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Estimated Values (estimated + value)
Selected AbstractsIn situ observation experiment for semiconductor solution growth under reduced convection condition , a reviewCRYSTAL RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY, Issue 7-8 2003Yuko Inatomi Abstract Morphological stability of solid/liquid interface in semiconductor crystal growth from solution has been investigated using a near-infrared microscopic interferometer under a reduced convection condition by authors and Prof. Benz's group. In the result, step kinetic coefficient of the interface of GaP/GaP(111)B in liquid phase epitaxy growth was obtained and the estimated value of macrostep wavelength agreed well with the measured one. [source] Experimental determination of Anammox decay coefficientJOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY, Issue 8 2009D. Scaglione Abstract This paper describes an experimental method used to evaluate the anaerobic ammonium oxidation (Anammox) decay coefficient by means of a batch test. The test was carried out using an experimental procedure based on manometric measurements of the dinitrogen gas that is produced by the Anammox process. The accuracy of the procedure had previously been assessed, and the method was used to determine the specific Anammox activity (SAA mg N2 -N g VSS,1 d,1,) and the maximum nitrogen production rate (MNPR, NmL N2 L,1 d,1) under several different conditions. A specific batch test, which lasted for 148 days, was performed to assess the decay coefficient. The activity decrease was monitored and the estimated value of the decay coefficient was found to be 0.0048 d,1 at 35 °C, for which the corresponding half-life time of the Anammox biomass was 145 days. This value is higher than other values reported in the literature, but in accordance with the slow growth rate of the Anammox bacteria. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Advantages of deuterium-labelled mixed triacylglycerol in studies of intraluminal fat digestionRAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY, Issue 2 2006Christine Slater The 13C-mixed triacylglcerol (MTG, 1,3-distearyl, 2-[1- 13C]octanoyl glycerol) breath test is a non-invasive measure of intraluminal fat digestion. Recovery of 13C in breath CO2 is incomplete (<50%) owing to sequestration of 13C into organic molecules via the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. In addition lack of knowledge of CO2 production rate (VCO2) during the test leads to errors in the calculated percentage dose recovered (PDR). 2H sequestration into organic molecules is low (,4%) and is not influenced by factors that affect VCO2 such as food intake or physical activity. After oxidation of 2H-labelled macromolecules, the label appears in body water, which can be sampled non-invasively in urine or saliva. After an overnight fast, two healthy adults consumed [2H]MTG (1,3-distearyl, 2-[2H15]octanoyl glycerol) and [13C]MTG (1,3 distearyl, 2-[1- 13C]octanoyl glycerol) simultaneously. Total body water (TBW) was measured by 18O dilution and also estimated from height and weight. Urine and saliva were sampled at baseline and for 10,h after consumption of the test meal. The abundance of 2HOH and H218O in urine and saliva was measured by continuous-flow isotope-ratio mass spectrometry. Cumulative PDR of 2H and 18O was calculated from the plateau enrichment, which was reached by 6,h in both saliva and urine. Recovery of 2H calculated using measured TBW was compared with that using an estimated value of TBW. Mean recovery of 2H in saliva was 99.3% and in urine was 96.4%. Errors introduced by estimating TBW were <5%. [2H]MTG could provide a simpler, more robust, indirect test of intraluminal fat digestion compared with the 13C-breath test. Further studies are required in pancreatic insufficient patients. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Effect of flow parameters of rumen digesta on effective degradability and microbial yield in sheepANIMAL SCIENCE JOURNAL, Issue 4 2009Toshiyoshi ICHINOHE ABSTRACT The aim of this experiment was to examine the effect of rumen digesta flow parameters on effective degradability (EDG) and microbial nitrogen (MBN) yield in sheep fed diets of identical provision of both metabolizable energy and rumen degradable nitrogen (RDN). Ruminal degradation parameters of early-harvested perennial ryegrass hay (EH), late-harvested perennial ryegrasses hay (LH) and winter sown barley straw (BS) were determined by a nylon bag technique. Subsequently, three experimental diets (EHD, LHD and BSD) were formulated using the tested forages, sucrose and urea as supplements. An in vivo feeding study was conducted using four rumen cannulated sheep in a partial Latin square design. Digestibility, rate constants of rumen particle breakdown and passage, ruminal fermentation parameters and MBN supply to the small intestine were determined. Animals thoroughly consumed the forages fed at a restricted level. Digestion coefficients were greater for EHD