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Ethnic Populations (ethnic + population)
Kinds of Ethnic Populations Selected AbstractsGene Expression Profiling of Breast Cancer in Ethnic Populations: An Aid to Gene Discovery for the Benefit of AllTHE BREAST JOURNAL, Issue 2 2005Steve Goodison PhD No abstract is available for this article. [source] Who will we serve in the future?NEW DIRECTIONS FOR STUDENT SERVICES, Issue 114 2006The new student in transition Hispanics are the fastest-growing ethnic population in the United States. This chapter presents demographic projections for higher education and discusses the role of the transfer function in community colleges. Two notable transfer programs are highlighted. [source] Transforming an Evidence-Based Intervention to Prevent Perinatal Depression for Low-Income Latina ImmigrantsAMERICAN JOURNAL OF ORTHOPSYCHIATRY, Issue 1 2010Huynh-Nhu Le There is growing interest in examining the extent to which evidence-based interventions, found to be efficacious for majority populations, are effective for low-income, ethnically diverse populations. Yet limited attention has been devoted to documenting the specific steps taken in adapting these interventions to meet the needs of the target ethnic population. This article describes the cultural adaptation of an evidence-based cognitive,behavioral therapy intervention to prevent perinatal depression in 2 different Latina immigrant communities using a 5-step iterative process: (a) identify need; (b) gather information; (c) design adaptation; (d) implement, evaluate, and refine adaptation; and (e) replicate and disseminate. Appropriate adaptations of evidence-based interventions have the potential to reduce disparities in utilization and outcomes for high-risk populations. Researchers should document their efforts to transform services for low-income, ethnically diverse populations. [source] Breast Cancer in the Middle Eastern Population of California, 1988,2004THE BREAST JOURNAL, Issue 2 2009Kiumarss Nasseri DVM Abstract:, This report presents the patterns of incidence, survival, and mortality of breast cancer in the Middle Eastern (ME) population of California. Cases were identified through surname recognition and population estimates were obtained from census public use files. Rates, trends, and survival in this ethnic group were compared with the non-Hispanic White (NHW) of California, as well as natives in the Middle East. Age-adjusted incidence rates for the insitu (22.8), invasive (126.2), and mortality (23.2) in ME women were significantly lower than similar rates of 26.0, 146.9, and 30.6 in the NHW women. Incidence rate in ME women in California was higher than rates in women in the Middle East. Lower rates for early stage and higher rates for late stage diagnoses in this ethnic population suggest lack of optimal access to preventive healthcare. Relative survival in the two groups is negatively associated with stage at diagnosis and is slightly higher in ME women, probably due to large numbers of lost to follow-up in ME women suggesting the presence of salmon bias. Positive association with socioeconomic standing was detected only in the NHW women. Incidence of breast cancer in ME men was significantly higher than that of NHW men. [source] Long term outcome of bleb needling revisions following mitomycin C trabeculectomy in Afro-Caribbean eyesACTA OPHTHALMOLOGICA, Issue 2007TA WILLIAMS Purpose: To assess the frequency, risk factors and outcome of patients requiring bleb needling revisions (BNR)following Mitomycin-C (MMC) augmented trabeculectomies in Afro-Caribbean eyes in Birmingham, United Kingdom. Methods: ReGAE (Research in Glaucoma and Ethinicity) is a UK based multidisciplinary based research group whose research is aimed at preventing glaucomatous blindness in the diverse ethnic population of the West Midlands. A prospective study of consecutive Afro-Caribbean patients with refractory advanced glaucoma who had undergone Mitomycin C augmented trabeculectomy (modified Cairns type trabeculectomy with fornix based conjunctival flap mitomycin C 0.1-0.4mg/ml) was completed. Bleb needling revisions in the operating theatre with subconjunctival 5 fluro-uracil (5FU) 0.1ml 25mg/ml) were required in a subset of eyes. The frequency, timing, complications and outcome of BNRs was studied. Results: 38 eyes (35 patients) were included in the study; mean age 52 years (range 11-77 years); male:female 21:14. 9 of 38 eyes (24%)required BNR. Aetiology of glaucoma POAG 44%; JOAG 23%; traumatic 11%; fuchs 11%; pseudoexfoliation 11%. Of the patients requring BNR 6 eyes required BNR within 1 month of MMC- trabeculectomy. BNRs were performed 1-48 months postopereratively. Number of BNRs required 1.7 per eye (range 1-4) over a 2 year post operative follow up period. No complications occurred during BNR. Conclusions: Afro-Caribbean patients have a significant risk of requiring BNR following MMC trabeculectomy. Although such bleb manipulations are most commonly required during the early postoperative period, late subtenon's fibrosis may necessitate late BNR in this ethnic group. [source] Medical and surgical therapies for alopecias in black womenDERMATOLOGIC THERAPY, Issue 2 2004Valerie D. Callender ABSTRACT:, Hair loss is a common problem that challenges the patient and clinician with a host of cosmetic, psychological and medical issues. Alopecia occurs in both men and women, and in all racial and ethnic