogeneous flow profile (smaller A-term). Most importantly, as expected the new poly(1 - co -HEMA- co -EDMA) monoliths showed enhanced enantioselectivities and in addition faster separations as compared to poly(4 - co -HEMA- co -EDMA) analogs, which represents a significant improvement. Further, the elution order was reversed owing to the pseudoenantiomeric behavior of quinine- and quinidine-derived monomers. Fluorescence-labeled 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (FMOC), dansyl (DNS), 7-dimethylaminosulfonyl-1,3,2-benzoxadiazol-4-yl (DBD), carbazole-9-carbonyl (CC) amino acids could be separated with resolution values between 2 and 4 (with efficiencies typically between 100,000 and 200,000 plates/m) and fluorescence detection (variable wavelength fluorescence detector in-line with UV) yielding routinely a gain in detection sensitivities up to two orders of magnitude without specific optimization of the conditions with regards to fluorescence efficiency. [source] Bioreactors Based on Monolith-Supported Ionic Liquid Phase for Enzyme Catalysis in Supercritical Carbon DioxideADVANCED SYNTHESIS & CATALYSIS (PREVIOUSLY: JOURNAL FUER PRAKTISCHE CHEMIE), Issue 7 2007Pedro Lozano Abstract Bioreactors with covalently supported ionic liquid phases (SILP) were prepared as polymeric monoliths based on styrene,divinylbenzene or 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate,ethylene dimethacrylate, and with imidazolium units loadings ranging from 54.7 to 39.8,% wt IL per gram of polymer. The SILPs were able to absorb Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB), leading to highly efficient and robust heterogeneous biocatalysts. The bioreactors were prepared as macroporous monolithic mini-flow systems and tested for the continuous flow synthesis of citronellyl propionate in supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) by transesterification. The catalytic activity of these mini-flow-bioreactors remained practically unchanged for seven operational cycles of 5,h each in different supercritical conditions. The best results were obtained when the most hydrophobic monolith, M-SILP- 8 -CALB, was assayed at 80,°C and 10,MPa, reaching a total turnover number (TON) of 35.8×104 mol product/mol enzyme. The results substantially exceeded those obtained for packed-bed reactors with supported silica-CALB-Si-4 catalyst under the same experimental conditions. [source] Solid phase peptide synthesis on epoxy-bearing methacrylate monolithsJOURNAL OF PEPTIDE SCIENCE, Issue 12 2004E. Vlakh Abstract Monoliths based on a copolymer of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) and ethylene dimethacrylate (EDMA) can be used directly as sorbents for affinity chromatography after solid phase peptide synthesis. The quality of the synthesized products, the amount of grown peptides on a support and the reproducibility of the process must be considered. A determination of the quantity of the introducing ,-Ala (and, consequently, the total amount of synthesized peptide) was carried out. Three peptides complementary to recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) have been synthesized using Fmoc-chemistry on GMA-EDMA disks. The peptidyl ligands were analysed by amino acid analysis, ES-MS and HPLC methods. The affinity binding parameters were obtained from frontal elution data. The results were compared with those established for GMA-EDMA affinity sorbents formed by the immobilization of the same but separately synthesized and purified ligands. The immobilization on GMA-EDMA disks was realized using a one-step reaction between the amino groups of the synthetic ligand and the original epoxy groups of monolithic material. The affinity constants found for two kinds of sorbent did not vary significantly. Finally, the directly obtained affinity sorbents were tested for t-PA separation from a cellular supernatant. Copyright © 2004 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Preparation and characterization of polymethacrylate monolithic capillary columns with dual hydrophilic interaction reversed-phase retention mechanism for polar compoundsJOURNAL OF SEPARATION SCIENCE, JSS, Issue 15-16 2009í Urban Abstract Monolithic columns for capillary hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) were prepared in fused-silica capillaries by radical co-polymerization of [2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]dimethyl-(3-sulfopropyl)ammonium hydroxide and ethylene dimethacrylate in various binary and ternary porogen solvent mixtures with azobisisobutyronitrile as the initiator of the polymerization reaction. Columns showed mixed separation modes: reversed-phase (RP) in water-rich mobile phases and HILIC at high concentrations of acetonitrile (>60,80%) in aqueous,organic mobile phases. A continuous change in retention was observed at increasing concentration of water in acetonitrile, giving rise to characteristic U-turn plots of retention factors versus the concentration of water in the mobile phase, with minima corresponding to the transition between the mechanisms controlling the retention. The selectivity of organic polymer monolithic columns for HILIC separations can be varied by adjusting the concentration of sulfobetaine