than for LHD and were lowest for BSD (P < 0.05). The rate constant of large particle breakdown was 4.3, 5.9 and 6.7 %/h, respectively, and small particle passage was 5.3, 4.7 and 6.3 %/h for EHD, LHD and BSD, respectively. The estimates differed (P < 0.05) between the diets. The overall passage rate constant of total rumen particles was estimated to be higher for BSD than that for EHD or LHD (P < 0.05). Ruminal fermentation parameters were unaffected by dietary treatments (P > 0.05). Intake levels of rumen degradable organic matter (RDOM) and RDN were estimated to be greater for LHD than that for EHD or BSD (P < 0.05). Although dietary arrangements were made to give identical microbial efficiency, the estimated value was higher for EHD than that for LHD or BSD (P < 0.05); and the MBN yield for BSD was estimated to be lower than that for EHD or LHD (P < 0.05). Rumen kinetic parameters of degradation and particle flow of forage affected EDG values and MBN yield from forage-related RDN intake, although those had little effect on the efficiency of MBN yield from forage-related RDOM intake. [source] Thermodynamic Analysis of Energy Transfer in Acidogenic CulturesENGINEERING IN LIFE SCIENCES (ELECTRONIC), Issue 5 2008J.-R. Bastidas-Oyanedel Abstract A global thermodynamic analysis, normally used for pure cultures, has been performed for steady-state data sets from acidogenic mixed cultures. This analysis is a combination of two different thermodynamic approaches, based on tabulated standard Gibbs energy of formation, global stoichiometry and medium compositions. It takes into account the energy transfer efficiency, ,, together with the Gibbs free energy dissipation, ,Go, analysis of the different data. The objective is to describe these systems thermodynamically without any heat measurement. The results show that , is influenced by environmental conditions, where increasing hydraulic retention time increases its value all cases. The pH effect on , is related to metabolic shifts and osmoregulation. Within the environmental conditions analyzed, , ranges from 0.23 for a hydraulic retention time of 20,h and pH,4, to 0.42 for a hydraulic retention time of 8,h and a pH ranging from 7,8.5. The estimated values of ,Go are comparable to standard Gibbs energy of dissipation reported in the literature. For the data sets analyzed, ,Go ranges from ,1210,kJ/molx, corresponding to a stirring velocity of 300,rpm, pH,6 and a hydraulic retention time of 6,h, to ,20744,kJ/molx for pH,4 and a hydraulic retention time of 20,h. For average conclusions, the combined approach based on standard Gibbs energy of formation and global stoichiometry, used in this thermodynamic analysis, allows for the estimation of Gibbs energy dissipation values from the extracellular medium compositions in acidogenic mixed cultures. Such estimated values are comparable to the standard Gibbs energy dissipation values reported in the literature. It is demonstrated that , is affected by the environmental conditions, i.e., stirring velocity, hydraulic retention time and pH. However, a relationship that relates this parameter to environmental conditions was not found and will be the focus of further research. [source] Estimating metabolic biotransformation rates in fish from laboratory dataENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY & CHEMISTRY, Issue 2 2008Jon A. Arnot Abstract A method is proposed for estimating metabolic biotransformation rate constants for nonionic organic chemicals from measured laboratory bioconcentration and dietary bioaccumulation data in fish. Data have been selected based on a quality review to reduce uncertainty in the measured values. A kinetic mass balance model is used to estimate rates of chemical uptake and elimination. Biotransformation rate constants are essentially calculated as the difference between two quantities, a measured bio-concentration factor or elimination rate constant, and a model-derived bioconcentration factor or elimination rate constant estimated assuming no biotransformation. Model parameterization exploits key empirical data when they are available and assumes default values when study specific data are unavailable. Uncertainty analyses provide screening level assessments for confidence in the biotransformation rate constant estimates. The uncertainty analyses include the range for 95% of the predicted values and 95% confidence intervals for the calculated biotransformation values. Case studies are provided to illustrate the calculation and uncertainty methods. Biotransformation rate constants calculated by the proposed method are compared with other published estimates for 31 chemicals that range in octanol,water partition coefficients from approximately 101 to 108 and represent over four orders of magnitude in biotransformation potential. The comparison of previously published values with those calculated by the proposed method shows general agreement with 82% of the estimated values falling within a factor of three. [source] Geostatistical Simulation for the