populations, but the etiology varies considerably from group to group. In black women, many forms of alopecia are associated with hair-care practices (e.g., traction alopecia, trichorrhexis nodosa, and central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia). The use of thermal or chemical hair straightening, and hair braiding or weaving are examples of styling techniques that place African American women at high risk for various "traumatic" alopecias. Although the exact cause of these alopecias is unknown, a multifactorial etiology including both genetic and environmental factors is suspected. A careful history and physical examination, together with an acute sensitivity to the patient's perceptions (e.g., self-esteem and social problems), are critical in determining the best therapy course. Therapeutic options for these patients range from alteration of current hair grooming practices or products, to use of specific medical treatments, to hair replacement surgery. Since early intervention is often a key to preventing irreversible alopecia, the purpose of the present article is to educate the dermatologist on all aspects of therapy for hair loss in black women,including not only a discussion of the main medical and surgical therapies but also an overview of ethnic hair cosmetics, specific suggestions for alterations of hair-care practices, and recommendations for patient education and compliance. [source] Association of prostate cancer with rapid N -acetyltransferase 1 (NAT1*10) in combination with slow N -acetyltransferase 2 acetylator genotypes in a pilot case-control studyENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS, Issue 3 2002David W. Hein Abstract N -acetyltransferase-1 (NAT1) and N -acetyltransferase-2 (NAT2) are important in the metabolism of aromatic and heterocyclic amine carcinogens that induce prostate tumors in the rat. We investigated the association of genetic polymorphisms in NAT1 and NAT2, alone and in combination, with human prostate cancer. Incident prostate cancer cases and controls in a hospital-based case-control study were frequency-matched for age, race, and referral pattern. The frequency of slow acetylator NAT1 genotypes (NAT1*14, *15, *17) was 5.8% in controls but absent in cases. In contrast, in comparison with all other NAT1 genotypes the putative rapid acetylator NAT1 genotype (NAT1*10) was significantly higher in prostate cancer cases than controls (OR, 2.17; 95% CI, 1.08,4.33; P = 0.03). Combinations of NAT1*10 with NAT2 slow acetylator genotypes (OR, 5.08; 95% CI, 1.56,16.5; P = 0.008) or with NAT2 very slow (homozygous NAT2*5) acetylator genotypes (OR, 7.50; 95% CI, 1.55,15.4; P = 0.016) further increased prostate cancer risk. The results of this small pilot study suggest increased susceptibility to prostate cancer for subjects with combinations of NAT1*10 and slow (particularly very slow) NAT2 acetylator genotypes. This finding should be investigated further in larger cohorts and in other ethnic populations. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 40:161,167, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Frequency of cytochrome P450 2C9 allelic variants in the Chinese and French populationsFUNDAMENTAL & CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, Issue 3 2003Jue Quin Yang Abstract Cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) is a polymorphic enzyme responsible for the metabolism of different drugs with low therapeutic index such as oral anticoagulants. CYP2C9*2 and CYP2C9*3 are two single nucleotide polymorphic allelic variants. The frequency of these alleles in different ethnic populations is extremely variable. In this study, we compared the frequencies of CYP2C9 allelic variants among 394 Chinese living in Shanghai to 151 French Caucasians living in Paris. The allelic frequencies of CYP2C9 variants of the Chinese and the French subjects were 0.963, 0.001, 0.036 and 0.77, 0.15, 0.08 for CYP2C9*1, CYP2C9*2, CYP2C9*3, respectively. Chinese CYP2C9*3 allelic frequency was twice as lower as the French subjects, but three times higher than Korean (0.036 vs. 0.011). The CYP2C9*2 allele could be detected in only one Chinese subject, whereas it represented the major allelic variant in French Caucasians. The low frequency of the CYP2C9*2 and CYP2C9*3 allelic variants in Chinese subjects does not justify their detection in clinical practice, unlike French Caucasians. [source] MUSLIMS, HINDUS, AND SIKHS IN THE NEW RELIGIOUS LANDSCAPE OF ENGLAND,GEOGRAPHICAL REVIEW, Issue 4 2003CERI PEACH ABSTRACT. This article examines the dramatic changes brought to English townscapes by Islam, Hinduism, and Sikhism. These "new" religions have arrived with the large-scale immigration and subsequent natural growth of the minority ethnic populations of Great Britain since the 1950s. The article traces the growth and distribution of these populations and religions, as well as the development of their places of worship from front-room prayer rooms to cathedral-scale buildings. It explores the way in which the British planning process, dedicated to preserving the traditional, has engaged with the exotic. [source] ATM mutations on distinct SNP and STR haplotypes in ataxia-telangiectasia patients of differing ethnicities reveal ancestral founder effects,HUMAN MUTATION, Issue 1 2003Catarina Campbell Abstract Due to the large size (150 kb) of the ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) gene and the existence of over 