monomer and the composition of the porogen solvent in the polymerization mixture. Under HILIC conditions, the monolithic capillary sulfobetaine columns show separation selectivities for polar phenolic acids similar to those of a commercial silica-based sulfobetaine ZIC-HILIC column, which, however, has limited selectivity in the RP mode due to lower retention. [source] Porous polymer monolith for surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry of small moleculesRAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY, Issue 13 2004Dominic S. Peterson Porous poly(butyl methacrylate- co -ethylene dimethacrylate), poly(benzyl methacrylate- co -ethylene dimethacrylate), and poly(styrene- co -divinylbenzene) monoliths have been prepared on the top of standard sample plates used for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry and the modified plates were used for laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (LDI-MS). The hydrophobic porous surface of these monoliths enables the transfer of sufficient energy to the analyte to induce desorption and ionization prior to TOFMS analysis. Both UV and thermally initiated polymerization using a mask or circular openings in a thin gasket have been used to define spot locations matching those of the MALDI plates. The desorption/ionization ability of the monolithic materials depends on the applied laser power, the solvent used for sample preparation, and the pore size of the monoliths. The monolithic matrices are very stable and can be used even after long storage times in a typical laboratory environment without observing any deterioration of their properties. The performance of the monolithic material is demonstrated with the mass analysis of several small molecules including drugs, explosives, and acid labile compounds. The macroporous spots also enable the archiving of samples. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] High-performance affinity chromatography with immobilization of protein A and L-histidine on molded monolithBIOTECHNOLOGY & BIOENGINEERING, Issue 5 2002Quanzhou Luo Abstract Reactive monoliths of macroporous poly(glycidyl methacrylate- co -ethylene dimethacrylate) have been prepared by "in-situ" copolymerization of the monomers in the presence of porogenic diluents. Protein A and L-histidine were immobilized on the monoliths directly or through a spacer arm, respectively. The properties of these two kinds of affinity columns were characterized, and the results showed that the columns with coupling of ligands by a spacer arm have some extent of non-specific adsorption for bovine serum albumin. The affinity column based on the monolithic polymer support provided us with good hydrodynamic characteristic, low flow resistance, and easy preparation. These two affinity columns were used for the purification of immunoglobulin G from human serum. The purity of the purified IgG was detected by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). The stability of the protein A affinity column was investigated, and its performance remained invariable after half a year. The effects of the nature and the pH of the buffer system on the adsorption capacity of human IgG on histidyl affinity column were also investigated. The protein A affinity column is favorable for rapid analysis of human IgG samples. In contrast, the advantages of mild elution conditions, high stability, as well as low cost provide the histidyl column further potential possibility for fast removal of IgG from human plasma in clinical applications. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 80: 481,489, 2002. [source] Development of Rigid Bidisperse Porous Microspheres for High-Speed Protein ChromatographyBIOTECHNOLOGY PROGRESS, Issue 4 2003Lei Wu Development of a high-performance stationary phase is an essential demand for high-speed separation of proteins by liquid chromatography. Based on a novel porogenic mode, that is, using superfine granules of calcium carbonate as solid porogen and a mixture of cyclohexanol and dodecanol as liquid porogen, a rigid spherical biporous poly(glycidyl methacrylate- co -ethylene dimethacrylate) matrix has been prepared by radical suspension-polymerization. The epoxide groups of the matrix were modified with diethylamine to afford the ionizable weak base 1- N, N -diethylamino-2-hydeoxypropy functionalities that are required for ion exchange chromatography. Results from scanning electron microscopy and mercury intrusion porosimetry measurements revealed that the matrix contained two families of pores, that is, micropores (10,90 nm) and macropores (180,4000 nm). Furthermore, the biporous medium possesses specific surface area as high as 91.3 m2/g. Because of the presence of the macropores that provided convective flow channels for the mobile phase, the dynamic adsorption capacity was found to be as high as 54.6 mg/g wet bead at 300 cm/h, approximately 63.2% of its static capacity. In addition, the column efficiency and dynamic binding capacity decreased only slightly with mobile-phase flow rate in the range of 300,3000 cm/h. These properties made the packed bed with the bidisperse porous matrix suitable for high-speed protein chromatography. [source] | |||||||||||||