Assessment of Regional Soil PollutionGEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS, Issue 2 2010Marc Van Meirvenne Regional scale inventories of heavy metal concentrations in soil increasingly are being done to evaluate their global patterns of variation. Sometimes these global pattern evaluations reveal information that is not identified by more detailed studies. Geostatistical methods, such as stochastic simulation, have not yet been used routinely for this purpose in spite of their potential. To investigate such a use of geostatistical methods, we analyzed a data set of 14,674 copper and 12,441 cadmium observations in the topsoil of Flanders, Belgium, covering 13,522 km2. Outliers were identified and removed, and the distributions were spatially declustered. Copper was analyzed using sequential Gaussian simulation, whereas for cadmium we used sequential indicator simulation because of the large proportion (43%) of censored data. We complemented maps of the estimated values with maps of the probability of exceeding a critical sanitation threshold for agricultural land use. These sets of maps allowed the identification of regional patterns of increased metal concentrations and provided insight into their potential causes. Mostly areas with known industrial activities (such as lead and zinc smelters) could be delineated, but the effects of shells fired during the First World War were also identified. En los estudios de contaminación de suelos as escala regional, es práctica común la implementación de inventarios de concentraciones de metales pesados en el suelo con el fin de evaluar sus patrones globales de variación espacial. A veces dichas evaluaciones de patrones globales proporcionan información que no son aparentes en estudios realizados a escalas más detalladas. En este contexto, a pesar del potencial analítico que poseen, los métodos geostadísticos como la simulación estocástica han recibido poca atención. Los autores del presente artículo proponen llenar este vacío aplicando métodos geostadísticos para el análisis de dos bases de datos: 14,674 observaciones de cobre (Cu) y 12,441 observaciones de cadmio (Cd). Los datos corresponden a la capa superior de suelo en un área de 13,522 km2 en Flandes, Belgica. Tras la remoción de los valores extremos (outliers) y la desaglomeración de las distribuciones, los autores analizan los datos vía dos procedimientos: a) una Simulación Secuencial Gausiana (SGS) para los datos de cobre, y b) una Simulación Secuencial Indicador (SIS). La diferencia en el tratamiento analítico para ambos metales obedece a la considerable proporción (43%) de datos censurados de cadmio. Los mapas resultantes de valores estimados fueron complementados con mapas que ilustran la probabilidad de exceder los umbrales críticos para uso agrícola de la tierra. Esta serie de mapas permitió la identificación de patrones regionales de concentraciones crecientes de metales y proporciono claves importantes acerca de sus posibles causas. Los patrones hallados coinciden con áreas donde se realizan actividades industriales (como fundiciones de plomo y zinc), pero también con la distribución espacial de casquillos de balas disparadas durante la Primera Guerra Mundial. [source] Seismic singularities at upper-mantle phase transitions: a site percolation modelGEOPHYSICAL JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL, Issue 3 2004Felix J. Herrmann SUMMARY Mineralogical phase transitions are usually invoked to account for the sharpness of globally observed upper-mantle seismic discontinuities. We propose a percolation-based model for the elastic properties of the phase mixture in the coexistence regions associated with these transitions. The major consequence of the model is that the elastic moduli (but not the density) display a singularity at the percolation threshold of the high-pressure phase. This model not only explains the sharp but continuous change in seismic velocities across the phase transition, but also predicts its abruptness and scale invariance, which are characterized by a non-integral scale exponent. Using the receiver-function approach and new, powerful signal-processing techniques, we quantitatively determine the singularity exponent from recordings of converted seismic waves at two Australian stations (CAN and WRAB). Using the estimated values, we construct velocity,depth profiles across the singularities and verify that the calculated converted waveforms match the observations under CAN. Finally, we point out a series of additional predictions that may provide new insights into the physics and fine structure of the upper-mantle transition zone. [source] Falling Labor Share and Rising Unemployment: Long,Run Consequences of Institutional Shocks?GERMAN ECONOMIC REVIEW, Issue 4 2002Norbert Berthold The literature on unemployment has mostly focused on labor market issues while the impact of capital formation is largely neglected. Job creation is often thought to be a matter of encouraging more employment on a given capital stock. In