400 mutations, identifying mutations in patients with ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) is labor intensive. We compared the SNP and STR haplotypes of A-T patients from varying ethnicities who were carrying common ATM mutations. We used SSCP to determine SNP haplotypes. To our surprise, all of the most common ATM mutations in our large multiethnic cohort were associated with specific SNP haplotypes, whereas the STR haplotypes varied, suggesting that ATM mutations predated STR haplotypes but not SNP haplotypes. We conclude that these frequently observed ATM mutations are not hot spots, but have occurred only once and spread with time to different ethnic populations. More generally, a combination of SNP and STR haplotyping could be used as a screening strategy for identifying mutations in other large genes by first determining the ancestral SNP and STR haplotypes in order to identify specific founder mutations. We estimate this approach will identify approximately 30% of mutations in A-T patients across all ethnic groups. Hum Mutat 21:80,85, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Novel mutations in the MYOC/GLC1A gene in a large group of glaucoma patients,,HUMAN MUTATION, Issue 6 2002Karin Michels-Rautenstrauss Abstract Mutations at the myocilin (MYOC) gene within the GLC1A locus have been revealed in 2-4% of patients suffering primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) worldwide. In our ongoing glaucoma study sixhundred eighty two persons have been screend for MYOC mutations. The first group consisted of 453 patients from a long-term clinical study diagnosed either with juvenile OAG (JOAG), POAG, ocular hypertension (OHT) or normal tension glaucoma (NTG) plus 22 cases of secondary glaucoma. This group, and additional 83 healthy controls, is part of a long term study with repeated clinical examinations at the University of Erlangen-Nurnberg. An additional sample of 124 glaucoma patients or at risk persons referred from other sources were included in the mutation screening. Five novel mutations, namely Gly434Ser, Asn450Asp, Val251Ala, Ile345Met and Ser393Asn, could be identified as cause of preperimetric POAG, JOAG, normal tension POAG and POAG. Myocilin mutations were identified similar with previous reports with other ethnic populations at the rate of 11/341 (3.2%) probands. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Effect of race and ethnicity on perceptions of inflammatory bowel diseaseINFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES, Issue 6 2006Darrell G. Finlay MD Abstract Background and Aims: Historically, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) was thought to predominantly affect whites. However, IBD is now increasingly recognized in diverse ethnic populations. There is a paucity of studies of IBD in nonwhite populations, especially in Mexican Americans. The aims of this study were to compare the impact of IBD on the quality of life of whites, African Americans, and Mexican Americans and to evaluate differing patient understanding and beliefs regarding IBD. Materials and Methods: A questionnaire was administered to 148 patients between June 1999 and November 2003 at a university gastroenterology practice in Houston, Tex. Results: Caucasians (W) comprised 40%, African Americans (AA) 37%, and Mexican Americans (MA) 20% of the respondents. AA and W had predominantly Crohn's disease (CD), whereas MA had predominantly ulcerative colitis (UC; P < 0.05). We therefore compared W and AA with CD and W and MA with UC. W were more likely to tell their employers (57% vs 27.5%, P = 0.02), fellow employees (68% vs 43.8%, P = 0.02) and friends (100% vs 79%, P = 0.034) that they had CD. W and AA were equally as likely to have regular checkups by a physician, and there was no difference in the access to gastroenterologists or surveillance colonoscopy. There were fewer differences between MA and W with UC. MA were more likely to believe that UC was caused by stress (70% vs 37%, p = 0.044) and cigarette smoking. Conclusions: Significant differences appear among racial and ethnic groups with IBD regarding attitudes toward disease and impact on daily life. Appreciation of varying ethnic and racial perceptions, attitudes, and beliefs among patients with IBD may be critical to more effective management. [source] Researching ethnic diversity in the British NHS: methodological and practical concernsJOURNAL OF ADVANCED NURSING, Issue 4 2000Kate Gerrish BNurs MSc PhD RGN RM DN Cert Researching ethnic diversity in the British NHS: methodological and practical concerns The collection of data on ethnic groupings has become an increasingly pervasive feature of contemporary health policy and research in the United Kingdom, with attention concentrating primarily on monitoring access to and utilization of services by different ethnic groups, together with epidemiological data on morbidity and mortality. At the same time, the collection of data on ethnic populations by census and health agencies has been the subject of a wide-ranging and contentious debate and there is a growing critique that challenges the collection and use of such data on political, methodological and practical grounds. This paper explores the nature of these debates as they apply to health research. Issues of validity and reliability arising from the application of pre-defined ethnic categories, such as those used within the National Health Service derived from the 