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ETS Exposure (ET + exposure)
Selected AbstractsChanges in environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure over a 20-year period: cross-sectional and longitudinal analysesADDICTION, Issue 3 2009Barbara J. Jefferis ABSTRACT Aims To examine long-term changes in environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure in British men between 1978 and 2000, using serum cotinine. Design Prospective cohort: British Regional Heart Study. Setting General practices in 24 towns in England, Wales and Scotland. Participants Non-smoking men: 2125 studied at baseline [questionnaire (Q1): 1978,80, aged 40,59 years], 3046 studied 20 years later (Q20: 1998,2000, aged 60,79 years) and 1208 studied at both times. Non-smokers were men reporting no current smoking with cotinine < 15 ng/ml at Q1 and/or Q20. Measurements Serum cotinine to assess ETS exposure. Findings In cross-sectional analysis, geometric mean cotinine level declined from 1.36 ng/ml [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.31, 1.42] at Q1 to 0.19 ng/ml (95% CI: 0.18, 0.19) at Q20. The prevalence of cotinine levels , 0.7 ng/ml [associated with low coronary heart disease (CHD) risk] rose from 27.1% at Q1 to 83.3% at Q20. Manual social class and northern region of residence were associated with higher mean cotinine levels both at Q1 and Q20; older age was associated with lower cotinine level at Q20 only. Among 1208 persistent non-smokers, cotinine fell by 1.47 ng/ml (95% CI: 1.37, 1.57), 86% decline. Absolute falls in cotinine were greater in manual occupational groups, in the Midlands and Scotland compared to southern England, although percentage decline was very similar across groups. Conclusions A marked decline in ETS exposure occurred in Britain between 1978 and 2000, which is likely to have reduced ETS-related disease risks appreciably before the introduction of legislation banning smoking in public places. [source] Preterm delivery and exposure to active and passive smoking during pregnancy: a case,control study from ItalyPAEDIATRIC & PERINATAL EPIDEMIOLOGY, Issue 3 2007Guglielmina Fantuzzi Summary The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between preterm/early preterm delivery and active smoking as well as environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure in a sample of pregnant Italian women. A case,control study was conducted in nine cities in Italy between October 1999 and September 2000. Cases of preterm birth were singleton babies born before the 37th gestational week; babies born before the 35th gestational week were considered early preterm births. Controls were babies with gestational ages , 37th week. A total of 299 preterm cases (including 105 early preterm) and 855 controls were analysed. A self-administered questionnaire was used to assess active smoking and ETS exposure, as well as potential confounders. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed a relationship between active smoking during pregnancy and preterm/early preterm delivery [adjusted ORs: 1.53; 95% CI 1.05, 2.21 and 2.00; 95% CI 1.16, 3.45, respectively]. A dose,response relationship was found for the number of cigarettes smoked daily. The adjusted ORs were 1.54 and 1.69 for preterm babies and 1.90 and 2.46 for early preterm babies for 1,10 and >10 cigarettes/day respectively. ETS exposure was associated with early preterm delivery [adjusted OR 1.56; 95% CI 0.99, 2.46] with a dose,response relationship with the number of smokers in the home. Smoking during pregnancy was strongly associated with preterm delivery with a dose,response effect. ETS exposure in non-smoking women was associated only with early preterm delivery. [source] The effects of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke on pulmonary function in children undergoing anesthesia for minor surgeryPEDIATRIC ANESTHESIA, Issue 5 2006JAMES M. O'ROURKE FFARCSI Summary Background:, The objectives of this study were to assess whether children exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) present for surgery with poorer pulmonary function, and experience a more pronounced deterioration in pulmonary function following anesthesia and surgery, than non-ETS-exposed children. Methods:, Fifty-four children aged 5,15 years with a history of ETS exposure from one or both parents and 54 children with no such ETS history were included in the study. All participants were presenting for ambulatory surgery and were judged to conform to American Society of Anesthesiology class I or II. Spirometry was performed preoperatively, postoperatively in the recovery ward when the child met criteria for discharge (Aldrete score 8), and before discharge from the day ward. Results:, The ETS-exposed group had a significantly lower mean preoperative peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) (9.5 points lower percent predicted, 95% confidence interval ,18.1 to ,1.0, P = 0.03). Although not statistically significant, they also had lower percent predicted baseline mean values of the other spirometric variables that were measured (forced expiratory volume in 1 s ,4.5%, P = 0.07; forced vital capacity ,4.1%, P = 0.10; forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75%,3.6%, P = 0.44). Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) performed in recovery were between 8% and 14% worse than preoperative values, but the results were similar in the two groups of children. PFTs performed before hospital discharge demonstrated an near-complete recovery to baseline values. Again the pattern was similar in exposed and nonexposed children. Conclusions:, Environmental tobacco smoke exposure is associated with lower preoperative PEFR values, but does not impact on recovery from anesthesia for healthy children undergoing ambulatory anesthesia. [source] Household smoking behaviours and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke among infants: are current strategies effectively protecting our young?AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH, Issue 3 2010Justine B. Daly Abstract Objective: To determine the prevalence of infant exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) among infants attending child health clinics in regional NSW; the association between such exposure and household smoking behaviours; and the factors associated with smoking restrictions in households with infants. Methods: Parents completed a computer-based questionnaire and infant urine samples were collected. Information was obtained regarding the smoking behaviours of household members and samples were analysed for cotinine. Results: Twenty seven per cent of infants had detectable levels of cotinine. Infant ETS exposure was significantly associated with the smoking status of household members, absence of complete smoking bans in smoking households and having more than one smoker in the home. Smoking households were significantly less likely to have a complete smoking ban in place. Conclusions: This study suggests that a significant proportion of the population group most vulnerable to ETS were exposed. Implications: Future efforts to reduce children's exposure to ETS need to target cessation by smoking parents, and smoking bans in households of infants where parents are smokers if desired reductions in childhood ETS-related illness are to be realised. [source] Environmental tobacco smoke exposure as a risk factor for infections in infancyACTA PAEDIATRICA, Issue 7 2009F Ladomenou Abstract Aim:, This prospective observational study investigated the effect of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) on frequency and severity of common infantile infections. Methods:, In a representative sample of 926 infants, parental smoking was recorded at months 1 and 9 postpartum, and all infantile infectious episodes were recorded at 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months postpartum. Results:, Both parents were regular smokers all through the first year in 107 (11.6%), at least one smoked regularly or occasionally in 492 (53.1%), and parents did not smoke at all in 327 (35.3%) families. Among mothers, 168 (18.1%) smoked perinatally. Infantile ETS exposure was associated with increased frequency of total infectious episodes (p = 0.025) and hospitalizations for infection (p = 0.007). In ETS exposed infants, birth in autumn and presence of siblings contributed to increased frequency of most infections and of hospital admissions for infection. By contrast, exclusive breastfeeding protected against the effect of ETS on total infantile infections (OR 0.982, 95% CI 0.965,0.999; p = 0.036), hospital admissions for infection (OR 0.980, 95% CI 0.961,0.999; p = 0.036) and thrush (OR 0.973, 95% CI 0.951,0.996; p = 0.022). Conclusion:, Our findings point to harmful effect of ETS on infantile health and further suggest that this effect may be enhanced or diminished by other factors. ETS should be regarded as a preventable risk factor for infections in infancy. [source] Adverse health effects related to tobacco smoke exposure in a cohort of three-year oldsACTA PAEDIATRICA, Issue 3 2008AnnaKarin Johansson Abstract Aim: To analyse the importance of mothers' smoking during pregnancy and/or environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure in early childhood for children's health and well-being at the age of 3 years. Methods: Four groups from a population based cohort (n = 8850) were compared: children with nonsmoking mother during pregnancy and nonsmoking parents at the age of 3 years (n = 7091); children with only foetal exposure (n = 149); children exposed only postnatally (n = 895) and children exposed both pre- and postnatally (n = 595). Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Results: Children exposed both pre- and postnatally had more wheezing (1.14; 1.07,1.21) and rhinitis (1.16; 1.06,1.26), used more cough-mixture (1.07; 1.01,1.14) and broncodilatating drugs (1.08; 1.02,1.15) and suffered more from excessive crying (1.31; 1.13,1.51) and irritability (1.27; 1.09,1.48) compared to children with nonsmoking parents. Children exposed only postnatally had more rhinitis (1.24; 1.12,1.37), used more cough-mixture (1.14; 1.05,1.29) and suffered more from poor sleep (1.26; 1.07,1.47) than children of nonsmoking parents. Children with prenatal exposure only used more broncodilatating drugs (1.45; 1.03,2.04) and suffered more from poor sleep (2.06; 1.09,3.87). Conclusion: Health differences, small but significant, indicate that prenatal and/or postnatal ETS exposure alone, or in combination, seems to interfere with child health, supporting the importance of zero tolerance. However, as most smoking parents in Sweden try to protect their children from ETS exposure, the results also might indicate that protective measures are worthwhile. [source] | ||||||||||