contrast, this paper explicitly deals with the long,run consequences of institutional shocks on capital formation and employment. It is shown that the usual tradeoff between employment and wages disappears in the long run. In line with an appropriation model, the estimated values for the long,run elasticities of substitution between capital and labor for Germany and France are substantially greater than one. [source] The influence of elevation error on the morphometrics of channel networks extracted from DEMs and the implications for hydrological modellingHYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES, Issue 11 2008John B. Lindsay Abstract Stream network morphometrics have been used frequently in environmental applications and are embedded in several hydrological models. This is because channel network geometry partly controls the runoff response of a basin. Network indices are often measured from channels that are mapped from digital elevation models (DEMs) using automated procedures. Simulations were used in this paper to study the influence of elevation error on the reliability of estimates of several common morphometrics, including stream order, the bifurcation, length, area and slope ratios, stream magnitude, network diameter, the flood magnitude and timing parameters of the geomorphological instantaneous unit hydrograph (GIUH) and the network width function. DEMs of three UK basins, ranging from high to low relief, were used for the analyses. The findings showed that moderate elevation error (RMSE of 1·8 m) can result in significant uncertainty in DEM-mapped network morphometrics and that this uncertainty can be expressed in complex ways. For example, estimates of the bifurcation, length and area ratios and the flood magnitude and timing parameters of the GIUH each displayed multimodal frequency distributions, i.e. two or more estimated values were highly likely. Furthermore, these preferential estimates were wide ranging relative to the ranges typically observed for these indices. The wide-ranging estimates of the two GIUH parameters represented significant uncertainty in the shape of the unit hydrograph. Stream magnitude, network diameter and the network width function were found to be highly sensitive to elevation error because of the difficulty in mapping low-magnitude links. Uncertainties in the width function were found to increase with distance from outlet, implying that hydrological models that use network width contain greater uncertainty in the shape of the falling limb of the hydrograph. In light of these findings, care should be exercised when interpreting the results of analyses based on DEM-mapped stream networks. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] The generation of monthly gridded datasets for a range of climatic variables over the UKINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLIMATOLOGY, Issue 8 2005Matthew Perry Abstract Monthly or annual 5 km × 5 km gridded datasets covering the UK are generated for the 1961,2000 period, for 36 climatic parameters. As well as the usual elements of temperature, rainfall, sunshine, cloud, wind speed, and pressure, derived temperature variables (such as growing-season length, heating degree days, and heat and cold wave durations) and further precipitation variables (such as rainfall intensity, maximum consecutive dry days, and days of snow, hail and thunder) are analysed. The analysis process uses geographical information system capabilities to combine multiple regression with inverse-distance-weighted interpolation. Geographic and topographic factors, such as easting and northing, terrain height and shape, and urban and coastal effects, are incorporated either through normalization with regard to the 1961,90 average climate, or as independent variables in the regression. Local variations are then incorporated through the spatial interpolation of regression residuals. For each of the climatic parameters, the choice of model is based on verification statistics produced by excluding a random set of stations from the analysis for a selection of months, and comparing the observed values with the estimated values at each point. This gives some insight into the significance, direction, and seasonality of factors affecting different climate elements. It also gives a measure of the accuracy of the method at predicting values between station locations. The datasets are being used for the verification of climate modelling scenarios and are available via the Internet. © Crown Copyright 2005. Reproduced with the permission of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Simplified heat exchange model for semiconductor laser diodes thermal parameters extractionLASER PHYSICS LETTERS, Issue 11 2005P. S. André Abstract By investigating the heat flow mechanism in a semiconductor laser diode, we demonstrate a comprehensive technique for optical device thermal parameters extraction to be used in the prediction of the laser performance This accurate and precise heat exchange model takes into account