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Equilibrium Nature (equilibrium + nature)

Distribution by Scientific Domains
Business, Economics, Finance and Accounting50%

Selected Abstracts

Incomplete Adoption of a Superior Innovation

ECONOMICA, Issue 268 2000
Harvey E. Lapan
We consider a model in which an innovating monopolist of a technologically superior intermediate input must sell this product to final output producers. Prior research shows that, with complete information, the monopolist's optimal strategy will lead to complete adoption of this technologically superior innovation. In this article we show that, when the price of some competitively supplied input used in the final product market is endogenous and is altered by adoption of the innovation, then the optimal pricing strategy of the monopolist may lead to incomplete innovation. Thus, the standard result of complete adoption of the superior technology is partly attributable to the partial equilibrium nature of prior models. [source]

Seasonal protection of F&V imports in the EU: impacts of the entry price system

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS, Issue 2 2010
Jose-Maria Garcia-Alvarez-Coque
Entry price; Fruits and vegetables; Partial equilibrium; Trade policy Abstract The measures of border protection applied by the European Union (EU) to imports of fruits and vegetables (FV) are complex and usually not well represented in trade models, not only because of the range of instruments still constraining trade, but also because of product differentiation and seasonality in these products. This article assesses the impact of eliminating entry price (EP) constraints applied to a group of FV products. The proposed model is of a partial equilibrium nature and takes seasonality into account. We have applied the model to imports of tomatoes, cucumbers, clementines, and table grapes. Trade impacts of eliminating EP are significant for particular origins, during specific seasons, most notably for Moroccan tomatoes. The volumes and prices of products originating in the EU experience moderate reductions. [source]

Development and application of novel ring-opening polymerizations to functional networked polymers

JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE (IN TWO SECTIONS), Issue 19 2009
Takeshi Endo
Abstract This Highlight gives an overview of the recent progress in development of new ring-opening polymerizations (ROPs) and their applications to functional networked polymers in our group. The described ROPs involve thermally induced polymerization of 1,3-benzoxazine, anionic alternating copolymerizations of epoxides and lactones, and those exhibiting equilibrium nature. These ROPs were successfully applied to the syntheses of the relevant networked polymers, leading to their distinctive features such as high thermal stability, small volume shrinkage, and selective decrosslinking ability, which enabled design and development of next generation materials. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 4847,4858, 2009 [source]

Polyamide Synthesis from 6-Aminocapronitrile, Part 1: N -Alkyl Amide Formation by Amine Amidation of a Hydrolyzed Nitrile

CHEMISTRY - A EUROPEAN JOURNAL, Issue 27 2007
Adrianus
Abstract The synthesis of N -hexylpentanamide from a stoichiometric amount of pentanenitrile and hexylamine has been studied as a model reaction for the synthesis of nylon-6 from 6-aminocapronitrile. The reaction was carried out under mild hydrothermal conditions and in the presence of a homogeneous ruthenium catalyst. For the mild hydrothermal conditions the presence of hexylamine distinctively increases the nitrile hydrolysis compared to the nitrile hydrolysis in the absence of hexylamine. Amine-catalyzed nitrile hydrolysis mainly produces the N-substituted amide. A clear product development is observed, consisting of first the terminal amide formation and second the accumulation of N -hexylpentanamide. With a maximum conversion of only 80,% after 18,h, the nitrile hydrolysis rate at 230,°C is still much too low for nylon-6 synthesis. Ruthenium dihydride phosphine was therefore used as a homogeneous catalyst, which significantly increases the nitrile hydrolysis rate. At a temperature of 140,°C and with only 0.5,mol,% [RuH2(PPh3)4] a 60,% nitrile conversion is already reached within 2,h. Initially the terminal amide is the sole product, which is gradually converted into N -hexylpentanamide. The reaction has a high initial rate, however, for higher conversions a strong decrease in hydrolysis rate is observed. This is ascribed to product inhibition, which results from the equilibrium nature of the reaction. [source]