1991 census, are considered and alternative approaches which utilize a range of variables such as language, religion and length of residency in a country suggested. Experiences derived from an ethnographic study of the provision of district nursing care to patients from different ethnic backgrounds are used to illustrate some of the practical issues of researching ethnic diversity. Strategies for addressing some of the methodological and practical concerns are proposed. [source] Molecular epidemiological study of hepatitis B virus infection in two different ethnic populations from the Solomon IslandsJOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY, Issue 3 2007Takako Utsumi Abstract The Solomon Islands is a multi-ethnic nation with a high rate of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. The prevalence relative to ethnicity was examined in relation to HBV infection, genotypes, and mutations. Asymptomatic populations (n,=,564, 308 Melanesian and 118 Micronesian) from the Western Province were enrolled. Positive samples for Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) were examined for serological status, genotyping, viral load, and mutations of the basic core promoter (BCP) and pre-core (Pre-C) regions. The positive rate for HBsAg was 21.5%. The major Melanesian genotype was C (HBV/C), whereas the major Micronesian genotype was D (HBV/D). The prevalence of Hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) in serum was lower in carriers of HBV/D than of HBV/C. While the prevalence of the BCP mutation (T1762A1764) tended to be higher in HBV/C, that of the Pre-C mutation (T1846) was significantly higher in HBV/D (P,<,0.0001). Genetic distance and phylogenetic analyses based on complete genome sequences were also carried out for two strains of HBV/C and two strains of HBV/D, and the findings were compared with those in the DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank database. The full-length sequence revealed that strains from the Solomon Islands were classified into subgenotype C3 (HBV/C3) and D4 (HBV/D4), and that the HBV/D strains were related closely to those from Papua New Guinea. HBV infection in the Solomon Islands is hyperendemic, and the genotype is ethnicity-specific. HBeAg appears to clear from the serum in young adulthood in HBV/D infection, which may be influenced by genotype-dependent features in relation to viral mutations. J. Med. Virol. 79:229,235, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Genetic Repeat Polymorphism in the Regulating Region of CYP2E1: Frequency and Relationship With Enzymatic Activity in AlcoholicsALCOHOLISM, Issue 6 2001E. Plee-Gautier Background: Differences in the regulatory region of the CYP2E1 gene could be responsible for the interindividual variation in the cytochrome P-450 2E1 (CYP2E1) involved in ethanol oxidation. Recently, a polymorphic repeat sequence in the human gene was described between ,2178 and ,1945 base pairs. Its frequency seemed to vary among different ethnic populations, and it was suspected to be related to an increased inducibility to further ethanol intake. In the study reported here, the frequency of this polymorphism was investigated in a white French population. Its relationship with the previously described Pst I/Rsa I or Dra I CYP2E1 polymorphisms, alcoholism, alcoholic liver disease, and inducibility of CYP2E1 by ethanol was examined. Methods: The polymorphic region was characterized by polymerase chain reaction in 103 controls, 148 alcoholic subjects without liver diseases, and 98 others with liver cirrhosis. By using in vivo chlorzoxazone (CHZ) metabolism, CYP2E1 phenotype was assessed in 36 non,ethanol-induced subjects (17 controls and 19 withdrawn alcoholics) and in 14 ethanol-induced subjects (10 controls after ingestion of 0.8 g/kg ethanol and four alcoholics with 100 g of daily intake). This phenotype was expressed as the 6-hydroxy CHZ/CHZ ratio. Results: The rare allele frequency was found to be 1.58% in whites (n= 349). Neither significant association with alcoholism or alcoholic liver diseases, nor relationship with the Pst I/Rsa I polymorphism, was observed. But the Dra I polymorphism was more frequent among the heterozygous subjects when compared with wild-type homozygous ones (p < 0.05). The CYP2E1 phenotype was similar in wild-type homozygotes and in heterozygotes at the constitutive level, as well as after induction with ethanol. Conclusions: Our data suggest that CYP2E1 repeat polymorphism does not seem to constitute a major factor for interindividual differences in CYP2E1 expression and susceptibility to alcohol-related disorders in whites. [source] Access and achievement of Hispanics and Hispanic immigrants in the City University of New YorkNEW DIRECTIONS FOR COMMUNITY COLLEGES, Issue 133 2006D. Timothy Leinbach This chapter analyzes whether Hispanics and Hispanic immigrants in the City University of New York system have the same levels of access and achievement as other racial and ethnic populations. [source] Extended family studies for the identification of allogeneic stem cell transplant donors in Jewish and Arabic patients in IsraelPEDIATRIC TRANSPLANTATION, Issue 1 2005T. Klein Abstract:, HLA-identified donors are the best source of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplants, and are available in approximately 40% of cases. If no HLA-identical core family member is found, an extended family search may be performed. The aim of the