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Established Theories (established + theory)
Selected AbstractsSubtypes of substance dependence and abuse: implications for diagnostic classification and empirical researchADDICTION, Issue 2006Thomas F. Babor ABSTRACT Aims To evaluate the relevance of a form of diagnostic classification called clinical subtyping in relation to possible revisions in the diagnostic criteria for substance abuse and dependence in psychiatric classification systems. Methods A general rationale for subtyping is presented. To explore the implications for diagnostic classification, recent research on a variety of subtyping schemes is reviewed in terms of the development of new subtypes and the validation of established theories. Results Subtypes of alcoholism and other psychiatric disorders have been proposed since the beginning of modern psychiatry. Recent subtyping research suggests that no consensus has emerged about the nature, much less the number, of subtypes that could be used to characterize the clinical heterogeneity assumed to be present in groups of people with substance use disorders. Although several relatively simple binary typologies have been developed (e.g. Cloninger's type I and type II; Babor et al.'s type A and type B), validation research has produced mixed results in terms of the construct, concurrent and predictive validity of these classifications. Conclusions The adoption of a subtyping scheme in the major psychiatric classification systems is not recommended until further international research is conducted. [source] Identifying facilitators and barriers to physical activity for adults with Down syndromeJOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH, Issue 9 2010J. Mahy Abstract Background Adults with Down syndrome are typically sedentary, and many do not participate in the recommended levels of physical activity per week. The aim of this study was to identify the facilitators and barriers to physical activity for this group. Method Semi-structured interviews were conducted to elicit the views of adults with Down syndrome and their support people about what factors facilitate physical activity and what factors are barriers to activity. A sample of 18 participants (3 men, 15 women) was recruited through two agencies providing services for adults with disabilities; six participants were adults with Down syndrome and 12 participants were support people (four were parents of adults with Down syndrome and eight participants were employed by day programmes attended by the adults with Down syndrome). The interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim and independently coded by two researchers. Results Three themes around facilitators to physical activity were identified: (1) support from others; (2) that the physical activity was fun or had an interesting purpose; and (3) routine and familiarity. Three themes around barriers were also identified: (1) lack of support; (2) not wanting to engage in physical activity; and (3) medical and physiological factors. Conclusions The results suggest that support people play a key role, both as facilitators and barriers, in the participation by adults with Down syndrome in physical activity. Many of the barriers and facilitators of activity for adults with Down syndrome indentified are similar to those reported for adults without impairment. Our findings are also consistent with established theories in the field of health behaviour change. [source] Bridging environmental issues with new product developmentBUSINESS STRATEGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT, Issue 5 2005Luca Berchicci Abstract Studies dealing with environmental issues in product development have made significant progress explaining how firms can develop greener products that succeed on the market. Intriguingly, although a large number of tools and methods have been developed that supposedly help firms develop greener products, it is less common to draw on established theories on product innovation. This may explain why firms that have tried to develop more sustainable products have had mixed experiences. Environmental new product development (ENPD) and new product development (NPD) literature is reviewed to develop a model that helps explain the complexity of greening and the challenges product development teams face in their attempts to incorporate environmental issues into product development. This paper emphasizes that scholars need to incorporate environmental issues into established theories on NPD. Adapting existing theoretical models may help practitioners in their struggle to integrate the E into NPD. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment. [source] Spatial camera orientation control by rotation-minimizing directed framesCOMPUTER ANIMATION AND VIRTUAL WORLDS (PREV: JNL OF VISUALISATION & COMPUTER ANIMATION), Issue 4 2009Rida T. Farouki Abstract The use of rotation-minimizing directed frames (RMDFs) for defining smoothly varying camera orientations along given spatial paths, in real or virtual environments, is proposed. A directed frame on a space curve is a varying orthonormal basis for ,3 such that coincides with the unit polar vector from the origin to each curve point, and such a frame is rotation-minimizing if its angular velocity vector maintains a vanishing component along o. To facilitate computation of rotation-minimizing directed frames, it is shown that the basic theory is equivalent to the established theory for rotation-minimizing adapted frames,for which one frame vector coincides with the tangent at each curve point,if one replaces the given space curve by its anti-hodograph (i.e., indefinite integral). A family of polynomial curves on which RMDFs can be computed exactly by a rational function integration, the Pythagorean (P) curves, is also introduced, together with algorithms for their construction. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Effect of floc concentration on the rheology of a ferric flocJOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY, Issue 2 2004Wendy AM McMinn Abstract The primary interest of this work is to determine the effect of floc concentration on ferric floc particle interactions and hence, rheology. In accordance with established theory, ferric floc viscosity exhibits a non-linear increase with solids content, with the viscosity increasing sharply above a concentration of 12 000 ppm. Shear effectively breaks down floc structure, and thus reduces viscosity, the extent of which is independent of solids content. The effect of shear is also observed to diminish over time and can be adequately characterised by a power law model. Addition of aluminium nitrate to ferric floc increases the quantity of water bound within the floc, and thus produces suspensions which are more viscous in nature. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Gilbert's Behavior Engineering Model: Contemporary support for an established theoryPERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT QUARTERLY, Issue 1 2010Donna Cangelosi Crossman PhD This study was an effort to add to the body of research surrounding Gilbert's Behavior Engineering Model (BEM). The model was tested to determine its ability to explain factor relationships of organizational safety culture in a high-risk work environment. Three contextual variables were measured: communication, resource availability, and incentives; and the impact of contextual variables on safety motivation were evaluated. The study produced three outcomes: (1) data and the BEM model demonstrated good fit, (2) communication and resource availability were indirectly related to safety motivation, and (3) incentives mediated the indirect effects of communication and resource availability with motivation. Research findings serve to inform the practice of human performance technology, as Gilbert's model is a primary performance diagnostic tool, adaptable to essentially any workplace context. [source] | ||||||||||