the relevant heat exchange mechanism and mechanical considerations of the laser diode mounting. We measured the thermal response of a semiconductor laser diode attach to a substrate, deriving from those the device thermal parameters such as heat capacity and thermal conductance for the device and subtract. From the estimated values a prediction of the real laser temperature response is obtained directly from the measurements realized in the substrate. (© 2005 by Astro, Ltd. Published exclusively by WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA) [source] Bispectral index, predicted and measured drug levels of target-controlled infusions of remifentanil and propofol during laparoscopic cholecystectomy and emergenceACTA ANAESTHESIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA, Issue 9 2000S. C. Høymork Background: Target-controlled infusions (TCI) have been launched as simple, accurate and reliable delivery systems of intravenous drugs. Bispectral index of EEG (BIS) seems promising in measuring hypnotic effect of anaesthetic drugs. The aims of this study were to evaluate the accuracy of TCI systems in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy and to correlate measured drug levels to BIS values. Data were analysed for possible gender differences during emergence. Methods: After written informed consent, 20 patients were enrolled in an open study. Remifentanil was set at 7.5 ng/ml as target throughout the whole procedure, and propofol at 5 ,g/ml at induction and 3 ,g/ml after intubation. Values in blood samples of remifentanil and propofol were correlated to the estimated values and to systolic blood pressure and BIS. BIS values and measured drug levels during emergence and emergence time were compared for the two sexes. Results: Measured drug values varied considerably from the set target with a prediction error of ,22% for remifentanil and 49% for propofol. The anaesthesia level was regarded as quite deep with a mean BIS during stable surgery of 42±7, and at this level we found no correlation between measured values of either of the two drugs and BIS. The emergence time was significantly shorter for women (12.6±2.5 min) than for men (19.0±4.2 min) (P=0.001), with no significant differences in measured levels of propofol or remifentanil or BIS during the emergence period. Conclusion: Present systems for TCI of remifentanil and propofol result in large intra- and interindividual variations in measured drug levels, and measured levels differ from target. There may be possible interaction between the two anaesthetics at a pharmacokinetic level. Within the level of anaesthesia studied here, BIS was not an indicator of the actual drug levels. Women woke up significantly faster than men. [source] APPROXIMATING VOLATILITIES BY ASYMMETRIC POWER GARCH FUNCTIONSAUSTRALIAN & NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF STATISTICS, Issue 2 2009Jeremy Penzer Summary ARCH/GARCH representations of financial series usually attempt to model the serial correlation structure of squared returns. Although it is undoubtedly true that squared returns are correlated, there is increasing empirical evidence of stronger correlation in the absolute returns than in squared returns. Rather than assuming an explicit form for volatility, we adopt an approximation approach; we approximate the ,th power of volatility by an asymmetric GARCH function with the power index , chosen so that the approximation is optimum. Asymptotic normality is established for both the quasi-maximum likelihood estimator (qMLE) and the least absolute deviations estimator (LADE) in our approximation setting. A consequence of our approach is a relaxation of the usual stationarity condition for GARCH models. In an application to real financial datasets, the estimated values for , are found to be close to one, consistent with the stylized fact that the strongest autocorrelation is found in the absolute returns. A simulation study illustrates that the qMLE is inefficient for models with heavy-tailed errors, whereas the LADE is more robust. [source] ESTIMATION, PREDICTION AND INFERENCE FOR THE LASSO RANDOM EFFECTS MODELAUSTRALIAN & NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF STATISTICS, Issue 1 2009Scott D. Foster Summary The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) can be formulated as a random effects model with an associated variance parameter that can be estimated with other components of variance. In this paper, estimation of the variance parameters is performed by means of an approximation to the marginal likelihood of the observed outcomes. The approximation is based on an alternative but equivalent formulation of the LASSO random effects model. Predictions can be made using point summaries of the predictive distribution of the random effects given the data with the parameters set to their estimated values. The standard LASSO method uses the mode of this distribution as the predictor. It is not the only choice, and a number of other possibilities are defined and empirically