study was to summarize the 10-year (1990,1999) experience of our tertiary care center with extended family donor search. During this period, 356 patients and 2659 of their family members were tissue-typed; 239 patients were Jewish (67%) and 117 were Arabic (33%). An HLA-identical core-family donor was identified for 168 patients (47%): 95 Jewish (40%) and 73 Arabic (62%) (p < 0.0001); 49 patients (14%) had more than one potential donor. An extended family search (grandmother/grandfather, aunts, uncles, etc.) was performed in 38 of the remaining families, which were found to be consanguineous: five Jewish and 33 Arabic. One HLA match was found in the Jewish families (20%) and 21 in the Arabic families (64%). The odds ratio for an Arabic patient to find a donor in the extended family search was 8.75, as opposed to a Jewish patient. Overall, HLA-matched donors were found by core and extended family search for 53% of the patients. The rate for Arabic patients was 80% and for Jewish patients, 40% (p < 0.001). This difference may be explained by the greater number of siblings and higher rate of consanguinity in the Arabic population. In conclusion, an extended family search for potential HLA-matched donors is worthwhile, especially in distinct ethnic populations with high consanguinity, such as Israeli Arabs. [source] Projections of the Ethnic Minority Populations of the United Kingdom 2006,2056POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT REVIEW, Issue 3 2010David Coleman The ethnic minority populations in the UK are growing substantially through immigration, a youthful age structure, and in some cases relatively high fertility. Their diverse demographic and socioeconomic characteristics have attracted considerable academic and policy attention, especially insofar as those distinctive characteristics have persisted in the generations born in the UK. No official projections of the UK ethnic populations have been published since 1979. This article provides projections to 2056 and beyond of 12 ethnic groups. Given overall net immigration and vital rates as assumed in the office for National Statistics 2008-based Principal Projection, and the ethnic characteristics estimated here, the ethnic minority populations (including the Other White) would increase from 13 percent of the UK population in 2006 to 28 percent by 2031 and 44 percent by 2056, and to about half the 0,4 age group in 2056. Alternative projections assume various lower levels of immigration. Possible implications of projected changes are discussed. [source] Competing interests: Toronto's Chinese immigrant associations and the politics of multiculturalismPOPULATION, SPACE AND PLACE (PREVIOUSLY:-INT JOURNAL OF POPULATION GEOGRAPHY), Issue 2 2007J. Salaff Abstract Social service agencies and advocacy groups have played an integral role in mediating between the Asian ethnic populations. In the Canadian institutional setting, associations become a means of political expression. Canada incorporates new immigrants into its national institutions. However, these neo-liberal institutions and policies have not redressed major problems arising in the settlement process. Under Canada's discourse of enlightened multiculturalism, social service agencies are funded to help to integrate diverse peoples. The policy of multiculturalism meshes well with the liberal ideology underlying loose coupling, encouraging people to retain their cultural identities while settling and participating in national processes. These policies are designed to be sensitive to clients' cultural backgrounds; however, there are unforeseen consequences. In this system, different groups are granted different amounts of social, cultural and economic capital along with differential access to this capital, which affects their position and potential for action in other arenas. In particular, we find that the social service approach treats new Chinese immigrants as similar, thereby fostering competition between subgroups over leadership, funds and representation. Our data come from interviews with key figures in the Chinese-Canadian community and associations, and reviews of press and other media. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Some Ethnic Dimensions of Income Distribution from Pre- to Post-reform New Zealand, 1984,1998*THE ECONOMIC RECORD, Issue 262 2007SRIKANTA CHATTERJEE Based on unit record data from four household surveys conducted by Statistics New Zealand for the years 1983/1984, 1991/1992, 1995/1996 and 1997/1998, this paper addresses some ethnic dimensions of income inequality among New Zealanders over the period of the surveys. It applies alternative techniques of decomposition of the Gini coefficient of inequality by subgroups of population. It then analyses how changes in the incomes of specific population subgroups affect the overall inequality. The results help quantify the economic distances among the different ethnic populations of New Zealand, and indicate how and why these distances have been changing over time. [source] Access and Outcomes Among Minority Transplant Patients, 1999,2008, with a Focus on Determinants of Kidney Graft SurvivalAMERICAN JOURNAL OF TRANSPLANTATION, Issue 4p2 2010P.-Y. Fan Coincident with an increasing national interest in equitable health care, a number of studies have described disparities in access to solid organ transplantation for minority patients. In contrast, relatively little is known about differences in posttransplant outcomes between patients of specific racial and ethnic populations. In this paper, we review trends in access to solid organ transplantation and posttransplant outcomes by organ type, race and ethnicity. In addition, we present an analysis of categories of factors that contribute to the racial/ethnic variation seen in kidney transplant outcomes. Disparities in minority access to transplantation among wait-listed candidates are improving, but persist for those awaiting kidney, simultaneous kidney and pancreas and intestine transplantation. In general, graft and patient survival among recipients of solid organ transplants is highest for Asians and Hispanic/Latinos, intermediate for whites and lowest for African Americans. Although much of the difference in outcomes between racial/ethnic groups can be accounted for by adjusting for patient characteristics, important observed differences remain. Age and duration of pretransplant dialysis exposure emerge as the most important determinants of survival in an investigation of the relative impact of center-related versus patient-related variables on kidney graft outcomes. [source] Ethnic migration between area groups in England and WalesAREA, Issue 4 2009James Raymer Minority ethnic populations in England and Wales have been increasing steadily as a share of the total population since the 1991 Census. In this paper, we are interested in how internal migration has changed as a possible consequence. Our analysis focuses on the movements between 12 area groups, as defined by the Office for National Statistics, and addresses the following three research questions: (1) how has internal migration in England and Wales evolved from 1991 to 2004; (2) what are the main differences in the movements between the White (majority) population and the ethnic minority population; and (3) how do migration patterns differ when ethnicity, education and employment statuses are considered together? The data come from the 1991 to 2004 National Health Service Central Registers, the 1999,2004 patient registers and the 2001 Census. We find strong stability in the migration patterns of the total population over time. However, large differences appear when the flows are disaggregated by ethnicity and further by education and employment. Education level is an important factor influencing the migration patterns for the White population, whereas employment status is a much more important factor for the ethnic minority population. [source] Nutrition and physical activity behaviours among Mäori, Pacific and NZ European children: identifying opportunities for population-based interventionsAUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH, Issue 1 2006Jennifer Utter Objectives:To describe how the prevalences of nutrition and physical activity behaviours vary by ethnicity, while controlling for other socio-demographic characteristics, and to identify appropriate points of intervention for defined ethnic populations of New Zealand children. Methods:Secondary data analysis of the 2002 National Children's Nutrition Survey. Results:Few ethnic differences were significant for fruit and vegetable consumption and indicators of physical activity. Where ethnic differences in physical activity were significant, Mäori children and Pacific children were more active than New Zealand European/Other (NZEO) children. Pacific children and Mäori children were significantly more likely to skip meals than NZEO children. Pacific children and Mäori children were significantly more likely to buy some/most of the food they consumed at school from the tuckshop or dairy while NZEO children were more likely to bring their school food only from home. Likewise, Pacific children and Mäori children were significantly more likely to be high consumers of some fatty and sugary foods than NZEO children. Conclusions and Implications:Meal skipping and purchasing food away from home were common for Mäori children and Pacific children; school-based programs that aim to improve access to and subsidise the price of healthy foods, including breakfast, could greatly benefit Mäori and Pacific students. Efforts to improve fruit and vegetable consumption and physical activity should be more universally applied and made culturally appropriate for all children. [source] Explaining differences in birthweight between ethnic populations.BJOG : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS & GYNAECOLOGY, Issue 12 2007The Generation R Study Objective, To examine whether differences in birthweight of various ethnic groups residing in the Netherlands can be explained by determinants of birthweight. Design, Population-based birth cohort study. Setting, Data of pregnant women and their partners in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Population, We examined data of 6044 pregnant women with a Dutch, Moroccan, Turkish, Capeverdean, Antillean, Surinamese-Creole, Surinamese-Hindustani and Surinamese-other ethnic background. Methods, Regression analyses were used to assess the impact of biomedical, socio-demographic and lifestyle-related determinants on birthweight differences. Main outcome measure, Birthweight was established immediately after delivery in grams. Results, Compared with mean birthweight of offspring of Dutch women (3485 g, SD 555), the mean birthweight was lower in all non-Dutch populations, except in Moroccans. Differences ranged from an 88-g lower birthweight in offspring