assessed in this article. The predictive mode is competitive with the predictive mean (best predictor), but no single predictor performs best across in all situations. Inference for the LASSO random effects is performed using predictive probability statements, which are more appropriate under the random effects formulation than tests of hypothesis. [source] Vancomycin dosing assessment in intensive care unit patients based on a population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic simulationBRITISH JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, Issue 2 2010Natalia Revilla WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT , Despite the frequent use of vancomycin in intensive care unit (ICU) patients, few studies aimed at characterizing vancomycin population pharmacokinetics have been performed in this critical population. , Population pharmacokinetics coupled with pharmacodynamic analysis, in order to optimize drug exposure and hence antibacterial effectiveness, has been little applied in these specific patients. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS , Our population model characterized the pharmacokinetic profile of vancomycin in adult ICU patients, higher distribution volume values (V) being observed when the patient's serum creatinine (CrSe) was greater than 1 mg dl,1. , Age and creatinine clearance (CLcr) were identified as the main covariates explaining the pharmacokinetic variability in vancomycin CL. , Our pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) simulation should aid clinicians to select initial vancomycin doses that will maximize the rate of response in the ICU setting, taking into account the patient's age and renal function as well as the susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus. AIM To estimate the vancomycin pharmacokinetic profile in adult ICU patients and to assess vancomycin dosages for increasing the likelihood of optimal exposure. METHODS Five hundred and sixty-nine concentration,time data from 191 patients were analysed using a population pharmacokinetic approach (NONMENÔ). External model evaluation was made in 46 additional patients. The 24 h area under the concentration,time curve (AUC(0,24 h)) was derived from the final model. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for S. aureus were obtained from the EUCAST database. AUC(0,24 h) : MIC , 400 was considered as PK/PD efficacy index. The probability of different dosages attaining the target considering different strains of S. aureus and patient subgroups was estimated with Monte Carlo simulation. RESULTS Vancomycin CL showed a significant dependence on patient age and renal function whereas CrSe > 1 mg dl,1 increased V more than twofold. For our representative ICU patient, 61 years, 73 kg, CrSe= 1.4 mg dl,1, measured CLCr= 74.7 ml min,1, the estimated values were CL = 1.06 ml min,1 kg,1 and V= 2.04 l kg,1. The cumulative fraction of response for a standard vancomycin dose (2 g day,1) was less than 25% for VISA strains, and 33% to 95% for susceptible S. aureus, depending on patient characteristics. CONCLUSIONS Simulations provide useful information regarding the initial assessment of vancomycin dosing, the conventional dosing regimen probably being suboptimal in adult ICU patients. A graphic approach provides the recommended dose for any selected probability of attaining the PK/PD efficacy target or to evaluate the cumulative fraction of response for any dosing regimen in this population. [source] Miniaturization of Powder Dissolution Measurement and Estimation of Particle SizeCHEMISTRY & BIODIVERSITY, Issue 11 2009Alex Avdeef Abstract The objective was to investigate the applicability and limitations of an approach for estimating particle size from powder dissolution measurement using as little as 50,,g of sample in 1,ml of buffer solutions. The powder dissolution profiles of five sparingly-soluble drugs (hydrochlorothiazide, phenazopyridine hydrochloride, 2-naphthoic acid, indomethacin, and dipyridamole) were evaluated with a novel biexponential spherical particle equation and also the Wang,Flanagan spherical particle non-sink equation. The results were compared to particle sizing based on measured specific surface area by the Brunauer,Emmett,Teller (BET) method, and also based on Coulter counting. With the exception of hydrochlorothiazide, the model compounds indicated some agglomeration in the dissolution media. The dry-state specific surface area was larger than expected from either the Coulter method or the powder-dissolution data, especially for phenazopyridine hydrochloride. The particle radii estimated by the powder dissolution method ranged from 10 to 68,,m, with equilibrium solubilities spanning from 5,,g/ml (dipyridamole) to 911,,g/ml (hydrochlorothiazide). Powder dissolution data collected with the miniaturized apparatus can be used to determine particle size, with estimated values agreeing reasonably with those measured by the Coulter counter method. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||