of the Turkish women to a 424-g lower birthweight in offspring of Surinamese-Hindustani women. Differences in gestational age, maternal and paternal height largely explained the lower birthweight in the Turkish, Antillean, Surinamese-Creole and Surinamese-other populations. Differences in birthweight between the Dutch and the Capeverdean and Surinamese-Hindustani populations could only partly be explained by the studied determinants. Conclusions, These results confirm significant differences in birthweight between ethnic populations that can only partly be understood from established determinants of birthweight. The part that is understood points to the importance of determinants that cannot easily be modified, such as parental height. Further study is necessary to obtain a fuller understanding. [source] Potential role of human papillomavirus in the development of subsequent primary in situ and invasive cancers among cervical cancer survivors,,CANCER, Issue S10 2008Appathurai Balamurugan MD Abstract BACKGROUND. The recent licensure of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines will likely decrease the development of primary in situ and invasive cervical cancers and possibly other HPV-associated cancers such as vaginal, vulvar, and anal cancers. Because the HPV vaccine has the ability to impact the development of >1 HPV-associated cancer in the same individual, the risk of developing subsequent primary cancers among cervical cancer survivors was examined. METHODS. Using the 1992 through 2004 data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program, 23,509 cervical cancer survivors were followed (mean of 4.8 person-years) for the development of subsequent primary cancers. The observed number (O) of subsequent cancers of all sites were compared with those expected (E) based on age-/race-/year-/site-specific rates in the SEER population. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs = O/E) were considered statistically significant if they differed from 1, with an , level of 0.05. RESULTS. Among cervical cancer index cases, there was a significant elevated risk for subsequent in situ cancers of the vagina and vulva (SIRs of 53.8 and 6.6, respectively); and invasive vaginal, vulvar, and rectal cancers (SIRs of 29.9, 5.7, and 2.2, respectively). Significantly elevated risks were observed across race and ethnic populations for subsequent vaginal in situ (SIR for whites of 49.4; blacks, 52.8; Asian/Pacific Islander [API], 91.4; and Hispanics, 55.7) and invasive cancers (SIR for whites of 25.7; blacks, 34.5; API, 48.5; and Hispanics, 25.2). CONCLUSIONS. The results of the current study demonstrate a substantially increased risk of the development of subsequent primary in situ and invasive cancers among cervical cancer survivors and have implications for the development of prevention and early detection strategies as the role of HPV infection becomes evident. Cancer 2008;113(10 suppl):2919,25. Published 2008 by the American Cancer Society. [source] Breast cancer incidence among American Indian and Alaska Native women: US, 1999,2004,,§CANCER, Issue S5 2008Phyllis A. Wingo PhD Abstract BACKGROUND. Breast cancer is a leading cause of cancer morbidity and mortality among American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) women. Although published studies have suggested that breast cancer rates among AI/AN women are lower than those among other racial and ethnic populations, accurate determinations of the breast cancer burden have been hampered by misclassification of AI/AN race. METHODS. Cancer incidence data from the National Program of Cancer Registries and the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program were combined to estimate age-adjusted rates for the diagnosis years 1999 through 2004. Several steps were taken to reduce the misclassification of AI/AN race: linking cases to Indian Health Service (IHS) patient services database, restricting analyses to Contract Health Service Delivery Area counties, and stratifying results by IHS region. RESULTS. Breast cancer incidence rates among AI/AN women varied nearly 3-fold across IHS regions. The highest rates were in Alaska (134.8) and the Plains (Northern, 115.9; Southern, 115.7), and the lowest rates were in the Southwest (50.8). The rate in Alaska was similar to the rate among non-Hispanic white (NHW) women in Alaska. Overall, AI/AN women had lower rates of breast cancer than NHW women, but AI/AN women were more likely to be diagnosed with late-stage disease. CONCLUSIONS. To the authors' knowledge, this report provides the most comprehensive breast cancer incidence data for AI/AN women to date. The wide regional variation indicates an important need for etiologic and health services research, and the large percentage of AI/AN women with late-stage disease demands innovative approaches for increasing access to screening. Cancer 2008;113(5 suppl):1191,202. Published 2008 by the American Cancer Society. [source] GENOTYPE AND ALLELE FREQUENCIES OF N -ACETYLTRANSFERASE 2 AND GLUTATHIONE S -TRANSFERASE IN THE IRANIAN POPULATIONCLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PHARMACOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY, Issue 11 2007Anahita Torkaman-Boutorabi SUMMARY 1.,Xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes constitute an important line of defence against a variety of carcinogens. Many are polymorphic, constituting the basis for the wide interindividual variation in metabolic capacity and possibly a source of variation in the susceptibility to chemical-induced carcinogenesis. The aim of the present study was to determine the frequencies of important allelic variants in the N- acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) and glutathione S- transferase (GST) genes in the Iranian population and compare them with frequencies in other ethnic populations. 2Genotyping was performed in a total of 229 unrelated healthy subjects (119 men, 110 women) for NAT2 and 170 unrelated healthy subjects (89 men, 81 women) for GST from the general Tehran population. A combination of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was applied for typing of NAT2 polymorphisms. Detection of GSTM1 and GSTT1 null alleles was performed simultaneously using a multiplex PCR assay. 3The frequencies of specific NAT2 alleles were 0.299, 0.314, 0.380, 0.007 and 0.000 for *4 (wild-type), *5 (C481T, M1), *6 (G590A, M2), *7 (G857A, M3) and *14 (G191A, M4), respectively. The most prevalent genotypes were NAT2 *5/*6 (29.70%) and *4/*6 (21.40%). The GSTM1 - and GSTT1 -null alleles were detected in 44.7 and 21.2% of subjects, respectively. 4We found that Iranians resemble Indians with regard to allelic frequencies of the tested variants of NAT2. The predominance of slow (49.36%) and intermediate (41.47%) acetylation status compared with wild-type rapid acetylation status (9.17%) in the study group suggests the significant prevalence of the slow acetylator (SA) phenotypes in the Iranian population. Our data confirmed that Iranians are similar to other Caucasian populations in the frequency of both GSTM1 - and GSTT1 -null alleles. [source] Prostate cancer incidence among American Indian and Alaska Native men, US, 1999,2004,,§CANCER, Issue S5 2008Jeffrey A. Henderson MD Abstract BACKGROUND. American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) men experience lower incidence of prostate cancer than other race/ethnic populations in the US, but racial misclassification of AI/AN men threatens the validity of these estimates. To the authors' knowledge, little is known concerning prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing in AI/AN men. METHODS. The authors linked cancer registry data with Indian Health Service enrollment records to improve race classification. Analyses comparing cancer incidence rates and stage at diagnosis for AI/AN and non-Hispanic white (NHW) men for 6 geographic regions focused on counties known to have less race misclassification. The authors also used Behavioral Risk Factors Surveillance System data to characterize PSA testing in AI/AN men. RESULTS. Prostate cancer incidence rates were generally lower in AI/AN than in NHW men for all regions combined (rate ratio of 0.68). However, regional variation was noted among AI/AN men, with incidence rates (per 100,000 population) ranging from 65.7 in the Southwest to 174.5 on the Northern Plains. The rate of distant stage disease was somewhat higher among AI/AN (7.8) than NHW (6.2) men. Nationally, AI/AN men were less likely than NHW men to have undergone recent PSA testing (48.4% vs 58.0%), with prominent regional variation in screening rates noted. CONCLUSIONS. Prostate cancer incidence rates and the proportion of men with recent PSA testing were lower for AI/AN men than for NHW men. However, incident rates and rate of distant stage varied by region more for AI/AN than for NHW. Further research is needed among AI/AN men to evaluate strategies for better understanding the causes of the regional variation in prostate cancer incidence. Cancer 2008;113(5 suppl):1203,12. Published 2008 by the American Cancer Society. [source] Differences in colorectal carcinoma stage and survival by race and ethnicityCANCER, Issue 3 2005Chloe Chien M.S. Abstract BACKGROUND In the United States, blacks with colorectal carcinoma (CRC) presented with more advanced-stage disease and had higher mortality rates compared with non-Hispanic whites. Data regarding other races/ethnicities were limited, especially for Asian/Pacific Islander and Hispanic white subgroups. METHODS Using data from 11 population-based cancer registries that participate in the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results program, the authors evaluated the relation among 18 different races/ethnicities and disease stage and mortality rates among 154,103 subjects diagnosed with CRC from 1988 to 2000. RESULTS Compared with non-Hispanic whites, blacks, American Indians, Chinese, Filipinos, Koreans, Hawaiians, Mexicans, South/Central Americans, and Puerto Ricans were 10,60% more likely to be diagnosed with Stage III or IV CRC. Alternatively, Japanese had a 20% lower risk of advanced-stage CRC. With respect to mortality rates, blacks, American Indians, Hawaiians, and Mexicans had a 20,30% greater risk of mortality, whereas Chinese, Japanese, and Indians/Pakistanis had a 10,40 % lower risk. CONCLUSIONS The authors observed numerous racial/ethnic disparities in the risks of advanced-stage cancer and mortality among patients with CRC, and there was considerable variation in these risks across Asian/Pacific Islander and Hispanic white subgroups. Although the etiology of these disparities was multifactorial, developing screening and treatment programs that target racial/ethnic populations with elevated risks of poor CRC outcomes may be an important means of reducing these disparities. 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